6 social development Flashcards
what did russias traditional land based society move towards as industrialisation spread
one more focused on money, capital and wages
landed elite
small but diverse group, mostly of noble status
why did landed elites personal landholdings decline after emancipation edict
some sold out to pay off debts and others abandoned farming in favour of more rewarding professional activities
what percentage of university professors came from hereditry nobilirt in 1880
nearly 1/5
how many nobles owned their own business in Moscow by 1882
700
how many nobles employed in transport, commerce and industry
2500
why did Russia’s middle class begin to grow
urban and industrial expansion and an increase in educational opportunities
what professions were in greater demand
bankers, doctors, teachers and administrators
what did government contracts to build railways and state loans to set up factories provide
tremendous opportunities for those who were enterprising
what opportunities were there at the lower end of the scale
more opportunities to take up management positions or set up as workshop owners and traders
what was the expansion of industry accompanied by
a growth in the urban population
how small was the number of urban workers in this period
no more than 2% population
what was it very common for peasants to do
move to the towns to work temporarily whist returning to their villages to help in busy times, such as harvest
why did some peasants sell up and leave the countryside
to either join a migrant group building railways or to become urban workers
what percentage of inhabitants in st Petersburg in 1864 were peasants by birth
1/3
what were condiditons in the cities like
grim- the early factories paid little heed to their workers welfare
what did the reforms in 1882-90 state
- regulation of child labour
- reduction in working hours
- reduction in excessive fines and payment in kind
- appointment of inspectors with powers to check up on working and living conditions
how effective were the reforms
contributed very little towards improving the lives of the growing working class
what were peasants attracted to the towns by
prospect of regular wages- rarely generous payments
how many strikes between 1886-1894
33 per year
how were the peasants divided
kulaks at the top
how did kulaks buy up land
perhaps with aid of loans from peasants land bank
what was life like for the poorest peasants
- getting harsher
- turned into landless labourers
- 1880 2/3 former serfs in Tambov region unable to feed household without falling into debt
which area of peasants tended to be better off
areas of former state peasants tended to be better off than those of emancipated privately owned serfs
why were former state owned peasants better off
been granted more land
what was the average life expectancy for male and female peasants
- 27 M
- 29 W
- England: average 45
what effect did economic change have on the peasantry
failed to improve the lot of the peasantry, may have affected them for the worse
what percentage of the population subscribed to the orthodox church
70%
what was Russia seen as, owing to tradition
Holy Land that had been chosen by god to save the world
tsar possessed a holiness which made him a saint on earth
what had happened to church administration by late 19th century and effect on tsars position
church admin moved to holy synod and tsars position became more secular
how did the regime use the church as a means of control
moral domination over superstitious and ill educated peasantry hugely beneficial to regime
role of priests
had close ties with village and role assigned by state eg, read out manifestos and decrees, keep statisitics
what did Pyotr Valuav set up the Ecclesaistical commission in response to in 1858
report expressing concern about clerical poverty and behaviour
who was Pyotr Valuev
minister of internal affairs
what did the ecclesiastical commission do
looked into church organisation and practice in 1862
what reforms were introduced in 1868
to improve education of priests
what were the church given increased control over under Ivan Delyanov
primary education
what did the church possess strict controls over
-censorship
what did the church courts judge
moral and social ‘crimes’
awarded punishments to those found guilty
how many muslis and pagans converted to orthodoxy during aiiis reighn
8500 M
50000 P
how many catholics and Lutherans converted to orthodoxy in Poland and Baltic provinces
40000 altogether
