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history > 6: economic development 1855-1894 > Flashcards

6: economic development 1855-1894 Flashcards

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1
Q

what was industrialisation in Russia largely driven by

A

the state

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2
Q

why was industrialisation largely driven by the state

A

in a deliberate attempt to match the economic development of western europe

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3
Q

who was AII minister of finance 1862-78

A

von Reutern

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4
Q

what were reuterns reforms designed for

A

to boost the economy and provide funds to drive industrial growth

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5
Q

reuterns reforms

A
  • treasury reformed
  • new arrangements for collecting taxes put in place
  • tax farming abolished
  • tax system reformed
  • banks and credit facilities extended
  • state, municipal and savings banks established
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6
Q

how was trade promoted under reutern

A

reduction of import duties 1863

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7
Q

what were offered to private entrepreneurs to develop railways under reutern

A

government subsidies

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8
Q

how was foreign investment encouraged under reutern

A

government guaranteed annual dividend

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9
Q

for what industries was government support offered under reutern

A

cotton and mining

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10
Q

what did reuterns reforms force tax farmers to do

A

look elsewhere to invest

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11
Q

how did reuterns reforms encourage enterprise

A

opportunities provided by gov subsidies and trade treaties

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12
Q

what did the use of foreign technical expertise and capital support under reutern

A

industrial expansion (railway saw expansion)

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13
Q

what was the annual growth rate during reuterns term of office

A

6%

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14
Q

what were the new developments under reutern

A

oil extraction, ironworks

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15
Q

how did economy remain weak despite reuterns reforms

A
  • 1/3 gov expenditure went on repayment of debts
  • rouble subject to variation
  • limitations of emancipation edict kept peasantry poor and domestic market small
  • tariff reductions meant decline in gov revenue
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16
Q

when was the decision to raise tariffs taken

A

1878

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17
Q

when did Vyshnegradsky take over as minister of finance

A

1887

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18
Q

what was the import tariff designed to boost under Vyshnegradsky

A

home production and helped iron industry and development of industrial machinery

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19
Q

how did Vyshnegradsky balance budget whilst financing enterprise

A
  • negotiated valuable loans
  • increased indirect taxes
  • mounted a drive to swell grain exports
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20
Q

how did Vyshnegradsky policy appear successful on surface

A

1881-1891 grain exports +18% and Russian budget in surplus

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21
Q

what was Vyshnegradsky export drive achieve at expense of

A

peasants who paid taxes and saw their grain requisitioned by state

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22
Q

what did Vyshnegradsky famously say about exports

A

‘we ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export’

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23
Q

what did Vyshnegradsky export drive ultimately lead to

A

widespread famine due to bad harvest and no reserve stores

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24
Q

who was Vyshnegradsky successor

A

Witte

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25
Q

what was Witte totally committed to

A

economic modernisation as a means of curbing revolutionary activity

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26
Q

what did Witte believe was only way forward

A

continue with protective tariffs, heavy taxation and forced exports to generate capital

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27
Q

what did much of Wittes investment go into

A

mining, metal trades, oil and banking

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28
Q

who did Witte encourage to oversee industrial developments

A

foreign engineers to advise on planning and techniques

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29
Q

what industry saw major expansion under Witte

A

railway

30
Q

how much land did the average peasant receive

A

little less than four hectares

31
Q

which factors hampered agricultural change

A

high taxes, grain requisitions, traditional farming practices

32
Q

what was the problem with land banks

A

the loans they offered merely increased debts

33
Q

why was there an increase in agricultural production in the 1870s-1880s

A

kulaks positive response to Vyshnegradskys export drive

34
Q

what did the 1891-92 famine show

A

average peasant had too little land to become prosperous

35
Q

Social divisions: what did Russia’s traditional land based society move towards as industrialisation spread

A

One more focused on money, capital and wages

36
Q

Social divisions: what did the period see the beginnings of

A

An emergent new middle class and urban working class

37
Q

The landed elite: why had their personal landholdings declined after emancipation

A

Some sold out to pay off debts/abandoned farming in favour of more rewarding professional activities

