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history > 10. opposition: ideas and ideologies > Flashcards

10. opposition: ideas and ideologies Flashcards

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1
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what added to numbers favouring more representation and rule of law

A

spread of education and emergence of stronger middle class as a result of industrialisation

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2
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why was liberalism particularly strong in the zemstva

A
  • reputation enhanced by actions taken in face of gov incompetence during Great Famine 1891-92
  • resentments galvanised by reduction zemstva powers under AII
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3
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: how did Tsar dismiss Tver Zemstvo’s petition to set up an advisory body

A

as senseless dreams

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4
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: liberal noble who continued to demand creation of an all class zemstvo at district level and a national assembly

A

Prince Lvov

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5
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what happened when Ivan Shipov tried to set up an ‘All Zemsto Organisation’ in 1896

A

it was immediately banned

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6
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did banning of ‘all zemstvo organisation’ encourage some liberals to do

A

establish Beseda Symposium in 1899

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7
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did Beseda Smyposium meet in secret to discuss

A

matters of liberal interest eg judicial reform and universal education

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8
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why did beseda symposium assume leadership of liberal movement in 1900

A

gov ordered dismissal of hundreds of liberals from the zemstva

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9
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: who did Beseda symposium attract a wide range of support from when they assumed leadership of the liberals

A

public figures, town leaders, members of legal and teaching professions and industrialists

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10
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what was founded in 1903 under Struve

A

union of liberation

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11
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why did struve defect from the Marxist movement

A

opposed its commitment to violent revolution

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12
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did struve believe Russia needed

A

a period of peaceful evolution in which to adapt to its new industrialising status

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13
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what system did struve want to see implemented

A

constitutional system through which workers could campaign legally to improve their conditions

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14
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did struve believe Russia needed to adapt to its new industrialising status

A

period of peaceful evolution

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15
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: who attended unions grand meeting of 1904

A

reps of zemstva and other professional societies

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16
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did members declare at unions grand meeting

A

intention to work for establishment of a constitutional gov and arranged series of society banquets

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17
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what political influence did they have

A

limited

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18
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what were they fortunate to escape

A

closer attention of police

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19
Q

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why were they main beneficiaries from 1905 revolution

A

one of their aims, duma, established

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20
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when were ideas of agrarian socialism revived

A

after great famine 1891-92

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21
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when was SR founded

A

1901

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22
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what did SRs become a rallying point for

A

those who wished to appeal to peasantry through a commitment to land socialisation and decentralised government

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23
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: who was SRs most influential theorist

A

Viktor Chernov

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24
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how was SRs a fairly loose organisation

A

comprised of groups with a wide variety of views

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25
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: why did SRs put forward idea that peasants and workers should work together to bring down autocracy and bring about land redistribution

A

they saw their views as identical

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26
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what emphasis of SRs set them apart from pure Marxists

A

emphasis on peasantry and land socialisation rather than land nationalisation

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27
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what did SRs develop in terms of support

A

wide national base with a large peasant membership

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28
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how were SR tactics similar to earlier populists

A

tried to stir up discontent in countryside and strikes in towns and to disrupt gov by political assassinations

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29
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how many political assasinations did SRs carry out between 1901-05

A

2000

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30
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: which ministers of internal affairs did SRs assassinate

A

Dmitri Sipyagin and Von Plehve

31
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how did SRs play an active role in 1905 revolution

A

developed full programme in Nov 1905 and forming a separate combat organisation which attracted many students to carry out assassinations

32
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when did SRs assassinate Stolypin

A

1911

33
Q

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how did police hinder SRs progress

A

foiled some activities and was successful in infiltrating the movement at its highest levels

34
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what helped make Marxist theories more attractive to Russian intellectuals from late 1890s

A

industrial takeoff

35
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: which group grew

A

Georgi Plekhanovs emancipation of labour group

36
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what were attracted by Marxist ideas

A

discussion circles, workers organisations, illegal trade unions, and other groups

37
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: when was SD party set up

A

1898

38
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what happened at first congress of Russian SDs

A

chose name, elected 3 man central committee and produced a manifesto

39
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did SDs manifesto assert

A

working classes had and were been exploited by their masters and that the future of Russia would be the product of the class struggle

40
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did SDs manifesto make clear that impetus for change had to come from

A

working men themselves

41
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: why did SDs get off to promising start

