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history > 7: political authority, revolution and duma NII > Flashcards

7: political authority, revolution and duma NII Flashcards

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1
Q

how had NII been brought up

A

to take his duties as a ruler seriously

to believe any concessions/signs of weakness would be indications of cowardice and failure

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2
Q

who was NII tutor

A

Pobedonostev

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3
Q

what did NII declare he was resolved to shortly before his coronation

A

‘maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father’

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4
Q

what did nII commitment to orthodoxy ensure

A

the church maintained its powerful influence

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5
Q

why was NII unpopular with ethnic minorities

A

continued russification and support for black hundreds

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6
Q

why had Russian society become more criticised in the year after 1894

A

great famine 1891-92

failure of tsarist gov to deal with crisis

left zemstva and vol organisations to provide necessary relief work

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7
Q

what did the failure of gov correspondence to great famine lead to

A

greater public mistrust of govs competence and firmer belief in power of ordinary members of society to play a role in nations affairs

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8
Q

which groups developed a wider support base than ever by 1900

A

reformist groups

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9
Q

how were outbursts of trouble in universities resolved

A

increased use of okhrana

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10
Q

the years of the red cockerel

A

so many instances of arson in rural communities that nickname was coined

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11
Q

where was the unrest at its worst

A

central Russian provinces where landlord/peasant relationship was still at its most traditional

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12
Q

what did peasant unrest consist of

A

they set fire to landlords barns, destroying grain/ vented anger by seizing woodland/pasture

even physically attacked landlords and officials

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13
Q

who was the tsars minister

A

pyotr stolypin

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14
Q

how did stolypin deal with peasant disturbances

A

with ferocity that aggravated situation further

peasants flogged, arrested and exiled, shot in thousands

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15
Q

stolypins necktie

A

gallows became referred to this due to constant use

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16
Q

industrial strikes 1894 vs 1904

A

1894- 17000

1904- 90000

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17
Q

who was the Moscow chief of the okhrana

A

Zubatov

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18
Q

how did zubatox try to control proliferation of illegal unions in 1900

A

began organising own police-sponsored trade unions

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19
Q

what was the idea behind police sponsored trade unions

A

provide official channels through which complaints could be heard, in an attempt to prevent workers joining radical socialists

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20
Q

how successful was zubatovs idea

A

only lasted until 1903

Zubatov dismissed and exiled after one of his unions because involved in general strike in Odessa

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21
Q

what was formed in 1904

A

another union on zubatov model

Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers by Father Gapon

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22
Q

who was Gapons union approved by and how much support did it have

A

approved by minister of internal affairs Plehve and had support of church

soon had 12 branches and 8000 members

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23
Q

what is Plehve accredited with encouraging the tsar to do

A

respond to a Japanese assault on the Russian naval base of port Arthur in jan 1904

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24
Q

how did plehve describe this response

A

a short swift victorious war which woud detract from the tide of unrest at home

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25
Q

how did the Russians underestimate the ‘short swift victorious war’

A

had little idea of their enemy/inadequacies of their own forces

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26
Q

what effect did a series of defeats have on the initial surge of anti Japanese patriotism

A

turned into one of opposition to the government

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27
Q

what happened when plehve was assassinated july 1904

A

crowds in warsaw turned out to streets to celebrate

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28
Q

who replaced plehve

A

mirsky, in nov 1904

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29
Q

how did mirsky respond to renewed cries for a representative national assembly

A

reluctantly agreed to invite zemtvo representatives to come to st pt for discussions

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30
Q

what were NII reasons for not agreeing to a representative form of government

A

considered it harmful to the people whom god has entrusted to me

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31
Q

what did Nicholas concede to in response to cries for duma

A

an expansion of the rights of the zemstva

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32
Q

when did Russia surrender to the japanese

A

20 December 1904

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33
Q

why did a strike begin at the putilov iron works 3 jan 1905

A

humiliation of defeat added to growing discontent

strike soon involved 150,000 workers

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34
Q

who decided to conduct peaceful march to winter palace on 9 jan 1905

A

political and economic grievances

father gapon

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35
Q

what did father gapon wish to present to nii on 9 January

A

a petition, demonstrating workers loyalty but also requesting reform

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36
Q

where was nii on 9 jan 1905

A

at his summer palace Tsarkoe Selo

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37
Q

what happe ned to the demonstrating workers jan 1905

A

12,000 troops used to break them up

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38
Q

what was the effect of bloody sunday

A

sparked an outbreak of rebellion which spread throughout empire

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39
Q

when did Nicholas agree to meet workers representatives

A

after 4 feb when his uncle was assassinated

40
Q

how did Nicholas inflame sentiment when he met workers

A

suggested that marchers had been badly advised and that strikers should return to work

41
Q

who did Nicholas replace the moderate mirsky with

A

Bulygin- minister for internal affairs
Trepov- military governor of st pt

both prepared to follow hard line policy

42
Q

what was the state of the Russian empire oct 1905

A
  • near to total collapse
  • strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings, demands for independence from poles, finns, Latvians etc
43
Q

what was st Petersburg soviet inspired and dominate by

A

inspired by union of unions and dominated by radical revs

44
Q

why was st Petersburg soviet set up

A

to direct a general strike- began In Moscow at beginning of oct 1905

45
Q

what did witte warn

A

country was on verge of a revolution that would sweep away thousands of years of history

