7. Poltical Authority, Revolution And The Duma Flashcards
What was nII brought up to believe any concessions or signs of weakness were indications of
Cowardice or failure on his part
Who were NIIs beliefs installed by
Pobedonostev his tutor
What did NII declare shortly before his coronation
He was resolved to maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father
What retained its powerful influence due to NIIs commitment to orthodoxy
The church
What ensured NII was no more popular with ethnic minorities than his father
Continued Russification and support for Black hundreds and anti Semitic ideas
Demands for change and gov reaction: what had happened to Russian society since years of great famine of 1891-92
Society had become more politicised
Demands for change and gov reaction: how did tsarist gov cope with crisis
They failed which left zemstva and voluntary organisations to provide the necessary relief work
Demands for change and gov reaction: what effect did tsarist govs failure to deal with famine have
Greater public mistrust of the govs competence and a firmer belief in the power of ordinary members of society to play a role in nations affairs
Demands for change and gov reaction: which groups had developed a wider support base by 1900 than ever before
Reformist groups
Demands for change and gov reaction: what were outbursts in universities met by
Increased use of okhrana
Demands for change and gov reaction: why was nickname years of the red cockerel coined
So many instances of arson in rural communities
Demands for change and gov reaction: where was unrest in countryside at its worst and why
In central Russian provinces, where landlord/peasant relationship was still at its most traditional
Demands for change and gov reaction: what did peasants do in years of the red cockerel
Set fire to landlords barns, destroyed grain, seized woodland and pasture, physically attacked landlords and officials
Demands for change and gov reaction: how did stolypin deal with unrest in countryside
Peasants flogged, arrested and exiled and shot in their thousands
Demands for change and gov reaction: why did it become referred to as stolypins necktie
Gallows in such constant use
Demands for change and gov reaction: industrial strikes increase 1894-1904
17000-90000
Demands for change and gov reaction: what did Zubatov set up in 1900 in an attempt to control proliferation of illegal unions
His own police sponsored trade unions with the approval of the Governor General of Moscow
Demands for change and gov reaction: what was the idea of police sponsored trade unions
Provide official channels through which complaints could be heard in an attempt to prevent workers joining the radical socialists
Demands for change and gov reaction: why did zubatovs experiment only last under 1903
Zubatov dismisses and exiled after one of his unions became involved in a general strike in Odessa
Demands for change and gov reaction: what was the name of the union that was formed on the Zubatov model and who was it formed by
Assembly of st Petersburg factory workers by father gapon
Demands for change and gov reaction: who was the assembly of st Petersburg factoriy workers approved by
Plehve (minister internal affairs) and had support of Orthodox Church
Russo Japanese war: what did plehve encourage the tsar to respond to with a ‘short, swift, victorious war’
A Japanese assault on the Russian far eastern naval base at port Arthur in January 1904
Russo Japanese war: what did plehve say the short, swift victorious war would detract from
The tide of unrest at home
Russo Japanese war: how were the Russians unprepared
They had little idea of enemy and inadequacies of their own forces
Russo Japanese war: what happened to initial surge of anti japanese patriotism after a series of defeats
Turned into one of opposition to the government
Russo Japanese war: what happened when plehve was assassted July 1094
Renewed cries for a representative National Assembly
Russo Japanese war: what did mirsky reluctantly agree to in face of cries for National Assembly
Reluctantly agreed to invite zemstvo representatives to come to st Petersburg for discussions
Russo Japanese war: what did Nicholas declare when all he would concede was an expansion of rights of zemstva
I will never agree to the representative form of gov because I consider it harmful to the people whom god entrusted in me
Bloody Sunday: when was Bloody Sunday
9 January 1905
Bloody Sunday: when did Russian forces in port Arthur surrender to Japanese
20 December
Bloody Sunday: where did a strike begin 3 January 1905 and how did it escalate
Putilov iron works
Soon involved 150000 workers
Bloody Sunday: what did father gapon wish to present NII with in his peaceful March
A petition, demonstrating workers loyalty but also requesting reform
Bloody Sunday: where was Nicholas on Bloody Sunday
At his summer palace Tsarskoe Selo
Bloody Sunday: what was used to break up the demonstration
12000 troops
Bloody Sunday: what did NII finally agree to after his uncle was assassinated
Meet workers representatives at summer palace
Bloody Sunday: how did NII inflame sentiment even after agreeing to meet workers representatives
Suggested marchers had been badly advised and that strikers should return to work
Bloody Sunday: who did NII dismiss moderate Mirsky for
Bulygin- minister for internal affairs
Trepov- military governor of st Petersburg
October manifesto: how did Russian empire seem near to total collapse by October 1905
Strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings throughout countryside and depends for independence from minority groups
October manifesto: why was st Petersburg soviet set up
To direct a general strike
October manifesto: when did general strike begin
October 1905
October manifesto: what did Witte warm that country was on verge of
A revolution which would sweep away a thousand years of history
October manifesto: what demands for reform were there internally
Trepov declared for some moderate reform
Tsars Uncle threatened to shoot himself unless reforms insituted
October manifesto: when did tsar agree to sign a decree
17 October
October manifesto: what did october manifesto promise
- to grant civic freedom
- to establish state duma
- to give state duma power to approve laws
October manifesto: how did crowds react to manifesto
Greeted with celebrations
Sang French revolutionary anthem La Marseillaise and waved red flags
