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history > 17: the Stalinist society > Flashcards

17: the Stalinist society Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of man was the socialist man that Stalin wanted to create

A

The type of man who was publicly engaged and committed to the community

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2
Q

What would the socialist man have a sense of and what would he give to the state

A

A sense of social responsibility and would willingly give service to the state

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3
Q

Why did class based attacks continue in earnest in Stalin’s rule

A

Due to his decision to halt the NEP

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4
Q

What agenda was there in Lenin and Stalin’s time in creating new polcicies (socialist manG

A

The outcome had to be an environment in which the socialist man could flourish

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5
Q

Did the harsh living and working conditions experienced in Lenin’s time persist through Stalin’s rule

A

They got worse in Stalin’s early years

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6
Q

Why did living and working conditions get worse in Stalin’s early years

A

Peasants were herded into collectives and more emigrated to towns

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7
Q

What did the drive for industrialisation bring to workers

A

7 day working week and longer workers hours

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8
Q

What could arriving late or missing work result in

A

Dismissal, eviction from housing and loss of benefits

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9
Q

What became criminal (workers)

A

Damaging machinery or leaving a job without permission

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10
Q

Were strikes illegal

A

Yes

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11
Q

When were wage differentials, bonuses and payment by the piece introduced

A

1931

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12
Q

What did the introduction of wage differentials etc produce

A

A more diverse proletariat

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13
Q

What did it mean that workers were allowed to choose their place of work

A

They could move to improve their lot, while disciplinary rules were eased

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14
Q

Examples of propaganda campaigns which increased socialist competition

A

Stakhanovite movement

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15
Q

What did the Stakhanovite movement produce

A

A new proletarian elite

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16
Q

Why did Stalin’s industrialisation produce new opportunities for social advancement

A
  • more peasants moved to towns
  • more town workers became managers
  • more children of workers benefitted from educational oppuritinies
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17
Q

What reduced the numbers competing for jobs and created plenty of vacancies at the top

A

Stalin’s purges

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18
Q

What did Stalin announce in 1993

A

‘Life has become better, comrades, life has become more joyous’

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19
Q

What we’re living condiditons like in the countryside

A

Primitive

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20
Q

Living conditions in towns

A
  • workers lived in cramped communication apartments with inadequate sanitation
  • public transport overcrowded, shops empty
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21
Q

When did real wages increase

A

In second 5 year plan

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22
Q

What were wages in second five year plan still lower than

A

Still lower in 1937 than they had been in 1928

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23
Q

When was rationing phased out

A

1935 but market prices were high

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24
Q

What could those in positions of importance in socialist system obtain

A

More goods more cheaply

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25
Q

What did Stalin revert to in 1930s with women

A

More traditional policies

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26
Q

What drove Stalin’s reversion to more traditional policies with women

A

Fall in population growth

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27
Q

Women: what became the focus of a new propaganda wave

A

Family

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28
Q

Women: how was Stalin’s portrayed in new family propaganda wave

A

As a father figure and ideal family man

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29
Q

Women: what was attacked under new propaganda wave

A

Divorce and abortion

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30
Q

Women: importance of what re-emphasised under family campaign

A

Marriage

Wedding rings reintroduced and new style wedding certificates issued

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31
Q

Women: in what new way were women portrayed in films and art

A

Muscular, plain dressed women who helped to build soviet Russia in 1920s and more feminine family woman with adoring children

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32
Q

Women: when were a number of meandered introduced which reversed earlier changes

A

1936

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33
Q

Women: what was introduced in 1936 to deter divorce

A

Larger fees and added penalties that men would be expected to contribute 60% income in child support

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34
Q

Women: what was criminalised 1936

A

Adultery

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35
Q

Women: when was contraception permitted

A

Only on medical grounds, banned if not

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36
Q

Women: who were financial incentives offered for

A

Large families
Tax exemptions granted for families of 6 or more and there were bonus payments for every additional child to 10 in the family

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37
Q

Women: growth in female industrial workers 1928-1949

A

1928 3 million

1940 13 million

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38
Q

Women: what percentage of industrial workforce was female by 1940

A

43%

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39
Q

Women: what was introduced to help women cope with work and family

A

Growth in provision of state nurseries, crèches and careens and more child clinics