46
Q

what did trepov declare

A

the need for some moderate reform

47
Q

what did grand duke nikolay threaten

A

to shoot himself unless reforms were instituted

48
Q

when did the tsar agree to sign a decree promising constitutional reform

A

17 October 1905

49
Q

what 3 things did the October manifesto promise

A
  • grant civic freedom
  • establish state duma so allowing a voice to all classes of population
  • give state duma power to approve laws
50
Q

how was the manifesto received

A

celebration on streets

crowds sang french revolutionary anthem and waved red flags

51
Q

how did radicals urge workers to fight on despite GS being called off

A

workers bulletin read: we have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything and yet we have been granted nothing

52
Q

what did radical workers bulletin read in response to october manfesto

A

‘we have been granted a constitution, yet autocracy remains. we have been granted everything, and yet we have been granted nothing’

53
Q

how sincere was nII october manifesto

A

had no intention of becoming a constitutional monarch

few of his ministers had a real commitment to manifesto promises

54
Q

what did trepov order troops to do in forcing striking workers back to their factories

A

‘fire no blanks and spare no bullets’

55
Q

why did the jews suffer in the final months of 1905

A

the right wing associated them with ‘socialists and revolutionaries’

56
Q

how were the jews treated in the final months of 1905

A

suffered terrible pogroms

57
Q

how were the peasants treated in the final months of 1905

A

gangs sent to round up and flog peasants in a bid to restore order

58
Q

on what date were St Petersburg Soviet leaders arrested

A

3 December

59
Q

how did arrest of soviet leaders weaken revolutionary movement in the capital

A

leaders tried and exiled to siberia

60
Q

what did new constitution consist of

A
  • state duma
  • state council
  • and council of ministers
61
Q

what did the fundemental laws reassert

A

NII autocratic power

62
Q

what did article 4 state about nii autocratic power

A

‘it is ordained by god himself that the tsars authority should be submitted to, not only out of fear but out of genuine sense of duty’

63
Q

what did the tsar claim the right to do under the fundemental laws

A
  • veto legislation
  • rule by decree in an emergency/when duma not in session
  • appoint and dismiss gov officials
  • dissolve duma as he wished
  • command russias forces
  • declare war, concede peace and negotiate treaties with foreign states
  • control military and household expensditure
  • overturn verdicts and sentences given in court of law
  • control orthodox church
64
Q

how many dumas between 1905 and 1917

A

4

65
Q

first duma dates

A

may-july 1906

66
Q

who was first duma boycotted by

A

bolsheviks, srs and extreme right wing union of russian people

67
Q

composition of first duma

A

overwhelmingly radical liberal

68
Q

what did first duma bring about

A

extremely critical of tsar and brought about Wittes resignation

69
Q

what did the first duma request in its ‘address to the throne’

A

political amnesty
abolition of state council
transfer of ministerial responsibility to duma, compulsory seizure of lands of gentry, universal and direct male suffrage, abandonment of emergency laws, abolition of death penalty, reform of civil service

70
Q

how did NII react to adress to throne

A

demands were totally inadmissable

71
Q

what did first duma pass in relation to gov and demand

A

passed vote of no confidence in gov and demanded resignation of tsars ministers

72
Q

how many weeks after vote of no confidence was duma dissolved

A

10

73
Q

who did tsar replace goremykin as prime minister with

A

stolypin- even more hard line

74
Q

nickname for first duma

A

duma of national hopes

75
Q

second duma dates

A

Feb-June 1907

76
Q

nickname for second duma

A

duma of national anger

77
Q

why was the second duma even more oppositional than the first

A

number of extreme left wing increased

bolsheviks, mensheviks and srs participated

78
Q

what did stolypin struggle to find support for in second duma

A

agrarian reform

resorted to passing legislation under tsars emergency powers act

79
Q

what did stolypin do in response to second dumas refusal to ratify his agrarian reforms

A

spread a story about plot to assasinate tsar and dissolved duma

arrested and exiled more radical delegates

80
Q

what illegal emergency law did stolypin introduce to alter the franchise after dissolving the second duma

A

weight of peasants, workers and national minorities drastically reduced and representation of the gentry increased

81
Q

nickname for third duma

A

duma of lords and lackeys

82
Q

dates for third duma

A

nov 1907-june 1912

83
Q

how many of gov proposals did third duma agree

A

2200/2500- more submissive duma

84
Q

what was the fact that the third duma was confrontational a sign of

A

tsarist regime unpopularity

85
Q

what were there disputes over within the third duma

A

naval staff, stolypins proposals to extend primary education and his local gov reform

86
Q

when did the third duma have to be suspended twice

A

1911

87
Q

why did third duma have to be suspended twice in 1911

A

while gov forced through legislation under emergency provisions

88
Q

dates of fourth duma

A

nov 1912-1917

89
Q

which prime minister replaced stolypin after his assassination in 1911

A

Kokostov

90
Q

how can fourth duma be described

A

relatively docile body

91
Q

what ddid kokostov say about fourth duma

A

‘thank god we still have no parliament’

92
Q

why did fourth dumas influence decline

A

kokostov ignored it and it was too divided to fight back

93
Q

how did stolypin help to restore order in the countryside

A

august 1906- established court martials to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent

94
Q

how did the court respond to the resurfacing of labour troubles from 1912

A

turned its back and believed all could continue as it always had

95
Q

why did NII sympathise with the union of the russian people

A

it reinforced is mystical belief of the unassialable bond between himself and his people

96
Q

what was the courts distance from reality epitomised by

A

Rasputin

97
Q

how did rasputin create distance between the court and the people

A

nicholas failed to take action against the queens interest in rasputin to heal aleksei, despite rasputins obviosu misdeeds- damaged reputation of people who he relied upon

history (44 decks)

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