October manifesto: why did radicals urge workers to fight on despite general strike being called off
We have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything and yet we have nothing’
October manifesto: how did radicals view accord with that of tsar
He had no intention of becoming a constitutional monarch and few of his ministers had a real commitment to manifesto promises
Counter revolution: what did trepov order troops to do in forcing striking workers back to factories
Fire no blanks and spare no bullets
Counter revolution: what did the Jews suffer in late 1905
Terrible pogroms
Counter revolution: what were gangs sent to do to peasants in a bid to restore order
Round up and flog the peasants
Counter revolution: what happened to st Petersburg soviet on 3 December
HQ surrounded and leaders arrested, tried and exiled to Siberia
Counter revolution: what affect did exile leaders of soviet have on revolutionary movement
Weakened it and authorities regained control
Counter revolution: when did street war fare in Moscow continue until
For a further month
The new constitution: what did new constitution consist of
- lower chamber (duma)
- upper chamber (council)
- gov
The fundamental laws: when did the tsar issue them
Five days before first duma met 23 April 1906
The fundamental laws: what did they assert
His autocratic power
The fundamental laws: what did tsar claim right to do under fundamental la w
- veto legislation
- rule by decree in emergency/when duma not in session
- appoint and dismiss gov ministers
- dissolve duma as he wished
- command Russia’s land and sea forces
- declare war, conclude peace and negotiate treaties etc
The first duma: what was its nickname
Duma of national hopes
The first duma: dates
May- July 1906
The first duma: who was it boycotted by
Bolsheviks, SRs and extreme right wing union of Russian people
The first duma: what was it overwhelmingly in composition
Radical- liberal
The first duma: why did it bring about wittes resignation
It was strongly critical of tsar and his ministers
The first duma: who was witte replaced with
Goremykin
The first duma: what did their address to the throne request
Political amnesty, abolition of state council, transfer of ministerial responsibility to duma, compulsory seizure of lands of gentry without compensation, universal and direct male suffrage, abandonment of emergency laws, abolition of death penalty aka reform of civil service
The first duma: how did NII react to address to Theo e
Totally inadmissible
The first duma: how did duma react to NII totally inadmissable
PAssed vote of no confidence in the gov and demanded the resignation of the tsars ministers
The first duma: when was it dissolved
10 weeks after it passed vote of no confidence
The first duma: who was goremykin replaced as PM by
Stolypin
The second duma: nickname
Duma of national anger
The second duma: date
Feb-June 1907
The second duma: why was it more oppositional than predecessor
Number of more extreme left wing increased enormously because bolsheivks, Mensheviks and srs decided to participate
The second duma: why did stolypin have to resort to passing legislation under emergency powers act
Struggled to find any support for agrarian reform
The second duma: what did stolypin do when duma refused to ratify the legislation he passed under emergency powers act
Spread a story about a plot to assassinate tsar and dissolved duma
The second duma: what happened when stolypin introduced an illegal emergency law to alter franchise
Weight of peasants, workers and national minorities drastically reduced and representation of gentry increased
Third duma: nickname
Duma of lords and lackeys
Third duma: date
Nov 1907-June 1912
Third duma: in what sense was it a more submissive duma
Agreed to 2200/2500 gov proposals
Third duma: why was it a sign of how unpopular tsarist regime had become
Even this duma proved confrontational
Third duma: what were there disputes over
Naval staff, stolypins proposals to extend primary education and his local gov reform
Third duma: why did it have to be suspended twice in 1911
While gov forced through legislation under emergency provisions
Third duma: what was clear by 1912 despite duma running its course
Duma sustem not working
Fourth duma: date
Nov 1912-17
Fourth duma: who replaced stolypin as pM
Kokovstov
Fourth duma: what did kokovtsov proclaim about duma
Thank god we still have no parliament
Just ignored it
Fourth duma: why did duma not prevent its influence declining
Too divided to fight back
Fourth duma: howrid workers again seize initiative
Revival of direct action and strike activity in years before outbreak of war
Political developments by 1914: what did stolypin establish in August 1906 to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent
Court martials led by senior military officers
Political developments by 1914: when did cases have to be concluded in stolypins courts
2 days and the accused wasn’t allowed a defence counsel
Political developments by 1914: how many people convicted and executed by stolypins court system 1906-09
3000
Political developments by 1914: what were stolypins beliefs on agriculture
Radical reform of agriculture was best strategy for resisting revolutionary demands
Political developments by 1914: wby did future look brighter for traditional governing classes
Agrarian situation improving and Dumas weakened to point of meaningless
Political developments by 1914: why had revolutionary groups who had led most of opposition weakened
Police activity and internal quarrels
Political developments by 1914: what offered oppurtknities for a revival of patriotism to defect public attention from troubles at home
Revival of pan slavism and focus for Russia’s imperial ambitions in Balkan’s
Political developments by 1914: how did court react to resurfacing of labour troubles in 1913
Turned its back and seemed to believe allccould continue as it always had
Political developments by 1914: what was the only party which NII had any sympathy for and what effect did this have
Union of the Russian people
Reinforced his mystical belief in the unassailable bond that existed between himself and his people
Political developments by 1914: what was the courts distance from reality epitomised by
The rise of Rasputin
Political developments by 1914: why did Rasputin damage tsars reputation
Alexandra grew close to him and believed he could cure her haemophilic son
Nicholas failed to take action
