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history > 3: social divisions BRT > Flashcards

3: social divisions BRT Flashcards

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1
Q

upper class

A
  • wealthy landowners

- addition of those who obtained wealth from industry and commerce

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2
Q

upper middle class

A
  • factory owners
  • professionals eg. doctors, lawyers and teachers
  • no of professionals risen rapidly
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3
Q

lower middle class

A
  • non manual employees

- earned less than skilled workmen but had higher social status

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4
Q

working class

A
  • 75% population
  • unskilled workers earned lot less than skilled workers
  • many lived in poverty
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5
Q

what was booths conclusion on poverty

A

extent of poverty in London closer to 30.7% than 25% that gov claimed

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6
Q

what did booth class as living under poverty line

A

unable to afford adequate shelter, food or clothing

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7
Q

what did rowntree conclude that the main cause of unemployment was

A

economic; unemployment/low wages

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8
Q

what did rowntree investigate

A

-built on work of booth
-investigated poverty in York- 28% population living in poverty
-

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9
Q

what did rowntree conclude that people needed to earn to stay out of poverty

A

21 shillings per week

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10
Q

what did both booth and rowntree show

A

even those who could just meet bare necessities of life could fall into abject poverty through factors beyond their control

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11
Q

what ‘factors beyond control’ did booth and rowntree state caused poverty

A
  • economic forces that led to unemployment, irregular work and low wages
  • unavoidable factors such as old age, sickness and premature death of main wage earner
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12
Q

what were families affected by that could’ve caused poverty

A

lack of education, poor housing and poor diet

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13
Q

how much was liberal social reform set to cost

A

£16 million

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14
Q

what had to be introduced to pay for liberal social reforms

A

new taxes

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15
Q

what were the new taxes in 1909 budget designed to do

A

tax the rich in order to fund new gov measures to help needy and vulnerable

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16
Q

what ws progressive taxation and when was it introduced

A

income tax on a sliding scale

incomes under £3000- 9d paid for every pound they earned
incomes over £3000- 1s2d paid for every pound they earned

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17
Q

what was super tax

A

people with incomes over £5000 had to pay an addition of 6d to the pound

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18
Q

what was the tax on cars according to

A

horsepower

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19
Q

what was the tax on petrol

A

3d per gallon

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20
Q

what were inheritance taxes imposed upon

A

estates worth over £5000

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21
Q

what profits were taxed

A

those gained through selling land

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22
Q

why was the 1909 budget known as the peoples budget

A

rich now paid significantly greater proportion of their income in tax than the poor

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23
Q

why did the peoples budget meet fierce resistance in HL

A

conservatives had large majority- land owners

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24
Q

why was there no state provision for the poor at the start of the 20th century

A

the prevailing belief of ‘laissez faire’

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25
Q

what was the last resort for those who were struggling

A

the poor law

26
Q

what was the poor law

A

workhouse

27
Q

why did people who could just afford some private insurance also struggle

A

provision often inadequate and prolonged periods of unemployment meant many policies lapsed

28
Q

education act (meals) 1906

A

LEAs given power to provide free school meals for needy children

29
Q

LEAs

A

local education authorities

30
Q

strengths of free school meals

A

enabled hungry children to concentrate more

1914, 14 million free school meals per year provided

31
Q

limitations of free school meals

A

not compulsory

1913 only half LEAs providing free school meals

32
Q

education act (medical) 1907

A

school medical service made it compulsory for LEAs to medically inspect school children

33
Q

strengths of medical inspection

A

1914 3/4 LEAs providing free medical inspection and 2/3 some form of medical treatment free

