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history > 2. Political authority and reform AII > Flashcards

2. Political authority and reform AII Flashcards

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1
Q

how many serfs did AII emancipate in 1861

A

51 million

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2
Q

what has his decision to emancipate been hailed as

A

the product of the tsars own liberal and humanitarian ideas

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3
Q

what was the emancipation followed by

A

reforms in other areas such as the army, local gov, judiciary

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4
Q

what has the series of reforms led to

A

him being given name ‘Tsar Liberator’

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5
Q

what does Emmons refer to emancipation edict as

A

piece of state directed manipulation of society aimed to strengthen social and political stability rather than product of liberal thinking

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6
Q

what does Emmons state reforms were intended for

A

maintaining tsarist authority

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7
Q

what does Emmons interpretation suggest

A

it backfired and created division between gov and landed gentry

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8
Q

what could AII views on serfdom have been shaped by

A
  • romantic tutor- Zhukovsky
  • travels around empire
  • party of st Petersburg progress
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9
Q

which other family members had been committed to abolition of serfdom for sometime

A 
GD Konstantin (Brother)
GD Elena (AUNT)
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10
Q

what were alexanders natural tendencies

A

conservative rather than liberal

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11
Q

what alarmed AII and convinced him that change needed to occur

A

increase in peasant uprisings since 1840s

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12
Q

what were the main catalyst for action

A

humiliations an efficiencies of Crimean war

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13
Q

who pleaded for reform in order to ‘strengthen the state and restore dignity’

A

Dmitry Milyutin

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14
Q

what did Dimtry Milyutin believe about the army

A

needed modernising and only a free population would provide labour needed for military improvement

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15
Q

what was AII like in conserving autocracy

A

determined to maintain autocracy and uphold god given duties but felt pressure for reform

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16
Q

how did AII begin his reign

A

releasing political prisoners and pardoning decemberists

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17
Q

who were decemberists

A

group involved in plot to assassinate his father

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18
Q

what did AII relax at start of his reign

A

controls on censorship, restrictions on foreign travel and uni entrance

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19
Q

what did AII ask nobles for in March 1856

A

asked them to produce suggestions for an emancipation measure

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20
Q

how did AII try and win noble support for emancipation

A

toured countryside giving pro emancipation speeches

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21
Q

who did emancipation edict initially apply to

A

privately owned serfs

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22
Q

when did state serfs receive freedom

A

1866

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23
Q

what did emancipation edict grant

A

serfs freedom and an allotment of land

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24
Q

what did landowners receive under emancipation edict

A

government compensation

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25
Q

what were freed serfs required to pay

A

redemption payments to the government over 49 years

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26
Q

where did the serfs have to stay until redemption payments were made

A

within the mir/peasant commune

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27
Q

what was the mir made responsible for

A

distributing allotments, controlling farming and collecting and paying peasants taxes

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28
Q

what were volosts established for

A

to supervise the mirs

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29
Q

what were volosts

A

peasant communities consisting of several villages/hamlets

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30
Q

from when did the volosts run their own courts

A

1863

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31
Q

what did the volosts replace

A

the landlords jurisdiction over serfs

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32
Q

what period was there befpre freedoms were granted

A

a two year period of temporary obligation

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33
Q

what happened during the temporary obligation period

A

allocations were worked out

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34
Q

what land did landowners keep

A

meadows, pasture, woodland and a personal holding

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35
Q

what land was given to the mirs

A

open fields

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36
Q

how many serfs remained ‘temporary obligated’ to their landlords until 1881

A

15%

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37
Q

when was redemption made compulsory

A

1881

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38
Q

who did well out of land allocation

A

kulaks

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39
Q

why did kulaks do well

A

bought up extra land-produce surplus grain- export

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40
Q

who raised living standards

A

those who obtained passport to leave Mir- worked in industrialising cities

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41
Q

how did landowners benefit

A

used compensation to get out of debt

42
Q

why did peasants feel cheated by emancipatopn

A

land allocations unfair + land allocated divided as sons inherited land and shared

43
Q

what persisted as a result of mir being so traditional

A

subsistence farming and technical backwardness

44
Q

what percentage of peasantry able to produce surplus by 1878

A

50%

45
Q

what made rural life difficult after emancipation

A

loss of former benefits, restrictions on travel and burden of redemption payments

46
Q

what led to violent outbreaks in countryside

A

resentment of kulaks

47
Q

what did landowners resent after emancipation and what occurred as a result

A

loss of influence- student protests

48
Q

who reorganised the armed forces

A

Dmitry Milyutin

49
Q

what did milyutin want armed forces to be

A

smaller, more professional and efficient and less expensive

50
Q

what was made compulsory for all classes (military)

