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history > 22: Khrushchev years part 2- economic and social developments > Flashcards

22: Khrushchev years part 2- economic and social developments Flashcards

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1
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: how much of the USSRs industrial capacity had been destroyed by ww2

A

70%

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2
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what effect did ww2 have on the ussrs workforce

A

severely reduced it

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3
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did the USSR face a huge defence budget

A

as it policed its new satellite states and met the costs of the emerging cold war

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4
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what did stalin refuse to allow territories under soviet influence to receive in 1947

A

US marshall aid

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5
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did stalin establish cominform

A

to counter western propaganda

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6
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did stalin establish comecom

A

to link the eastern European countries that formed the soviet bloc economically

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7
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did the redistribution of industry in the war years provide a broad base for industrial recovery

A

expanded eastern industrial areas permitted exploitation of new sources of raw materials and energy

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8
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what was essential to rebuild

A

the devastated western areas

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9
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what did gosplan coordinate to meet soviet needs

A

two more 5yp following the same target setting methods that had been used before the war

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10
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: fourth 5yp

A

1946-50

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11
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: aims of fourth 5yp

A
  • catch up with USA
  • rebuild heavy industry and transport
  • revive Ukraine
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12
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: detail of 4th 5yp

A
  • use of extensive reparations from East Germany
  • maintenance of wartime controls on labour force- long hours, low wages etc
  • ‘grand projects’- canals and HEP plants
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13
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: results 4th 5yp

A
  • USSR became second to USA in industrial capacity
  • most targets in heavy industry met
  • prod doubled and urban workforce increased
  • by end 1947, Dnieper Dam power station in action again
  • industrially stronger than pre war
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14
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: 5th 5yp

A

1951-55

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15
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: aims 5th 5yp

A
  • continuation of development of heavy industry and transport
  • post 1953, under Malenkov, consumer goods, housing and services received stronger investment
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16
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: detail 5th 5yp

A
  • continuation 4th 5yp but resources diverted to rearmament during Korean war
  • after stalins death, Malenkov reduced expenditure of military and heavy industry
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17
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: results

A
  • most growth targets met
  • national income increased 71%
  • Malenkov’s changes met opposition resulting in hi loss of leadership 1955
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18
Q

industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: which issues were one of most hotly debated areas during leadership struggle after 1953

A

economic issues

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19
Q

industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: which Malenkov proposal did Khrushchev initially oppose

A

to move the economic focus away from heavy industry to light industry

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20
Q

industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: what effect did the industrial changes that K introduced when in power have

A

went some way to changing rigid Stalinist planning system that he inherited and also took steps towards developing new industrial areas

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21
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: ministers in moscow

A

set different industrial targets for each enterprise

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22
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: administrators

A

too few to make the system work properly

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23
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: exceeding targets

A
  • enterprises judged and given bonuses according to success in fulfilling output targets
  • exceeding targets would mean targets raised next year
  • managers preferred to play safe, hide productive capacity of their enterprises and avoid too much innovation and improvement
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24
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: disincentive to modernisation

A
  • output targets assessed usually by weight
  • heavy goods favoured over lighter ones
  • regardless of what consumers wanted
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25
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: why were increasing amounts of capital investment needed to even stand still

A

resources not being efficiently used

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26
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: when was the 6th 5yp introduced

A

1956

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27
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: why was the 6th 5yp abandoned after 2 years

A

its targets were over optimistic

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28
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what took place in 1957 related to ministries

A

60 Moscow ministries abolished

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29
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what took place in 1957 division of USSR

A

USSR divided into 105 economic regions each with own economic council (sovnarkoz) to plan and supervise economic affairs

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30
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what ulterior political motive did the reforms in 1957 have

A

removed Malenkov’s men and extended Khrushchev’s patronage network in the localities

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31
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what was set up to supervise new 7 year plan

A

state committees and a new supreme economic council

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32
Q

when was 7 year plan announced

A

1959

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33
Q

industrial change: what did the 7yp of 1959 have an emphasis on

A

improving standards of living for ordinary people

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34
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what was promised of the 7yp by 1965

