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POD > 5.8 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods > Flashcards

5.8 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods Flashcards

1
Q

how does Brucella spp. stain

A

gram negative and acid-fast

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2
Q

what type of bacteria are brucella spp.

A

facultative anaerobes, capnophilic, nutritionally fastidious

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3
Q

what is the term for bacteria that require CO2 to grow and name an example

A

capnophilic; brucella spp.

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4
Q

are brucella spp. intracellular or extracellular pathogens

A

neither; facultative intracellular

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5
Q

what part of the body does Brucella spp. target

A

reproductive organs

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6
Q

what bacteria causes undulant fever in humans

A

brucella

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7
Q

what 4 brucella spp. have zoonotic potential

A

B. abortus
B. melitensus
B. suis
B. canis

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8
Q

what are the sources of Brucella infection

A

infected animals (primarily cattle, sheep, goats and caribou) and infected animal products (birth fluid, fetus, placenta, milk)

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9
Q

what is the main ROUTE of Brucella transmission

A

mainly ingestion; also through breaks in the skin or in airborne infection of labs or abbatoirs

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10
Q

who does Brucella mainly infect

A

veterinarians, consumers of raw milk, producers, butchers, lab workers

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11
Q

what is the incubation period of Brucella

A

2-4 weeks (can be up to 2+ months)

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12
Q

what Brucella spp. are reportable in Canada? how does this differ from the list with zoonotic potential?

A

B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis (all of these also have zoonotic potential, B. canis is missing)

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13
Q

what species does brucella abortus infect

A

cattle (obligate pathogen)

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14
Q

what is the Brucella abortus status in Canada

A

eradicated everywhere except for in Wood Buffalo national park

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15
Q

describe the spores, capsule and motility of B. abortus

A

has none of them (non motile, non-capsulated, non-spore forming)

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16
Q

how does Brucella abortus survive in the environment

A

for months but does not grow very well

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17
Q

how do cattle get B. abortus

A

ingestion, nasal and oral mucosae, includes inhalation and wounds

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18
Q

what cells does B. abortus infect

A

invades any epithelial cells or M cells in the intestine; then survives inside phagocytes and non-phagocytic cells

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19
Q

how does B. abortus cause placentitis

A

inside macrophages it travels to the placenta, where it uses erythritol to multiply massively in the placenta

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20
Q

in what organs does B. abortus cause infection (2)

A

reticulo-endothelial system and placenta

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21
Q

what diseases does B. abortus cause

A
  • contagious abortion in cows
  • epididymitis and orchitis
  • placentitis
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22
Q

what is the pattern of abortion that B. abortus causes in
- cows
- calves < 6 months
- calves > 6 months

A

cows: abort once or twice after which they don’t abort again but shed the organism at parturition

calves < 6 months clear

calves > 6 months persist for list and “breakdown” at each calving

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23
Q

when were Canadian cattle herds declared free of B. abortus and due to what efforts

A

federal test-and-slaughter program using 2 tests (rapid buffered plate test followed and positives were followed by serum agglutination and complement fixation); declared free in 1995

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24
Q

how does Canada maintain a Brucella-free status in Canada

A

Bovine Surveillance System run by the CFIA -> random sampling at slaughter, targeted surveillance, import/export and AI testing

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25
Q

what happens if a positive serological test is detected in Canada

A

the herd will be investigated and further tested -> quarantine, further testing, destruction of animals

producers may get compensation

26
Q

how many biovars does B. suis have and what one do we care about (in what animals)

A

4; we care about biovar 4 in wild caribou and reindeer

27
Q

T/F slaughter serological screening includes both B. abortus and B. suis

A

T

28
Q

what disease does B. suis cause

A

chronic inflammation of reproductive tract, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, sterility (temporary)

29
Q

how do we diagnose B. suis

A

rose-bendal plate agglutination -> culture and PCR

30
Q

where is B. canis prevalent in Canada

A

puppy mills and in imported dogs

31
Q

where is B. canis very common

A

countries with free-ranging dogs (ex. Mexico)

32
Q

what does B. canis cause

A

chronic, persistent reticuloendothelial infection, bacteremia, vertebral osteomylitis, late-term abortion, epididymitis, orchitis

