7: political authority, revolution and duma NII Flashcards
how had NII been brought up
to take his duties as a ruler seriously
to believe any concessions/signs of weakness would be indications of cowardice and failure
who was NII tutor
Pobedonostev
what did NII declare he was resolved to shortly before his coronation
‘maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father’
what did nII commitment to orthodoxy ensure
the church maintained its powerful influence
why was NII unpopular with ethnic minorities
continued russification and support for black hundreds
why had Russian society become more criticised in the year after 1894
great famine 1891-92
failure of tsarist gov to deal with crisis
left zemstva and vol organisations to provide necessary relief work
what did the failure of gov correspondence to great famine lead to
greater public mistrust of govs competence and firmer belief in power of ordinary members of society to play a role in nations affairs
which groups developed a wider support base than ever by 1900
reformist groups
how were outbursts of trouble in universities resolved
increased use of okhrana
the years of the red cockerel
so many instances of arson in rural communities that nickname was coined
where was the unrest at its worst
central Russian provinces where landlord/peasant relationship was still at its most traditional
what did peasant unrest consist of
they set fire to landlords barns, destroying grain/ vented anger by seizing woodland/pasture
even physically attacked landlords and officials
who was the tsars minister
pyotr stolypin
how did stolypin deal with peasant disturbances
with ferocity that aggravated situation further
peasants flogged, arrested and exiled, shot in thousands
stolypins necktie
gallows became referred to this due to constant use
industrial strikes 1894 vs 1904
1894- 17000
1904- 90000
who was the Moscow chief of the okhrana
Zubatov
how did zubatox try to control proliferation of illegal unions in 1900
began organising own police-sponsored trade unions
what was the idea behind police sponsored trade unions
provide official channels through which complaints could be heard, in an attempt to prevent workers joining radical socialists
how successful was zubatovs idea
only lasted until 1903
Zubatov dismissed and exiled after one of his unions because involved in general strike in Odessa
what was formed in 1904
another union on zubatov model
Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers by Father Gapon
who was Gapons union approved by and how much support did it have
approved by minister of internal affairs Plehve and had support of church
soon had 12 branches and 8000 members
what is Plehve accredited with encouraging the tsar to do
respond to a Japanese assault on the Russian naval base of port Arthur in jan 1904
how did plehve describe this response
a short swift victorious war which woud detract from the tide of unrest at home
how did the Russians underestimate the ‘short swift victorious war’
had little idea of their enemy/inadequacies of their own forces
what effect did a series of defeats have on the initial surge of anti Japanese patriotism
turned into one of opposition to the government
what happened when plehve was assassinated july 1904
crowds in warsaw turned out to streets to celebrate
who replaced plehve
mirsky, in nov 1904
how did mirsky respond to renewed cries for a representative national assembly
reluctantly agreed to invite zemtvo representatives to come to st pt for discussions
what were NII reasons for not agreeing to a representative form of government
considered it harmful to the people whom god has entrusted to me
what did Nicholas concede to in response to cries for duma
an expansion of the rights of the zemstva
when did Russia surrender to the japanese
20 December 1904
why did a strike begin at the putilov iron works 3 jan 1905
humiliation of defeat added to growing discontent
strike soon involved 150,000 workers
who decided to conduct peaceful march to winter palace on 9 jan 1905
political and economic grievances
father gapon
what did father gapon wish to present to nii on 9 January
a petition, demonstrating workers loyalty but also requesting reform
where was nii on 9 jan 1905
at his summer palace Tsarkoe Selo
what happe ned to the demonstrating workers jan 1905
12,000 troops used to break them up
what was the effect of bloody sunday
sparked an outbreak of rebellion which spread throughout empire
when did Nicholas agree to meet workers representatives
after 4 feb when his uncle was assassinated
how did Nicholas inflame sentiment when he met workers
suggested that marchers had been badly advised and that strikers should return to work
who did Nicholas replace the moderate mirsky with
Bulygin- minister for internal affairs
Trepov- military governor of st pt
both prepared to follow hard line policy
what was the state of the Russian empire oct 1905
- near to total collapse
- strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings, demands for independence from poles, finns, Latvians etc
what was st Petersburg soviet inspired and dominate by
inspired by union of unions and dominated by radical revs
why was st Petersburg soviet set up
to direct a general strike- began In Moscow at beginning of oct 1905
what did witte warn
country was on verge of a revolution that would sweep away thousands of years of history
what did trepov declare
the need for some moderate reform
what did grand duke nikolay threaten
to shoot himself unless reforms were instituted
when did the tsar agree to sign a decree promising constitutional reform
17 October 1905
what 3 things did the October manifesto promise
- grant civic freedom
