10. opposition: ideas and ideologies Flashcards
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what added to numbers favouring more representation and rule of law
spread of education and emergence of stronger middle class as a result of industrialisation
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why was liberalism particularly strong in the zemstva
- reputation enhanced by actions taken in face of gov incompetence during Great Famine 1891-92
- resentments galvanised by reduction zemstva powers under AII
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: how did Tsar dismiss Tver Zemstvo’s petition to set up an advisory body
as senseless dreams
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: liberal noble who continued to demand creation of an all class zemstvo at district level and a national assembly
Prince Lvov
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what happened when Ivan Shipov tried to set up an ‘All Zemsto Organisation’ in 1896
it was immediately banned
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did banning of ‘all zemstvo organisation’ encourage some liberals to do
establish Beseda Symposium in 1899
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did Beseda Smyposium meet in secret to discuss
matters of liberal interest eg judicial reform and universal education
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why did beseda symposium assume leadership of liberal movement in 1900
gov ordered dismissal of hundreds of liberals from the zemstva
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: who did Beseda symposium attract a wide range of support from when they assumed leadership of the liberals
public figures, town leaders, members of legal and teaching professions and industrialists
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what was founded in 1903 under Struve
union of liberation
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why did struve defect from the Marxist movement
opposed its commitment to violent revolution
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did struve believe Russia needed
a period of peaceful evolution in which to adapt to its new industrialising status
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what system did struve want to see implemented
constitutional system through which workers could campaign legally to improve their conditions
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did struve believe Russia needed to adapt to its new industrialising status
period of peaceful evolution
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: who attended unions grand meeting of 1904
reps of zemstva and other professional societies
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did members declare at unions grand meeting
intention to work for establishment of a constitutional gov and arranged series of society banquets
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what political influence did they have
limited
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what were they fortunate to escape
closer attention of police
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why were they main beneficiaries from 1905 revolution
one of their aims, duma, established
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when were ideas of agrarian socialism revived
after great famine 1891-92
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when was SR founded
1901
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what did SRs become a rallying point for
those who wished to appeal to peasantry through a commitment to land socialisation and decentralised government
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: who was SRs most influential theorist
Viktor Chernov
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how was SRs a fairly loose organisation
comprised of groups with a wide variety of views
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: why did SRs put forward idea that peasants and workers should work together to bring down autocracy and bring about land redistribution
they saw their views as identical
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what emphasis of SRs set them apart from pure Marxists
emphasis on peasantry and land socialisation rather than land nationalisation
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what did SRs develop in terms of support
wide national base with a large peasant membership
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how were SR tactics similar to earlier populists
tried to stir up discontent in countryside and strikes in towns and to disrupt gov by political assassinations
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how many political assasinations did SRs carry out between 1901-05
2000
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: which ministers of internal affairs did SRs assassinate
Dmitri Sipyagin and Von Plehve
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how did SRs play an active role in 1905 revolution
developed full programme in Nov 1905 and forming a separate combat organisation which attracted many students to carry out assassinations
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when did SRs assassinate Stolypin
1911
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how did police hinder SRs progress
foiled some activities and was successful in infiltrating the movement at its highest levels
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what helped make Marxist theories more attractive to Russian intellectuals from late 1890s
industrial takeoff
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: which group grew
Georgi Plekhanovs emancipation of labour group
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what were attracted by Marxist ideas
discussion circles, workers organisations, illegal trade unions, and other groups
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: when was SD party set up
1898
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what happened at first congress of Russian SDs
chose name, elected 3 man central committee and produced a manifesto
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did SDs manifesto assert
working classes had and were been exploited by their masters and that the future of Russia would be the product of the class struggle
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did SDs manifesto make clear that impetus for change had to come from
working men themselves
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: why did SDs get off to promising start
first congress broken up by Okhrana agents who promptly arrested 2 of committee
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: who came to play a prominent part in development of party
lenin
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: when did second party congress take place
1903
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what was considered at second party congress
variety of propositions as to how party should move forward but were divided on these
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did lenin argue in favour of
strong disciplined organisation of professional revolutionaries to lead proletariat
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did others like Martov believe
their task should be to develop a broad party with a mass working class membership
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: how did lenin win vote towards more centralise party structure despite not having mass support in beginning
number of reps withdrew and lenin claimed his supporters were majority
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what was there continued argument and rivalry between in SDs
nature, timing, and organisation of rev
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what were Bolsheviks and mensheviks by 1906 and why
essentially 2 separate parties because division hardened so much
Trade unions: why may a reduction in working class discontent have been expected after excitement raised by 1905 revolution
Revolution and legislation of trade unions
Trade unions: what did the state continue to fear despite some reforms for working class
Independent working class activity and potential for revolutionaries to work through trade unions
Trade unions: how many TUs closed town and how many denied registration 1906-1910
497 closed down
604 denied registration
Trade unions: what were unions that survived mainly
Those of the better paid male skilled workers
Trade unions: what reduced any opportunity for union action from 1907
Economic depression, rise in unemployment and political clampdown
Trade unions: what provided new impetus
Shooting of unarmed demonstrators at Lena Goldfields in April 1912
Trade unions: what gave Skills labour more bargaining power in market place from 1911
Economic recovery
Trade unions: where was trade union activity mainly confined to
St Petersburg and surrounding area
Trade unions: what added to anger and opposition
Bitter resistance of employers and repressive measures taken to break strikes
Trade unions: how was danger to autocracy of pre war strike movement less than it seemed
Gerogespically limited, only 12% enterprises experienced a strike and even GS in St Pt only brought out a quarter of manufacturing labour force
Other opposition groups: why was moderate liberal opposition largely appeased by
Tsarist concessions 1905-06 and tried to cooperate with duma sustem
Other opposition groups: why was there no single, strong opposition among the nationalisites after 1905
- apart from poles and Finns none wanted outright independence
- Ukrainians and Belorussians, combo of policies of assimilation and respressiln enjoyed success
Other opposition groups: why were SRs and SDs weakened after 1905
- exile of leaders
- damaging split within SDs
- rivalry between SRs and SDs
Other opposition groups: what were ideological divisions within SRS AND SDS compounded by
Disagreements over appropriate response to 1905 defeat and use parties should make to work in Dumas
Other opposition groups: how did srs and SDs suffer from secret police activities
Agrents effective in smashing rev cells
Other opposition groups: what made organisation of srs and SDs difficult
Industrial depression 1907, lack of finance and shortage of secret printing presses
Other opposition groups: what happened instead of establishing national, regional or even all city organisations
At best they maintained underground organisation in individual factories and workshops
Other opposition groups: how was there a revival in Bolshevik fortunes in 1912-14
Succeeded in taking over many legal labour institutions in st pt and moscow from Mensheviks and gained 6 workers deputies in elections to fourth duma
Other opposition groups: when did Pravda launch
April 1912
Other opposition groups: how had bolsheviks been helped in fourth duma elections
By SR boycott
Other opposition groups: who did bolsheviks enjoy no success with
Army and navy
Other opposition groups: what became nothing of Bolshevik promise
Launch general pol strike, provoke mass street Demos and recreation soviet of workers deputies on 1905 model
Other opposition groups: how did opposition in Russia appear before 1914
Weak and demoralised
Other opposition groups: why did coming of war in 1914 further diminish support for action
Patriotic fervour swept through all political save for bolsheviks
Other opposition groups: why did Lenin favour defeat
Believed it would bring Russia closer to rev he sought