33
Q

how do you treat B. canis

A

long-term treatment with tetracycline (aminoglycosides may be effective)

34
Q

where is B. ovis present

A

almost all sheep-raising countries

35
Q

what does B. ovis cause

A

epididymitis, abortions, lamb mortality, placentitis, genital lesions in rams

36
Q

what are the 2 ways to detect B. ovis and which is preferred for routine diagnosis

A
  • direct isolation from semen, vaginal discharge or milk of ewes
  • indirect diagnosis based on serological tests

Indirect diagnosis (serological testing) is preferred for routine diagnosis)

37
Q

burns that are inflamed and infected with a sweet smell and green tinge should make you immediately suspect

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

38
Q

what is unique about that way that P. aeruginosa is cultured

A

green colonies!

39
Q

P. aeruginosa is aerobic/anaerobic

A

strict aerobe

40
Q

where is P. aeruginosa ubiquitious and what does this mean in terms of infection

A

in water and soil ; opportunistic (immunocompromised or burn patients)

41
Q

what host cells kill P. aeruginosa and what does this mean in terms of infection

A

neutrophils; occurs in neutropenic, immunocompromised patients

42
Q

what makes treating P. aeruginosa difficult

A

resistant to many antibiotics (P in ESKAPE)

43
Q

are there vaccines for P. aeruginosa

A

only in milk

44
Q

what bacteria is one of the main causes of otitis EXTERNA in dogs? how does it appear?

A

P. aeruginosa; purulent

45
Q

name a disease caused by P. aeruginosa in the following species:
- dogs
- horses
- sheep

A

dogs: otitis externa
horses: corneal ulcers
sheep: fleece rot

46
Q

what disease does Moraxella bovis cause and why is it a problem

A

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pink-eye): conjunctivitis -> keratitis -> corneal ulceration -> blindness

the animals do not eat well, creating welfare and production issues

47
Q

how is Moraxella bovis transmitted

A

by flies or direct contact from carrier cows

48
Q

what is one of the main virulence factors for M. bovis

A

RTX haemolysin; other lytic enzymes; abundant pili for adhesion (also creates antigenic variation)

49
Q

how do we control and treat infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis caused by Moraxella bovis

A

fly control, early diagnosis; antibiotics, NO VACCINE

50
Q

bartonella spp. are easy or difficult to culture

A

difficult

51
Q

what type of secretion system do Bartonella spp. use

A

Type IV secretion system (vs Salmonella which uses a Type III secretion system)

52
Q

is Bartonella intracellular or extracellular and in what cells (if intracellular)

A

intracellular in RBC and vascular endothelium

53
Q

what does Bartonella cause

A

persistent, usually subclinical bacteremia

54
Q

how is Bartonella transmitted

A

fleas and ticks

55
Q

what disease does Bartonella henselae cause

A

cat scratch fever (bacteremia)

56
Q

how is B. henselae spread between cats

A

fleas

57
Q

what disease does B. henselae cause in cats and in people

A

cats: usually subclinical bacteremia
humans: cat scratch fever

58
Q

how do we diagnose Bartonella henselae

A

PCR

59
Q

what is the treatment for cat scratch fever (2 different considerations to keep in mind…)

how do we prevent cats from B. henselae?

A

healthy individuals: not treated as poor response to antibiotic treatment

immunocompromised individuals: aggressive antibiotic treatment

hygiene and flea control

60
Q

what is the A in ESKAPE

A

Acinetobacter baumannii

61
Q

what is the importance of acinetobacter baumannii

A

emerged more recently as an important nosocomial pathogen and is appearing in veterinary hospitals

62
Q

your clients ask you about cases of septicemia and meningitis in humans following bites from their dogs… they are very concerned about their risk.. what do you tell them (first of all, what is the agent, second of all, what is the risk)

A

the agent is called Capnocytophaga canimorsus and it is part of the normal flora of dogs; is usually not a problem in healthy adults; predisposing factors include alcoholism, splenectomy, cancer treatment…. long term antibiotic treatment with PenG is usually successful following the infection

POD (28 decks)

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