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POD > 2.9, 2.10 Cytology > Flashcards

2.9, 2.10 Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

which organs are readily accessible for cytology

A

lymph nodes, liver, kidneys

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2
Q

what is important to consider before doing cytology of any tissue

A

whether the tissue has a characteristic cytological appearance

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3
Q

what would prompt you to do cytology of a lymph node

A

swelling, pain, to do a metastasis check

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4
Q

what 3 reasons can explain an enlarged lymph node

A

hyperplasia, inflammation, neoplasia

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5
Q

lymphocytes are (hardy/fragile)

A

fragile

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6
Q

what percentage of a normal lymph node consists of small lymphocytes

A

70-90%

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7
Q

T/F small, medium and large lymphocytes are all present in a normal lymph node

A

T

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8
Q

what cell types are present in the normal lymph node

A

lymphocytes (all sizes), plasma cells, macrophages, some neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells

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9
Q

what causes reactive hyperplasia (reactive lymph nodes)

A

antigenic stimulation in the area of drainage

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10
Q

reactive hyperplasia is characterized by (2)

A

an increase in the number of large lymphocytes and plasma cells

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11
Q

chronic stimulation of lymph nodes results in what change

A

Russell bodies inside of plasma cells (Mott cells)

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12
Q

what are Mott cells and the Russell bodies they contain

A

Mott cells are plasma cells full of immunoglobulin. The Russell bodies are aggregates of immunoglobulin

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13
Q

under what condition would a lymph node be painful on palpation

A

lymphadenitis

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14
Q

lymphadenitis is characterized by (3)

A

an increase in neutrophils, eosinophils or macrophages

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15
Q

mycobacterial infection typically causes ________________ inflammation, which is characterized by _______ cells

A

granulomatous; giant

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16
Q

what is lymphoma

A

malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes; homogenous population of lymphocytes

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17
Q

lymphoma is characterized by ________ in all species; __________ in cats and horses and _____________ in dogs

A

mitotic figures; mixed size of lymphocytes; large lymphocytes

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18
Q

T/F most lymphomas are not treatable in small animals

A

F

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19
Q

what types of cancer can metastasize to the lymph nodes? give some examples

A

potentially any malignant tumor can metastasize to lymph nodes; mast cell tumors, malignant histiocytic sarcomas, melanoma, carcinomas

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20
Q

when considering the cytology of cancer, it is important to distinguish __________ from _________

A

hyperplasia from neoplasia

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21
Q

cancer cytology is best combined with

A

histopathology

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22
Q

what are the 3 cytological classifications of cancer

A

1) epithelial
2) mesenchymal (spindle cell, stromal cell)
3) round cell

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23
Q

what are 2 characteristics of epithelial neoplasms

A

cells adhere to one another (sheets, clumps, tubules, acini); cell borders are apparent

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24
Q

what are 2 characteristics of mesenchymal cell neoplasms

A

indistinct cytoplasmic boundaries; long cytoplasmic tails or spindles

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25
Q

soft tissue sarcoma, fibroma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chrondrosarcoma are all cancers of

A

mesenchymal cells

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26
Q

what are 2 characteristics of round cell neoplasms

A

round shape and nucleus; cells do not adhere to one another

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27
Q

histiocytoma, melanoma, plasmocytoma are all cancers of

A

round cells

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28
Q

what are the 5 cytological features of cancer

A

1) size
2) nuclear enlargement (increased N/C ratio)
3) nucleolus number and size
4) mitotic figures
5) hyperchromasia

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29
Q

degenerating epithelial cells, cholesterol crystals and macrophages are characteristic of

A

inclusion cysts

30
Q

what is a sialocele

A

an obstructed salivary duct that results in submandibular swelling

31
Q

what are the two types of procedures that can be done for respiratory cytology

A

transtracheal washes (TTW) and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL)

32
Q

what type of respiratory cytology requires less sedation/less equipment (ex. intubation)

A

transtracheal washes (TTW)

33
Q

transtracheal washes provide a sample of the ____________ and _______________

A

tracheal; larger bronchi

34
Q

bronchoalveolar lavages provide a sample of the _____________ and _____________

A

smaller bronchi; possibly alveoli

35
Q

T/F cell counts and total protein are very helpful when assessing respiratory cytology whereas slide preparation is not helpful

A

F; other way around

36
Q

a moderate number of ______________ and small number of _________, ____________, _________ are normal in respiratory cytology

A

lymphocytes; neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells

37
Q

aspiration pneumonia is characterized by

A

inflammation, mixed bacterial morphologies, plant material, keratinizing squamous cells from oral cavity

38
Q

what two forms can chronic non-septic airway inflammation take?