- establish state duma so allowing a voice to all classes of population
- give state duma power to approve laws
how was the manifesto received
celebration on streets
crowds sang french revolutionary anthem and waved red flags
how did radicals urge workers to fight on despite GS being called off
workers bulletin read: we have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything and yet we have been granted nothing
what did radical workers bulletin read in response to october manfesto
‘we have been granted a constitution, yet autocracy remains. we have been granted everything, and yet we have been granted nothing’
how sincere was nII october manifesto
had no intention of becoming a constitutional monarch
few of his ministers had a real commitment to manifesto promises
what did trepov order troops to do in forcing striking workers back to their factories
‘fire no blanks and spare no bullets’
why did the jews suffer in the final months of 1905
the right wing associated them with ‘socialists and revolutionaries’
how were the jews treated in the final months of 1905
suffered terrible pogroms
how were the peasants treated in the final months of 1905
gangs sent to round up and flog peasants in a bid to restore order
on what date were St Petersburg Soviet leaders arrested
3 December
how did arrest of soviet leaders weaken revolutionary movement in the capital
leaders tried and exiled to siberia
what did new constitution consist of
- state duma
- state council
- and council of ministers
what did the fundemental laws reassert
NII autocratic power
what did article 4 state about nii autocratic power
‘it is ordained by god himself that the tsars authority should be submitted to, not only out of fear but out of genuine sense of duty’
what did the tsar claim the right to do under the fundemental laws
- veto legislation
- rule by decree in an emergency/when duma not in session
- appoint and dismiss gov officials
- dissolve duma as he wished
- command russias forces
- declare war, concede peace and negotiate treaties with foreign states
- control military and household expensditure
- overturn verdicts and sentences given in court of law
- control orthodox church
how many dumas between 1905 and 1917
4
first duma dates
may-july 1906
who was first duma boycotted by
bolsheviks, srs and extreme right wing union of russian people
composition of first duma
overwhelmingly radical liberal
what did first duma bring about
extremely critical of tsar and brought about Wittes resignation
what did the first duma request in its ‘address to the throne’
political amnesty
abolition of state council
transfer of ministerial responsibility to duma, compulsory seizure of lands of gentry, universal and direct male suffrage, abandonment of emergency laws, abolition of death penalty, reform of civil service
how did NII react to adress to throne
demands were totally inadmissable
what did first duma pass in relation to gov and demand
passed vote of no confidence in gov and demanded resignation of tsars ministers
how many weeks after vote of no confidence was duma dissolved
10
who did tsar replace goremykin as prime minister with
stolypin- even more hard line
nickname for first duma
duma of national hopes
second duma dates
Feb-June 1907
nickname for second duma
duma of national anger
why was the second duma even more oppositional than the first
number of extreme left wing increased
bolsheviks, mensheviks and srs participated
what did stolypin struggle to find support for in second duma
agrarian reform
resorted to passing legislation under tsars emergency powers act
what did stolypin do in response to second dumas refusal to ratify his agrarian reforms
spread a story about plot to assasinate tsar and dissolved duma
arrested and exiled more radical delegates
what illegal emergency law did stolypin introduce to alter the franchise after dissolving the second duma
weight of peasants, workers and national minorities drastically reduced and representation of the gentry increased
nickname for third duma
duma of lords and lackeys
dates for third duma
nov 1907-june 1912
how many of gov proposals did third duma agree
2200/2500- more submissive duma
what was the fact that the third duma was confrontational a sign of
tsarist regime unpopularity
what were there disputes over within the third duma
naval staff, stolypins proposals to extend primary education and his local gov reform
when did the third duma have to be suspended twice
1911
why did third duma have to be suspended twice in 1911
while gov forced through legislation under emergency provisions
dates of fourth duma
nov 1912-1917
which prime minister replaced stolypin after his assassination in 1911
Kokostov
how can fourth duma be described
relatively docile body
what ddid kokostov say about fourth duma
‘thank god we still have no parliament’
why did fourth dumas influence decline
kokostov ignored it and it was too divided to fight back
how did stolypin help to restore order in the countryside
august 1906- established court martials to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent
how did the court respond to the resurfacing of labour troubles from 1912
turned its back and believed all could continue as it always had
why did NII sympathise with the union of the russian people
it reinforced is mystical belief of the unassialable bond between himself and his people
what was the courts distance from reality epitomised by
Rasputin
how did rasputin create distance between the court and the people
nicholas failed to take action against the queens interest in rasputin to heal aleksei, despite rasputins obviosu misdeeds- damaged reputation of people who he relied upon