34
Q

limitations of medical inspection

A

very cursory check

no always treatment

poor not able to afford treatment always

35
Q

childrens act 1908

A
  • parent neglect illegal
  • juvenile courts and borstals for young offenders set up
  • illegal to sell tobacco and alcohol to children
36
Q

strengths of childrens act 1908

A
  • tried to ensure minimum standards of care and protection for children
  • differentiating in treatment of child and adult offenders
37
Q

weaknesses of childrens act 1908

A
  • some new legislation

- lot of codifying of existing law

38
Q

old age pensions act 1908

A
  • 5 shillings per week for single people

- 7s 6d for a married couple

39
Q

strengths of old age pensions act 1908

A
  • non contributory scheme- paid out of general taxation
  • provided a weekly sum to those who qualified
  • paid by state through local post offices not through poor law
  • 1 million pensioners by 1914
40
Q

limitations of old age pensions act 1908

A
  • only paid to elderly poor
  • based on sliding scale according to income to only poorest got full amount
  • had to be of good character to qualify
  • bare minimum paid for survival
  • had to be 70- not many people lived to this age
41
Q

1909 trade boards

A

boards set up to fix minimum wages and inspect conditions in certain trades

42
Q

strengths of 1909 trade boards

A
  • initially covered 200,000 in 4 trades such as tailoring

- by 1913, extended to six trades and coal miners too

43
Q

limitations of 1909 trade boards

A
  • only covered sweated trades
  • too few inspectors to enforce rigorously
  • no national minimum wage until 1999
44
Q

labour exchanges

A

set up places where workers looking for a job and employers looking for workers could meet

45
Q

strengths of labour exchanges

A
  • 2 million registered by 1914

- 430 exchanges were finding 3000 jobs a day

46
Q

limitations of labour exchanges

A
  • for every worker that found a job, 3 didn’t

- state not creating jobs for unemployed, only helping job market run more smoothly

47
Q

1911 national insurance (unemployment) act

A
  • compelled workers and their employers in certain trades to contribute weekly to national insurance fund
  • state topped this up out of taxation
  • fund enables contributing workers to receive weekly benefit if unemployed
48
Q

strengths of 1911 national insurance (unemployment) act

A
  • covered 2.25 million workers
  • provided 7 shillings a week for up to 15 weeks
  • helped families of unemployed to avoid destitution
49
Q

limitations of 1911 national insurance (unemployment) act

A

-only applied to certain trades
-most workers not covered by scheme
only lasted15 weeks

50
Q

1911 national insurance (sickness) act

A
  • compulsory scheme by which workers and their employees paid weekly into a national fund
  • state topped this up out of general taxation
51
Q

strengths of 1911 national insurance (sickness) act

A
  • covered 13 million workers
  • paid out 10 shillings a week for 13 weeks and then 5 shillings for further 13 weeks
  • maternity grant for women workers
  • disability benefit
  • free medical treatment with an approved doctor
  • free treatment for those with TB
52
Q

limitations of 1911 national insurance (sickness) act

A
  • only covered workers earning below £160 p/a
  • had to be aged 16-60
  • oaps began at 70- 10 year gap in provision
  • only covered contributor and not family
  • hospital treatment had to be paid for
  • only became effective 1913
  • 13 million/45 million population in total included
53
Q

workmens compensation act 1906

A

+extended provisions for compensating workers for work-based accidents and diseases resulting from occupation

  • not always easy to prove injuries to health were due to work
  • only covered those under £250 p/a
54
Q

merchant shipping act

A

+improved food and accommodation for merchant seamen

-only covered british ships and not easy to enforce

55
Q

shops act 1911

A

+provided weekly half-day holiday for shop workers

-employers could make up with longer hours on other days

56
Q

coal mines acts 1908 and 1911

A

+fixed length of working day underground to 8 hours
+improved safety regulations
-still occupation with long hours and low pay
-didn’t cover time taken to get to work
-miners remained in a dangerous job

57
Q

what is the argument against the liberals not creating a full welfare state

A

this was never their intention

they created a basic minimum

early steps laid foundation for later social reform

58
Q

what areas were specifically excluded from welfare reforms

A
  • housing: remained in short supply
  • poor law not reformed
  • no reform to education after 1906 education bill destroyed by lords
  • casual employment remained dire
  • large families had no specific aid
59
Q

how did social reforms help to change relationship between state and individual

A

state moved away from concept of ‘laissez faire’ and expanded its influence into new areas

60
Q

what were the limits to state involvement even after liberal reforms

A

much legislation involved local authorities rather than central state

not all legislation compulsory

history (44 decks)

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