22: Khrushchev years part 2- economic and social developments Flashcards
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: how much of the USSRs industrial capacity had been destroyed by ww2
70%
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what effect did ww2 have on the ussrs workforce
severely reduced it
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did the USSR face a huge defence budget
as it policed its new satellite states and met the costs of the emerging cold war
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what did stalin refuse to allow territories under soviet influence to receive in 1947
US marshall aid
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did stalin establish cominform
to counter western propaganda
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did stalin establish comecom
to link the eastern European countries that formed the soviet bloc economically
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did the redistribution of industry in the war years provide a broad base for industrial recovery
expanded eastern industrial areas permitted exploitation of new sources of raw materials and energy
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what was essential to rebuild
the devastated western areas
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what did gosplan coordinate to meet soviet needs
two more 5yp following the same target setting methods that had been used before the war
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: fourth 5yp
1946-50
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: aims of fourth 5yp
- catch up with USA
- rebuild heavy industry and transport
- revive Ukraine
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: detail of 4th 5yp
- use of extensive reparations from East Germany
- maintenance of wartime controls on labour force- long hours, low wages etc
- ‘grand projects’- canals and HEP plants
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: results 4th 5yp
- USSR became second to USA in industrial capacity
- most targets in heavy industry met
- prod doubled and urban workforce increased
- by end 1947, Dnieper Dam power station in action again
- industrially stronger than pre war
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: 5th 5yp
1951-55
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: aims 5th 5yp
- continuation of development of heavy industry and transport
- post 1953, under Malenkov, consumer goods, housing and services received stronger investment
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: detail 5th 5yp
- continuation 4th 5yp but resources diverted to rearmament during Korean war
- after stalins death, Malenkov reduced expenditure of military and heavy industry
industrial development under stalin 1945-53: results
- most growth targets met
- national income increased 71%
- Malenkov’s changes met opposition resulting in hi loss of leadership 1955
industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: which issues were one of most hotly debated areas during leadership struggle after 1953
economic issues
industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: which Malenkov proposal did Khrushchev initially oppose
to move the economic focus away from heavy industry to light industry
industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: what effect did the industrial changes that K introduced when in power have
went some way to changing rigid Stalinist planning system that he inherited and also took steps towards developing new industrial areas
decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: ministers in moscow
set different industrial targets for each enterprise
decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: administrators
too few to make the system work properly
decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: exceeding targets
- enterprises judged and given bonuses according to success in fulfilling output targets
- exceeding targets would mean targets raised next year
- managers preferred to play safe, hide productive capacity of their enterprises and avoid too much innovation and improvement
decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: disincentive to modernisation
- output targets assessed usually by weight
- heavy goods favoured over lighter ones
- regardless of what consumers wanted
decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: why were increasing amounts of capital investment needed to even stand still
resources not being efficiently used
decentralisation and industrial planning: when was the 6th 5yp introduced
1956
decentralisation and industrial planning: why was the 6th 5yp abandoned after 2 years
its targets were over optimistic
decentralisation and industrial planning: what took place in 1957 related to ministries
60 Moscow ministries abolished
decentralisation and industrial planning: what took place in 1957 division of USSR
USSR divided into 105 economic regions each with own economic council (sovnarkoz) to plan and supervise economic affairs
decentralisation and industrial planning: what ulterior political motive did the reforms in 1957 have
removed Malenkov’s men and extended Khrushchev’s patronage network in the localities
decentralisation and industrial planning: what was set up to supervise new 7 year plan
state committees and a new supreme economic council
when was 7 year plan announced
1959
industrial change: what did the 7yp of 1959 have an emphasis on
