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history > 8: economic developments to 1914 > Flashcards

8: economic developments to 1914 Flashcards

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1
Q

how did russia undergo a major transformation from the mid 1893-1913

A

annual growth rate if more than 8% per annum

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2
Q

who was the impressive expansion initially masterminded by

A

witte

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3
Q

witte

A

finance minister 1892-1903

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4
Q

how did railway trackage increase under witte

A

doubled

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5
Q

how did coal output increase in southern Russia under witte

A

from 183 million puds in 1890 to 671 million in 1900

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6
Q

how did witte sought to state manage industrial growth

A

seeking capital, technical advisers, managers and skilled workers from overseas

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7
Q

when did witte introduce a new rouble

A

January 1897

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8
Q

why did witte introduce a new rouble

A
  • backed by value of gold

- strengthen currency and encourage foreign confidence and investment

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9
Q

why did foreign investment decline in early twentieth century

A

Russian businessmen accumulated sufficient wealth to expand enterprises

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10
Q

what did witte use capital to fund

A

public works, develop russias infrastructure

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11
Q

how much of railways were state controlled by early twentieth century

A

70%

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12
Q

how much of russias metallurgical production was the state buying by the turn of the century

A

2/3

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13
Q

what did Gerschenkron dub the late 1890s as

A

‘the great spurt’

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14
Q

what did the state buy out in terms of railways

A

smaller railway companies and extended lines

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15
Q

how many km of railways did Russia have by 1905

A

59,616km- 66% state owned

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16
Q

what did the railways help open up

A

Russian interior and allowed dmore extensive exploitation of Russias raw materials

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17
Q

how did growth of railways reinforce export drive

A

linked grain growing areas to the black sea ports

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18
Q

what was the building of the railway lines a stimulus to

A

the development of the iron and coal industries

permitted the development of new industries

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19
Q

what did fall in transport cost bring down the price of

A

goods

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20
Q

what did the government make money from with railways

A

freight charges and passenger fares

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21
Q

when did the rate of railway building slow

A

1908-13

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22
Q

what did Russia have by 19013 (railways)

A

second largest railway network in world- 62000km

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23
Q

what was the most acclaimed development in railways

A

transiberian railway

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24
Q

what did the building of the trans Siberian railway provide a stimulus to

A

industry and even greater psychological boost

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25
Q

how much of Russian coal in 1913 was the donbas region supplying

A

87%

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26
Q

how much pig iron in 1913 was the rich ironfields of the Krivoi rog supplying

A

74%

27
Q

what was Russia the fourth largest producer of by 1914

A

coal, pig iron and steel

28
Q

how did the Caspian sea port of baku grow

A

tremendously

29
Q

how did Russian oil production increase 1885-1913

A

153 million puds to almost 570 millions

took second place in world oil production

30
Q

which city overtook st Petersburg as an industrial centre

A

Moscow

31
Q

why was there a growth in light industry and textiles

A

growing internal demand

32
Q

what did the relentless drive increase demands on

A

the state budget

33
Q

what was Russia the fifth largest by 1914

A

worlds 5th largest industrial power

34
Q

what was one of the reasons the german generals urged war against Russia in 1914

A

they feared that delaying war any longer would allow Russian industrialisation to reach a point whereby Russia would outstrip the massive german economy

35
Q

for what percentage of the Russian population did the rural economy provide a livelihood for

A

80-90%

36
Q

what was agriculture largely ignored in the interests of until 1906

A

industrialisation

37
Q

why were developments in agriculture more so after 1906

A

pyotr stolypin appointed minister of internal affairs

38
Q

what had most farming remained before 1906

A

small scale and in the hands of former serfs and state peasants

39
Q

what did the subdivision of states in 1905 cause

A

the average holding to fall from 35 acres to 28

amount of land available stayed same whilst population increased

40
Q

Agriculture: what was the gov initiative from 1896

A

To sponsor emigration to new agricultural settlements in Siberia, which had been opened up by he trans Siberian railway

41
Q

Agriculture: how did the gov initiative from 1896 prove insufficient

A

To alleviate the pressure of a growing population on resources

42
Q

Agriculture: which traditional agricultural practices continued

A

Wooden plough still used and medieval rotation systems practised

43
Q

Agriculture: why was grain from American and British farms way more than Russia

A

Lack of husbandry deprived soil of manure

44
Q

Agriculture: how did some peasants manage to improve themselves since emancipation edict

A

By buying up land and farming more efficiently

45
Q

Agriculture: how did stolypin describe kulaks

A

Strong and sturdy

46
Q

Agriculture: how was stolypins plan to produce more kulaks two fold

A

Aimed to win their loyalty to tsardom and develop the economy by developing agriculture and creating an internal market for products of industry

47
Q

Stolypins reforms: how did stolypins wish for peasants to become permanent owners of their land demand a complete transformation of the communal pattern of Russian rural life

A

He intended each peasants land should be held in one piece rather than as a collection of scattered strips around village

48
Q

Stolypins reforms: when did his programme of agricultural reform begin

A

1903

49
Q

Stolypins reforms: what was the mirs responsibility to do removed in1903

A

To pay taxes on behalf of all the peasants in the village

50
Q

Stolypins reforms: when were major changes undertaken

A

Not until after violence and unrest of 1905

51
Q

Stolypins reforms: what did stolypin claim to need for reforms to take affect and what prevented this

A

20 years of peace

Coming of war prevented

52
Q

Stolypins reforms: what did the legislation encourage and why

A

Land transfers and development of larger farms as poorer peasants encouraged to sell out to more prosperous ones

53
Q

Stolypins reforms: how did hereditary ownership of land by peasants increase from 1905-15

A

20%-50%

54
Q

Stolypins reforms: how did grain production rise 1900-14

A

Annually from 56 million tons to 90 million

55
Q

Stolypins reforms: what was russia the worlds largest exporter of by 1909

A

Cereal

56
Q

Stolypins reforms: what played a significant part in increasing production

A

Run of good harvests

57
Q

Stolypins reforms: what took 3.5 million peasants away from the over populated rural districts of the south and west to Siberia and help Siberia develop into a major agricultural region

A

Stolypins encouragement to districts of the south and west

58
Q

Stolypins reforms: what did Siberia specialise in by 1915

A

Dairy and cereals

59
Q

Stolypins reforms: how many applications for consolidation of hereditary tenure of individual farms dealt with by 1913

A

1.3 million/5 jillion

60
Q

Stolypins reforms: what percentage of land had been transferred from communal to private ownership by 1914

A

10%

61
Q

Stolypins reforms: what percentage of peasant holdings were still in traditional strips by 1914 and why

A

90%

Conservative peasants reluctant to give up traditional practice and the security the Mir provided for them

62
Q

Stolypins reforms: why did 50% land remain in the hands of the nobility

A

Landowners often reluctant to give ho land and difficulties of dividing common land brought protracted legal battles

63
Q

Stolypins reforms: what percentage of peasants achieved kulak status

A

Less than one percent

64
Q

Stolypins reforms: what were those of kulak status forced to do

A

Leave their farms and join bands of migrant labourers looking for either seasonal farming work or industrial employment

history (44 decks)

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