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40
Q

Women: how much less did women earn than men

A

40%

Higher administrative posts held by men

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41
Q

Women: did divorce and abortion rate remain high

A

Yes still over 150,000 abortion’s to every 57,000 love births

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42
Q

Education: what was encouraged for less able

A

Increasing amounts of practical work encouraged

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43
Q

Education: what did the bulk of expansion and secondary and higher level involve

A

More formal teaching so as to develop the skills needed in a modern industrial society

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44
Q

Education: what did many schools become the responsibility of

A

Collective farms/town enterprises

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45
Q

Education: what were universities seen as

A

Agencies for delivering economic growth

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46
Q

Education: who were universities put under control of

A

Veshenka

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47
Q

Education: what system was abandoned in 1935

A

The quota system and selection reappeared for all

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48
Q

Education: what type of education existed for the selected

A

Rigid academic curriculum, formal teaching, report card tests and uniforms

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49
Q

Education: what were the core subjects

A 
Reading writing and science 
30% time devoted to Russian language and literature 
20% maths 
15% science 
10% soviet style history
50
Q

Education: what was introduced into middle and higher schools

A

Nationalism promoted and military training jntroduced

51
Q

Education: to what profession did the Stakhanovite movement extent to

A

The teaching profession

52
Q

Education: what were teachers encouraged to do under Stakhanovite movement

A

Set high targets for themselves and their students

53
Q

Education: what could happen to teachers if students failed to do well

A

Teachers could be blamed and purged

54
Q

Education: what percentage of 9-49 age groups in towns were literate by 1941

A

94%

55
Q

Education: in what field were the USSR turning out strong graduates

A

Science

56
Q

Youth organisations: what was RKSM renamed in 1926

A

Komsomol

57
Q

Youth organisations: what was the age range of Komsomol extended to include

A

Children from 10-28 years

58
Q

Youth organisations: what percentage of eligible youth had joined Komsomol 1926

A

Only 6%

59
Q

Youth organisations: what did Komsomol teach

A

Communist values

60
Q

Youth organisations: what was discouraged under Komsomol

A

Smoking drinking and religion

61
Q

Youth organisations: What was encouraged under Komsomol

A

Volunteer Social work, sports, political and drama clubs

62
Q

Youth organisations: what did young pioneer palaces serve as

A

Community centres for children

63
Q

Youth organisations: when did Komsomol become directly affiliated with the party

A

1939

64
Q

Youth organisations: what did members of the Komsomol take a path to live, study and fight for

A

The fatherland ‘as the great Lenin has instructed’ and ‘as the communist party teaches me’

65
Q

Youth organisations: what was the name of the youth newspaper

A

Komonsolskaia Pravda

66
Q

Youth organisations: what did komonsolskia Pravda encourage

A

Young people to protect family values and respect their parents

67
Q

Youth organisations: how did membership of Komsomol and young pioneers offer chance for social mobility and educational advancement

A

The uniform singles these young members out and helped smooth their educational path

68
Q

Youth organisations: what was opposition to komsomol like

A

Small number of secret oppositional youth organisations

Direct confrontation between organisations and state authorities rare

69
Q

Religion: what was worship restricted to in 1929

A

Registered congregations

70
Q

Religion: what prevented a holy day of church attendance from 1932

A

Introduced of an uninterrupted 7 day work week

71
Q

Religion: what did Stalin’s 1936 constitution criminalise the publication of

A

Religious propaganda

72
Q

Religion: when did priests regain the vote they had lost in 1918

A

1936

73
Q

Religion: what was confiscated from Muslims during and after civil war

A

Muslim property and insitutiotins confiscated and sharia courts abolished

74
Q

Religion: what did confiscation from Muslims produce

A

A split within Islamic church

‘New mosque’ took pro soviet line

75
Q

Religion: when were pilgrimages to Mecca forbidden

A

1935

76
Q

Religion: what led to backlash in central Asian Muslim communities 1935

A

Frequency of prayers, fasts and feasts reduced and wearing of veil forbidden

77
Q

Religion: what was the fate of many Muslim priests

A

Imprisoned/executes

78
Q

Religion: what did the anti religion drive also extend to

A

Buddhists and the Armenian and Georgian churches

79
Q

How many churches and mosques closed by 1941

A

C- 40,000

M- 25,000

80
Q

Religion: what strengthened religious belief

A

Attacks during period of collectivisation and purged

81
Q

National minorities: what were soviet Jews given in 1926

A

A special national homeland settlement in which they could maintain their cultural heritage

82
Q

National minorities: where was national homeland for Jews and what did it become in 1934