improving standards of living for ordinary people
decentralisation and industrial planning: what was promised of the 7yp by 1965
40% wage rise and 40 hour week
decentralisation and industrial planning: what were the targets laid down by the 7yp plan merged into
a 7th 5yp 1961-65
decentralisation and industrial planning: what slogan were the 7yp and the 7th 5yp trumpeted with
‘catch up and overtake the USA by 1970
decentralisation and industrial planning: what was there a slight shift in priorities to in the 7yp and 7th 5yp
from old heavy industries to previously neglected modern industries
decentralisation and industrial planning: what industry was there a vast expansion in under the 7yp and 7th 5yp
chemicals industry
decentralisation and industrial planning: what were housing factories to produce under 7yp and 7th 5yp
prefabricated sections for new flats
decentralisation and industrial planning: what industry was production increased in under 7yp and 7th 5yp
consumer industries
decentralisation and industrial planning: what was there greater exploitation of 7yp and 7th 5yp
USSRs resources
decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed the world at the Brussels World Fair in 1958
impressive displays of Soviet technology
decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair railways
had been electrified/ had engines converted to run of diesel
network also greatly expanded
decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair air transport
expanded and Aeroflot corporation subsided to offer cheap long distance passenger travel
decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair- what did USSR launch in 1957 space
earths first artificial satellite- sputnik
decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair when did sputnik ii take laika into orbit
1957
decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair when was a red flag placed on the moon and pictures of dark side of moon taken
1959
decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair what was the worlds first nuclear powered ship called and when was it launched
1959- called Lenin
decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair how did space science make continuous advances
-test flight brought two dogs back to earth alive
-April 1961- Yuri Gargarin became first human in space
1963- Valentina Tereshkova became first female cosmonaut
results of industrial change: how successful did Khrushchev appear statistically
very successful;
results of industrial change: what was Khrushchevs ambition greater than
his achievement
results of industrial change: what effect did his decentralisation measures have
added another layer of bureaucracy
results of industrial change: when was Khrushchevs system rapidly abandoned
in 1965, shortly after his fall from power
results of industrial change: what were there still limitations on despite living standards improving
limitations on quality of life
results of industrial change: heavy spending on what distorted the economy
armaments and space race
results of industrial change: did USSR come near to overtaking its rival USA in economic growth
narrowed gap between them but no where near to overtaking
results of industrial change: from when did industrial growth begin to slow down significantly
1958
from 10% per annum for prev decade to 7.5% in 1964
results of industrial change: which industry was industrial decline particularly marked in
consumer industries- 2% growth 1964
results of industrial change: what was success in space race owed to
excessive risk taking
Laika died in orbit
results of industrial change: despite good soviet rocketry
instrumentation unsophisticated and inferior to USA
results of industrial change: gap between state supported industries and what widened
others
results of industrial change: what did shop assistants use in ussrs first supermarkets
abacuses rather than cash registers
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what state had soviet agricultural been left in by the war
a desperate state
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what effect had the ‘scorched earth’ policy had on western regions
destroyed it
1/3 farms left operational
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what did the 2 post war 5yp promote
revival
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp aims
- force kolkhozes to deliver agricultural products
- revive wheat fields of Ukraine
- transform nature and revitalise barren land
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp detail
- massive state direction: high quotas for grain and livestock/ low peasant wages
- higher taxes on produce from private plots and private land absorbed in war returned to kolkozes
- tree plantations, canals and irrigation ditches to make more land usable
- followed Lysenko ideas
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp results
- state procured 70% 1946 harvest, leaving peasants with little
- output kolkhozes increased but not to 1930s levels
- incentives remained low
- almost half of output came from private plots
- lagged behind industry
- Lysenko’s ideas perpetuated inaccurate theories which held farming back
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 5th 5yp aims
-continuation of 4th 5yp aims plus Kh initiative to develop virgin lands and build agrocities from 1953
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: detail 5th 5yp
- high procurement levels maintained
- expansion of agriculture in formerly uncultivated areas
agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: results 5th 5yp
-ag prod still behind industry and not yet level of 1940
agriculture under Khrushchev: what did Khrushchev pride himself on
his agricultural expertise
agriculture under Khrushchev: what suggested he was interested in farming matters
- from peasant background
- enjoyed spending time in countryside talking to peasants
agriculture under Khrushchev: what did Khrushchev tell central committee about limitations of agricultural production under stalin
they had been concealed by unreliable statistics and grain output and number of livestock reared less than last years of tsarist russia
agriculture under Khrushchev: what was stalins encouragement of particular farming methods criticised as
counter productive
agriculture under Khrushchev: whos ideas did Khrushchev favour
Lysenko- his ideas were scientifically dubious
agriculture under Khrushchev: who did Khrushchev place the implementation of reforms in the hands of
local party organisations
agriculture under Khrushchev: whos powers were reduced under Khrushchev
the ministry of agricultures
agriculture under Khrushchev: what were several measures produced to incentivise peasants to do
produce more
agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to the price paid for state procurements of grain and other agricultural goods
raised
agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to state procurement quotas
reduced
agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to taxes
reduced
agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to quotas on peasants private plots
cut
agriculture under Khrushchev: which peasants were no longer required to deliver meat to the state
those who didn’t own animals
agriculture under Khrushchev: what were collectives allowed to do
set own production targets and choose how to use lands
agriculture under Khrushchev: for which 2 purposes did Khrushchev implement agricultural change
to incentivise peasants to produce more and to increase production
agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to the number of farms connected to electricity grid
increased
agriculture under Khrushchev: when was the campaign for increased use of feritiliser
1962
agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to usage of farm machinery
increased
agriculture under Khrushchev: where were collectives able to buy farm machinery from
machine tractor stations
agriculture under Khrushchev: what were the encouragements to merge collective farms to create
larger farms
agriculture under Khrushchev: what was the result of the encouragement to merge collective farms
number of collectives halved 1950-60 and number of ‘state farms’ increased
virgin lands scheme: in which areas did Khrushchev believe that grazing lands that hadn’t been used should be ploughed
western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan
virgin lands scheme: how did the first scheme of 1953 prove
successful
virgin lands scheme: what happened as a result of the first scheme proving successful
cultivated area extended and huge campaign launched to attract farmers to settle in these parts
virgin lands scheme: who were encouraged to spend time on new farms and help to build settlements
members of Komsomol
virgin lands scheme: how many hectares of virgin lands had been ploughed by 1956
35.9 million
agriculture under Khrushchev: why did Khrushchev launch campaigns for new crops
thought it would be answer to ussrs food shortages
agriculture under Khrushchev: why did Khrushchev think maize would be answer to food shortages
produced a high tonnage per hectare
animal and human consumption
agriculture under Khrushchev: what was the idea of agrocities
huge collective farms/towns in an attempt to replicare urban conditions of work and living on land- greater efficiency
agriculture under Khrushchev: how successful were agrocities
never got beyond the visionary stage
agriculture under Khrushchev: how successful were the new measures to encourage peasants to put more effort into their work
failed
agriculture under Khrushchev: why did attempt to get peasants to spend more time on communal farms as opposed to private plots fail
private plots provided half of peasants income and contributed over 30% of produce sold in USSR
agriculture under Khrushchev: why did the new pricing system prove a failure
state officials kept altering prices so farmers found it difficult to plan ahead
agriculture under Khrushchev: why was the selling of tractors less effective than it might have been
too few farmers capable of carrying out repairs and peasants not prepared to pay repair stations to service the machinery
agriculture under Khrushchev: why was the virgin lands scheme less successful in longer term than it seemed at first
- climactic conditions not taken itno account
- land work so intentionally and without rotation that land erosion took place and soil became infertile
agriculture under Khrushchev: who was ussr forced to import grain from following bad harvest in 1963
north America
agriculture under Khrushchev: what was there a limited rise in the production of
milk
agriculture under Khrushchev: did khrushchevs cornflakes go down well
no
agriculture under Khrushchev: what did the soviet controlled press donate many pages to
exalting new initiatives and commenting on carefully massaged statiatics
agriculture under Khrushchev: whydid it ultimately fails
too many different initiatives carried out with insufficient thought