38
Q

The landed elite: what percentage of university professors in 1880 were from hereditary nobility

A

1/5

39
Q

The landed elite: how many nobles owned their own business in 1882

A

700

40
Q

The landed elite: how many nobles employed in commerce in 1882

A

2500

41
Q

The landed elite: which governorships did nobles find themselves in

A

Zemstva and provincial governorships

42
Q

The landed elite: why did they retain despite changes to their position

A

Retained much of precious wealth and status

43
Q

The middle class: why did Russia’s middle class begin to grow

A

Urban and industrial expansion and an increase in educational opportunities

44
Q

The middle class: what were in greater demand

A

Bankers, doctors, teachers and administrators

45
Q

The middle class: what provided enterprising oppurtunities

A

Gov contracts to build railways and state loans to set up factories

46
Q

The middle class: what were there opportunities to do at the lower end of the scale

A

Take up management positions or set up as workshop owners or traders

47
Q

The urban working class: what was number of urban workers despite growth

A

Still very small- 2% population

48
Q

The urban working class: why did some peasants sell up

A

Join migrant groups building railways/become urban workers

49
Q

The urban working class: how many inhabitants in st Petersburg in 1864 were peasants by birth

A

1 in 3

50
Q

The urban working class: what were conditions in factories like

A

Grim and early factories paid little heed to workers welfare

51
Q

The urban working class: what did reforming legislation in 1882-90 implement

A

Regulation of child labour, reduction in working hours, reduction in excessive fines, payment in kind and appointment of inspectors with powers to Check up on living and working conditions

52
Q

The urban working class: what was payment in kind

A

Payment in goods/services such as accommodation rather than money wages

53
Q

The urban working class: what were payments like despite peasants being attracted by regular wages

A

Payments rarely generous

54
Q

The urban working class: how many strikes per year 1886-94 despite being illegal

A

33

55
Q

The position of the peasantry: kulaks

A

Bought up land

Employed labour and sometimes acted as pawn brokers with land

56
Q

The position of the peasantry: what was life like for poorest peasants

A

Life getting harsher as they turned into landles labourers

57
Q

The position of the peasantry: what did zemstvo survey in 1880s state about poorest peasants

A

2/3 of former serfs in Tambov region unable to feed household without falling into debt

58
Q

The position of the peasantry: how did living standards vary

A

Areas of former state peasants tended to be better off than those of emancipated privately owned

59
Q

The position of the peasantry: why were former state serfs better off that privately owned ones

A

They’d been granted more land

60
Q

The position of the peasantry: evidence of poor living standards of peasants

A

Large proportion turned down as unfit for military service

Mortality rates higher than those in any other European country

61
Q

The position of the peasantry: what was average life expectancy for males and females

A

M 27
F 29

In England it was 45

62
Q

Cultural influence of church: what percentage of population were subscribed to Orthodox Church

A

70%

63
Q

Cultural influence of church: what was russia According to tradition

A

A holy land that had been chosen by god to save the world

64
Q

Cultural influence of church: how had church administration changed by the late nineteenth century

A

Moved to holy synod and tsars position became more secular

65
Q

Cultural influence of church: how did the domination of the Orthodox Church benefit the regime

A

Moral domination of Orthodox Church over superstitious and ill educated peasantry hugely benefitixal to regime as a means of contr l

66
Q

Cultural influence of church: what were priests expected to do

A

Read out imperial manifestos and decrees, keep statistics, root out opposition and inform the police of any suspicious activity

67
Q

Cultural influence of church: why was an ecclesiastical commission set up in 1862

A

After a report expressing concern about clerical poverty and behaviour

68
Q

Cultural influence of church: what reforms were introduced in 1868

A

To improve education of priests

69
Q

Cultural influence of church: what was church given increased power over under Delyanov

A

Primary education

70
Q

Cultural influence of church: why did AIIIs policy of Russification allow him to promote orthodoxy throughout the empire

A

-became an offence to covert from orthodoxy to another faith/publish criticisms of it

71
Q

Cultural influence of church: how many Muslims and pagans converted to orthodoxy under AII

A

8500 m

50,000 P

history (44 decks)

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