A

first congress broken up by Okhrana agents who promptly arrested 2 of committee

42
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: who came to play a prominent part in development of party

A

lenin

43
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: when did second party congress take place

A

1903

44
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what was considered at second party congress

A

variety of propositions as to how party should move forward but were divided on these

45
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did lenin argue in favour of

A

strong disciplined organisation of professional revolutionaries to lead proletariat

46
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did others like Martov believe

A

their task should be to develop a broad party with a mass working class membership

47
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: how did lenin win vote towards more centralise party structure despite not having mass support in beginning

A

number of reps withdrew and lenin claimed his supporters were majority

48
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what was there continued argument and rivalry between in SDs

A

nature, timing, and organisation of rev

49
Q

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what were Bolsheviks and mensheviks by 1906 and why

A

essentially 2 separate parties because division hardened so much

50
Q

Trade unions: why may a reduction in working class discontent have been expected after excitement raised by 1905 revolution

A

Revolution and legislation of trade unions

51
Q

Trade unions: what did the state continue to fear despite some reforms for working class

A

Independent working class activity and potential for revolutionaries to work through trade unions

52
Q

Trade unions: how many TUs closed town and how many denied registration 1906-1910

A

497 closed down

604 denied registration

53
Q

Trade unions: what were unions that survived mainly

A

Those of the better paid male skilled workers

54
Q

Trade unions: what reduced any opportunity for union action from 1907

A

Economic depression, rise in unemployment and political clampdown

55
Q

Trade unions: what provided new impetus

A

Shooting of unarmed demonstrators at Lena Goldfields in April 1912

56
Q

Trade unions: what gave Skills labour more bargaining power in market place from 1911

A

Economic recovery

57
Q

Trade unions: where was trade union activity mainly confined to

A

St Petersburg and surrounding area

58
Q

Trade unions: what added to anger and opposition

A

Bitter resistance of employers and repressive measures taken to break strikes

59
Q

Trade unions: how was danger to autocracy of pre war strike movement less than it seemed

A

Gerogespically limited, only 12% enterprises experienced a strike and even GS in St Pt only brought out a quarter of manufacturing labour force

60
Q

Other opposition groups: why was moderate liberal opposition largely appeased by

A

Tsarist concessions 1905-06 and tried to cooperate with duma sustem

61
Q

Other opposition groups: why was there no single, strong opposition among the nationalisites after 1905

A
  • apart from poles and Finns none wanted outright independence
  • Ukrainians and Belorussians, combo of policies of assimilation and respressiln enjoyed success
62
Q

Other opposition groups: why were SRs and SDs weakened after 1905

A
  • exile of leaders
  • damaging split within SDs
  • rivalry between SRs and SDs
63
Q

Other opposition groups: what were ideological divisions within SRS AND SDS compounded by

A

Disagreements over appropriate response to 1905 defeat and use parties should make to work in Dumas

64
Q

Other opposition groups: how did srs and SDs suffer from secret police activities

A

Agrents effective in smashing rev cells

65
Q

Other opposition groups: what made organisation of srs and SDs difficult

A

Industrial depression 1907, lack of finance and shortage of secret printing presses

66
Q

Other opposition groups: what happened instead of establishing national, regional or even all city organisations

A

At best they maintained underground organisation in individual factories and workshops

67
Q

Other opposition groups: how was there a revival in Bolshevik fortunes in 1912-14

A

Succeeded in taking over many legal labour institutions in st pt and moscow from Mensheviks and gained 6 workers deputies in elections to fourth duma

68
Q

Other opposition groups: when did Pravda launch

A

April 1912

69
Q

Other opposition groups: how had bolsheviks been helped in fourth duma elections

A

By SR boycott

70
Q

Other opposition groups: who did bolsheviks enjoy no success with

A

Army and navy

71
Q

Other opposition groups: what became nothing of Bolshevik promise

A

Launch general pol strike, provoke mass street Demos and recreation soviet of workers deputies on 1905 model

72
Q

Other opposition groups: how did opposition in Russia appear before 1914

A

Weak and demoralised

73
Q

Other opposition groups: why did coming of war in 1914 further diminish support for action

A

Patriotic fervour swept through all political save for bolsheviks

74
Q

Other opposition groups: why did Lenin favour defeat

A

Believed it would bring Russia closer to rev he sought

history (44 decks)

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