A

In far eastern province and became an autonomous republic in 1934

83
Q

National minorities: what year were anti Semitic laws abolished

A

1917

84
Q

National minorities: which language became acceptable

A

Yiddish but Hebrew didn’t because of religious connotations

85
Q

National minorities: what did Stalinist policy in 1930s veer towards

A

Greater centralisation and less tolerance of the ethnic groups as he sought to create a single ‘soviet identity’

86
Q

National minorities: what happened to the leaders of the different republics that formed the USSR if they deviated from the path laid down in Moscow

A

They were purged as bourgeois nationalists

87
Q

National minorities: from when did Russian become the only language used in the red army

A

1938

88
Q

National minorities: what happened despite propaganda which proclaimed the ‘family of nations’

A

Russians were firmly at the head

89
Q

National minorities: when did Stalin begin his deportations of non Russians

A

In the 1930s

90
Q

National minorities what was also revived in the 1930s

A

Anti Semitic attitudes especially in rural areas

91
Q

Natuonal minorities: what were the motivations behind most of the campaigns

A

Politically rather than racially motivated

92
Q

Propaganda: why did Stalin rely heavily on propaganda

A

To harness support for collectivisation and industrial policies

93
Q

Propaganda: what reinforced the socialist message

A

Pictures of happy productive workers

94
Q

Propaganda: example of heroes who were extolled as role models to copy

A

Stakhanov

95
Q

Propaganda: what was every new initiative sold as

A

The inspiration of the all knowing leader

96
Q

Propaganda: what did posters often show

A

Karl Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin in continuous progression, bringing enlightenment to Russian people

97
Q

Propaganda: throughbwhat associations did Stalin strengthen his own position

A

Those made between himself and Lenin

‘Stalin is the Lenin of today’

98
Q

Propaganda: what did some peasants have in their homes

A

A red corner of the great leaders

99
Q

Propaganda: why did a cult of personality for Lenin grow under Stalin after Lenin’s death

A

Stalin wanted to appear as his disciple

100
Q

Propaganda: how was Lenin being treated in the late 1920s

A

Like a god, whose words held the answer to all Russian problems

101
Q

Propaganda: what did Stalin insist about Lenin’s body

A

That it be embalmed and Lenin’s tomb be turned into a shrine

102
Q

Propaganda: what did Petrograd become

A

Leningrad

103
Q

Cultural change: when was literature, art, architecture etc considered valuable

A

Only if it supported socialist ideology and the creation of the new socialist man

104
Q

Cultural change: what kind of art had no place in the soviet state

A

Art for its own sake

105
Q

Cultural change: what were writers expected to be

A

Engineers of the human soul

106
Q

Cultural change: from 1932, what did all writers have to belong to

A

The union of soviet writers

107
Q

Cultural change: what did the union of soviet writers exert control over

A

What was created and who was allowed to create

108
Q

Cultural change: what was individual expression deemed

A

Politically suspect

109
Q

Cultural change: what did the new norms demand adherence to

A

The doctrine of socialist realism

110
Q

Cultural change: what did socialist realism mean according o the writers

A

The truthful, historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development

111
Q

Cultural change: what does socialist realism mean in simpler terms

A

Writers were not to represent soviet life exactly as it was at the time, they were to show what it might become

112
Q

Cultural change: what were literature and art used to show

A

How the march to communism was inevitable

113
Q

Cultural change: who was the frame of reference for writers laid down by

A

Andrei zhdanov

114
Q

Cultural change: when was the frame of reference for writers laid down

A

April 1934 at first congress of union of soviet writers

115
Q

Cultural change: what were works expected to glorify

A

The working man, and particularly communities working together and embracing new technology

116
Q

Cultural change: era of

A

Happy endings

117
Q

Cultural change: what did the mid 1930s see a ruthless attack on

A

The avant-grade

118
Q

Cultural change: what did Pravda produce a damning critique of in 1936

A

Dmitry shostakovichs opera lady Macbeth of mtensk

119
Q

Cultural change: what was Shostakovich accused of

A

Leftist distortions

120
Q

Cultural change: what was there no attempt to create

A

A new proletarian culture which was in any way distinct from the upper class/bourgeois culture of ore revolutionary era

121
Q

Cultural change: what kind of culture was promoted

A

Folk culture

122
Q

Cultural change: what did the folk theme tie in well with

A

Stalin’s commitment to national values and praise for Russians great heritage

history (44 decks)

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