A

40% wage rise and 40 hour week

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35
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what were the targets laid down by the 7yp plan merged into

A

a 7th 5yp 1961-65

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36
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what slogan were the 7yp and the 7th 5yp trumpeted with

A

‘catch up and overtake the USA by 1970

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37
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what was there a slight shift in priorities to in the 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

from old heavy industries to previously neglected modern industries

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38
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what industry was there a vast expansion in under the 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

chemicals industry

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39
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what were housing factories to produce under 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

prefabricated sections for new flats

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40
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what industry was production increased in under 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

consumer industries

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41
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what was there greater exploitation of 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

USSRs resources

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42
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed the world at the Brussels World Fair in 1958

A

impressive displays of Soviet technology

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43
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair railways

A

had been electrified/ had engines converted to run of diesel
network also greatly expanded

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44
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair air transport

A

expanded and Aeroflot corporation subsided to offer cheap long distance passenger travel

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45
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair- what did USSR launch in 1957 space

A

earths first artificial satellite- sputnik

46
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair when did sputnik ii take laika into orbit

A

1957

47
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair when was a red flag placed on the moon and pictures of dark side of moon taken

A

1959

48
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair what was the worlds first nuclear powered ship called and when was it launched

A

1959- called Lenin

49
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair how did space science make continuous advances

A

-test flight brought two dogs back to earth alive
-April 1961- Yuri Gargarin became first human in space
1963- Valentina Tereshkova became first female cosmonaut

50
Q

results of industrial change: how successful did Khrushchev appear statistically

A

very successful;

51
Q

results of industrial change: what was Khrushchevs ambition greater than

A

his achievement

52
Q

results of industrial change: what effect did his decentralisation measures have

A

added another layer of bureaucracy

53
Q

results of industrial change: when was Khrushchevs system rapidly abandoned

A

in 1965, shortly after his fall from power

54
Q

results of industrial change: what were there still limitations on despite living standards improving

A

limitations on quality of life

55
Q

results of industrial change: heavy spending on what distorted the economy

A

armaments and space race

56
Q

results of industrial change: did USSR come near to overtaking its rival USA in economic growth

A

narrowed gap between them but no where near to overtaking

57
Q

results of industrial change: from when did industrial growth begin to slow down significantly

A

1958

from 10% per annum for prev decade to 7.5% in 1964

58
Q

results of industrial change: which industry was industrial decline particularly marked in

A

consumer industries- 2% growth 1964

59
Q

results of industrial change: what was success in space race owed to

A

excessive risk taking

Laika died in orbit

60
Q

results of industrial change: despite good soviet rocketry

A

instrumentation unsophisticated and inferior to USA

61
Q

results of industrial change: gap between state supported industries and what widened

A

others

62
Q

results of industrial change: what did shop assistants use in ussrs first supermarkets

A

abacuses rather than cash registers

63
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what state had soviet agricultural been left in by the war

A

a desperate state

64
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what effect had the ‘scorched earth’ policy had on western regions

A

destroyed it

1/3 farms left operational

65
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what did the 2 post war 5yp promote

A

revival

66
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp aims

A
  • force kolkhozes to deliver agricultural products
  • revive wheat fields of Ukraine
  • transform nature and revitalise barren land
67
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp detail

A
  • massive state direction: high quotas for grain and livestock/ low peasant wages
  • higher taxes on produce from private plots and private land absorbed in war returned to kolkozes
  • tree plantations, canals and irrigation ditches to make more land usable
  • followed Lysenko ideas
68
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp results

A
  • state procured 70% 1946 harvest, leaving peasants with little
  • output kolkhozes increased but not to 1930s levels
  • incentives remained low
  • almost half of output came from private plots
  • lagged behind industry
  • Lysenko’s ideas perpetuated inaccurate theories which held farming back
69
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 5th 5yp aims

A

-continuation of 4th 5yp aims plus Kh initiative to develop virgin lands and build agrocities from 1953