A

conscription at the age of 21

51
Q

what was the length of military service reduced from and to

A

25-15 years with 10 in reserves

52
Q

which military system was abandoned under milyutins reforms

A

military colonies

53
Q

what were the reforms to military punishments

A

they were made less severe

54
Q

what medical reforms were there in the military

A

better provisioning and medical care established

55
Q

what happened to weaponary and command structure in reforms

A

modern weaponry and a new command structure established

56
Q

why were military colleges set up

A

to provide better training for non-noble officer corps

57
Q

how was literacy within the army improved

A

mass army education campaigns in 1870s-90s

58
Q

what happened to the officer class as a result of military reforms

A

still remained largely aristocratic

59
Q

how did the wealthy get around the military reforms

A

found substitutes to serve in their place

60
Q

did military reform fix problems of supply and leadership?

A

no problems still continued

61
Q

who did the army struggle to win wars against

A

turkey (1877-78)
japan (1904-05)
Germany (1914-17)

62
Q

zemstva

A

system of elected local councils established to replace rights and obligations of former serf owning gentry

63
Q

at which two levels were the zemstva

A

district and provincial

64
Q

how were the members of the zemstva chosen

A

through a system of electoral colleges

65
Q

problem with voting procedure of zemstva

A

arranged in a way that allowed nobility to dominate

66
Q

what were the zemstva given the power to do

A

improve public services, develop industrial projects and administer poor relief in times of hardship

67
Q

what did the establishment of a degree of representative government raise the hopes of

A

members of intelligentsia who wanted representative national assembly

68
Q

why was power of zemstva limited

A

had no control over taxes and provincial gov could overturn zemstva decisions

69
Q

why were the zemstvas never truly people assemblies

A

they attracted doctors, lawyers and scientists who used meetings as opportunity to debate political issues and criticise central gov

70
Q

in which areas was an overhaul of law particularly needed

A

property rights and a change in the administration of local justice

71
Q

what had property rights and local justice formerly been in hands of

A

judge examining written evidence prepared by landowner/police

72
Q

what was absent in old legal system

A

jury, laywers and examination of witnesses

accused considered guilty until proven innocent and judges decision was final

73
Q

how was equality established before the law

A

single system of local, provincial and national courts

accused presumed innocent until proven guilty and could employ a lawyer to defend himself

74
Q

who were criminal cases heard before under the reform

A

barristers and a jury

75
Q

who were the jury selected from

A

a list of property owners

76
Q

who were judges appointed by and how did they benefit from reform

A

tsar

given better training and pay

77
Q

who were local justices of the peace elected by

A

zemstva every 3 years

78
Q

who were local justices of the peace independent from

A

political control

79
Q

who were courts opened to

A

the public

80
Q

where were national trials recorded

A

in the Russian courier- a gov newspaper

81
Q

benefits of new legal system

A
  • fairer and less corrupt

- public flocked to open courts

82
Q

what did the legal reforms provide the opportunity for

A

layers of intelligentsia to criticise the regime

83
Q

why did new juries sometimes acquit guilty

A

they sympathised with their plight

84
Q

what was done to counter juries acquitting guilty through sympathy

A

new decree issued to permit political crimes to be tried by special procedures

85
Q

where was trial by jury never established

A

Poland, the western provinces and the causcasus

86
Q

which courts were excluded from legal reforms

A

ecclesiastical and military

87
Q

why did the abolition of serfdom increase need for numeracy and literacy

A

peasants trying to run private smallholdings

88
Q

what provided the opportunity for change in control and funding of education

A

establishment of zemstva

89
Q

who were the education reforms under

A

alexander golovnin

90
Q

what were universtities given the oppurtuntiy to do under the educational reform

A

govern themselves and appoint

91
Q

who was responsibility for schooling transferred from and to

A

from Russian orthodox church to zemstva

92
Q

which 2 tiers of education were extended

A

primary and secondary

93
Q

what were schools declared

A

‘open to all’ regardless of class and sex

94
Q

what effect did new independence given to universities have

A

increasing number of radical and militant thinkers

95
Q

what happened as a result of education reforms being so successful

A

after 1866 it was deemed necessary to reassert gov control

96
Q

how was censorship relaxed

A

restrictions on publishers reduced
foreign publications permitted with gov approval
press allowed to print editorials with comment on gov policy

97
Q

what did relaxation of censorship lead to

A

short lived growth in number of books, journals and newspapers on sale in russia

98
Q

what brought a retightening of gov control in 1870s

A

growth in critical writing

99
Q

what areas was there some reform in

A

Russian orthodox church
conditions of jews and ethnic minorities
economic liberalisation

100
Q

what led to a reversal f the lenient treatment of poles and jews

A

1863 polish rebellion

101
Q

what was financial liberalisation at the expense of

A

the peasants

history (44 decks)

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