8: economic developments to 1914 Flashcards
how did russia undergo a major transformation from the mid 1893-1913
annual growth rate if more than 8% per annum
who was the impressive expansion initially masterminded by
witte
witte
finance minister 1892-1903
how did railway trackage increase under witte
doubled
how did coal output increase in southern Russia under witte
from 183 million puds in 1890 to 671 million in 1900
how did witte sought to state manage industrial growth
seeking capital, technical advisers, managers and skilled workers from overseas
when did witte introduce a new rouble
January 1897
why did witte introduce a new rouble
- backed by value of gold
- strengthen currency and encourage foreign confidence and investment
why did foreign investment decline in early twentieth century
Russian businessmen accumulated sufficient wealth to expand enterprises
what did witte use capital to fund
public works, develop russias infrastructure
how much of railways were state controlled by early twentieth century
70%
how much of russias metallurgical production was the state buying by the turn of the century
2/3
what did Gerschenkron dub the late 1890s as
‘the great spurt’
what did the state buy out in terms of railways
smaller railway companies and extended lines
how many km of railways did Russia have by 1905
59,616km- 66% state owned
what did the railways help open up
Russian interior and allowed dmore extensive exploitation of Russias raw materials
how did growth of railways reinforce export drive
linked grain growing areas to the black sea ports
what was the building of the railway lines a stimulus to
the development of the iron and coal industries
permitted the development of new industries
what did fall in transport cost bring down the price of
goods
what did the government make money from with railways
freight charges and passenger fares
when did the rate of railway building slow
1908-13
what did Russia have by 19013 (railways)
second largest railway network in world- 62000km
what was the most acclaimed development in railways
transiberian railway
what did the building of the trans Siberian railway provide a stimulus to
industry and even greater psychological boost
how much of Russian coal in 1913 was the donbas region supplying
87%
how much pig iron in 1913 was the rich ironfields of the Krivoi rog supplying
74%
what was Russia the fourth largest producer of by 1914
coal, pig iron and steel
how did the Caspian sea port of baku grow
tremendously
how did Russian oil production increase 1885-1913
153 million puds to almost 570 millions
took second place in world oil production
which city overtook st Petersburg as an industrial centre
Moscow
why was there a growth in light industry and textiles
growing internal demand
what did the relentless drive increase demands on
the state budget
what was Russia the fifth largest by 1914
worlds 5th largest industrial power
what was one of the reasons the german generals urged war against Russia in 1914
they feared that delaying war any longer would allow Russian industrialisation to reach a point whereby Russia would outstrip the massive german economy
for what percentage of the Russian population did the rural economy provide a livelihood for
80-90%
what was agriculture largely ignored in the interests of until 1906
industrialisation
why were developments in agriculture more so after 1906
pyotr stolypin appointed minister of internal affairs
what had most farming remained before 1906
small scale and in the hands of former serfs and state peasants
what did the subdivision of states in 1905 cause
the average holding to fall from 35 acres to 28
amount of land available stayed same whilst population increased
Agriculture: what was the gov initiative from 1896
To sponsor emigration to new agricultural settlements in Siberia, which had been opened up by he trans Siberian railway
Agriculture: how did the gov initiative from 1896 prove insufficient
To alleviate the pressure of a growing population on resources
Agriculture: which traditional agricultural practices continued
Wooden plough still used and medieval rotation systems practised
Agriculture: why was grain from American and British farms way more than Russia
Lack of husbandry deprived soil of manure
Agriculture: how did some peasants manage to improve themselves since emancipation edict
By buying up land and farming more efficiently
Agriculture: how did stolypin describe kulaks
Strong and sturdy
Agriculture: how was stolypins plan to produce more kulaks two fold
Aimed to win their loyalty to tsardom and develop the economy by developing agriculture and creating an internal market for products of industry
Stolypins reforms: how did stolypins wish for peasants to become permanent owners of their land demand a complete transformation of the communal pattern of Russian rural life
He intended each peasants land should be held in one piece rather than as a collection of scattered strips around village
Stolypins reforms: when did his programme of agricultural reform begin
1903
Stolypins reforms: what was the mirs responsibility to do removed in1903
To pay taxes on behalf of all the peasants in the village
Stolypins reforms: when were major changes undertaken
Not until after violence and unrest of 1905
Stolypins reforms: what did stolypin claim to need for reforms to take affect and what prevented this
20 years of peace
Coming of war prevented
Stolypins reforms: what did the legislation encourage and why
Land transfers and development of larger farms as poorer peasants encouraged to sell out to more prosperous ones
Stolypins reforms: how did hereditary ownership of land by peasants increase from 1905-15
20%-50%
Stolypins reforms: how did grain production rise 1900-14
Annually from 56 million tons to 90 million
Stolypins reforms: what was russia the worlds largest exporter of by 1909
Cereal
Stolypins reforms: what played a significant part in increasing production
Run of good harvests
Stolypins reforms: what took 3.5 million peasants away from the over populated rural districts of the south and west to Siberia and help Siberia develop into a major agricultural region
Stolypins encouragement to districts of the south and west
Stolypins reforms: what did Siberia specialise in by 1915
Dairy and cereals
Stolypins reforms: how many applications for consolidation of hereditary tenure of individual farms dealt with by 1913
1.3 million/5 jillion
Stolypins reforms: what percentage of land had been transferred from communal to private ownership by 1914
10%
Stolypins reforms: what percentage of peasant holdings were still in traditional strips by 1914 and why
90%
Conservative peasants reluctant to give up traditional practice and the security the Mir provided for them
Stolypins reforms: why did 50% land remain in the hands of the nobility
Landowners often reluctant to give ho land and difficulties of dividing common land brought protracted legal battles
Stolypins reforms: what percentage of peasants achieved kulak status
Less than one percent
Stolypins reforms: what were those of kulak status forced to do
Leave their farms and join bands of migrant labourers looking for either seasonal farming work or industrial employment