70
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: detail 5th 5yp

A
  • high procurement levels maintained

- expansion of agriculture in formerly uncultivated areas

71
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: results 5th 5yp

A

-ag prod still behind industry and not yet level of 1940

72
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what did Khrushchev pride himself on

A

his agricultural expertise

73
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what suggested he was interested in farming matters

A
  • from peasant background

- enjoyed spending time in countryside talking to peasants

74
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what did Khrushchev tell central committee about limitations of agricultural production under stalin

A

they had been concealed by unreliable statistics and grain output and number of livestock reared less than last years of tsarist russia

75
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what was stalins encouragement of particular farming methods criticised as

A

counter productive

76
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: whos ideas did Khrushchev favour

A

Lysenko- his ideas were scientifically dubious

77
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: who did Khrushchev place the implementation of reforms in the hands of

A

local party organisations

78
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: whos powers were reduced under Khrushchev

A

the ministry of agricultures

79
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what were several measures produced to incentivise peasants to do

A

produce more

80
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to the price paid for state procurements of grain and other agricultural goods

A

raised

81
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to state procurement quotas

A

reduced

82
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to taxes

A

reduced

83
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to quotas on peasants private plots

A

cut

84
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: which peasants were no longer required to deliver meat to the state

A

those who didn’t own animals

85
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what were collectives allowed to do

A

set own production targets and choose how to use lands

86
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: for which 2 purposes did Khrushchev implement agricultural change

A

to incentivise peasants to produce more and to increase production

87
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to the number of farms connected to electricity grid

A

increased

88
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: when was the campaign for increased use of feritiliser

A

1962

89
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to usage of farm machinery

A

increased

90
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: where were collectives able to buy farm machinery from

A

machine tractor stations

91
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what were the encouragements to merge collective farms to create

A

larger farms

92
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what was the result of the encouragement to merge collective farms

A

number of collectives halved 1950-60 and number of ‘state farms’ increased

93
Q

virgin lands scheme: in which areas did Khrushchev believe that grazing lands that hadn’t been used should be ploughed

A

western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan

94
Q

virgin lands scheme: how did the first scheme of 1953 prove

A

successful

95
Q

virgin lands scheme: what happened as a result of the first scheme proving successful

A

cultivated area extended and huge campaign launched to attract farmers to settle in these parts

96
Q

virgin lands scheme: who were encouraged to spend time on new farms and help to build settlements

A

members of Komsomol

97
Q

virgin lands scheme: how many hectares of virgin lands had been ploughed by 1956

A

35.9 million

98
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why did Khrushchev launch campaigns for new crops

A

thought it would be answer to ussrs food shortages

99
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why did Khrushchev think maize would be answer to food shortages

A

produced a high tonnage per hectare

animal and human consumption

100
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what was the idea of agrocities

A

huge collective farms/towns in an attempt to replicare urban conditions of work and living on land- greater efficiency

101
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: how successful were agrocities

A

never got beyond the visionary stage

102
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: how successful were the new measures to encourage peasants to put more effort into their work

A

failed

103
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why did attempt to get peasants to spend more time on communal farms as opposed to private plots fail

A

private plots provided half of peasants income and contributed over 30% of produce sold in USSR

104
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why did the new pricing system prove a failure

A

state officials kept altering prices so farmers found it difficult to plan ahead

105
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why was the selling of tractors less effective than it might have been

A

too few farmers capable of carrying out repairs and peasants not prepared to pay repair stations to service the machinery

106
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why was the virgin lands scheme less successful in longer term than it seemed at first

A
  • climactic conditions not taken itno account

- land work so intentionally and without rotation that land erosion took place and soil became infertile

107
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: who was ussr forced to import grain from following bad harvest in 1963

A

north America

108
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what was there a limited rise in the production of

A

milk

109
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: did khrushchevs cornflakes go down well

A

no

110
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what did the soviet controlled press donate many pages to

A

exalting new initiatives and commenting on carefully massaged statiatics

111
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: whydid it ultimately fails

A

too many different initiatives carried out with insufficient thought

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