A
  1. suppurative with nondegenerate neutrophils
  2. eosinophilic inflammation +/- mast cells
39
Q

what is the name for dislodged mucus plugs from small airways seen with chronic airway inflammation

A

Curshmann’s spirals

40
Q

asthma is characterized by what on cytology

A

lots of mast cells

41
Q

what are some indications for a bone marrow biopsy

A

suspected leukemia or metastasis, suspected iron deficiency, suspected bone marrow infection, abnormal cells in circulation, unexplained cytopenia

42
Q

what is an important distinguishing factor between bone marrow aspirates and biopsy

A

in aspirate the architecture is lost

43
Q

what types of cells would you expect to see in low amounts in body cavity fluids

A

macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, some monocytes

44
Q

what must you do to fluids with low cell counts before observing

A

centrifuge

45
Q

examples of fluids with low cell counts are (2)

A

abdominal and pleural fluids

46
Q

what is the term to describe excessive fluid accumulation

A

effusion

47
Q

what are the two types of effusion

A

exudate and transudate

48
Q

you would expect exudate to have (high/low) cells/protein and transudate to have (high/low) cells/protein

A

high; low

49
Q

what are the 5 main types of effusion

A

suppurative inflammation, suppurative septic inflammation, lymphocytic inflammation, non-inflammatory effusion, neoplastic effusion

50
Q

what is the etiologic diagnosis

A

name the agent or cause

51
Q

state of neutrophil preservation is determined by _______ criteria on cytology as opposed to ________ criteria on blood smears

A

nuclear; cytoplasmic

52
Q

what is the term for compact nuclei of dying neutrophils

A

pyknosis

53
Q

what is the term for fragmented nuclei of dying neutrophils

A

karyorrhexis

54
Q

what is the term for lysed nuclei in neutrophils exposed to bacterial toxins

A

karyolysis

55
Q

karyolysis often indicates

A

bacterial infection

56
Q

what are the mononuclear cells

A

monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, mesothelial cells

57
Q

presence of lymphocytes in effusion indicates

A

chylous effusion (obstruction of lymphatic drainage)

58
Q

T/F artifact can look like bacteria

A

T

59
Q

if in vivo occurence, bacteria should be

A

phagocytosed in macrophages

60
Q

for what organisms can cytology provide a definitive diagnosis

A

fungi and parasites

61
Q

iron-free heme is occasionally seen as ______ on cytology

A

hematoidin

62
Q

when do we see cholesterol crystals

A

cysts with chronic non-inflammatory cell degeneration

63
Q

when do we see melanin

A

in macrophages or in melanoma

64
Q

what is characteristic of bile peritonitis (3)

A

neutrophils, macrophages, bile pigment

65
Q

what is characteristic of congestive heart failure

A

modified transudate with slightly elevated protein and cells; erythrophagocytosis

66
Q

what is characteristic of chronic hepatic disease and why

A

transudates with low protein and low cell count; low albumin

67
Q

what is characteristic of FIP effusion

A

high protein exudate, yellow colour, low to moderately elevated cells; neutrophils

68
Q

FIP effusion causes a

A

pyogranulomatous vasculitis

69
Q

what is characteristic of intestinal rupture

A

plant material, bacteria, neutrophils

70
Q

what is characteristic of pyothorax or pyoperitoneum

A

suppurative inflammation; neutrophil degereration; may see bacterial colonies grossly

71
Q

what is characteristic of uroabdomen

A

creatinine, urinary crystals, mild chemical inflammation

72
Q

inclusion cysts are characterized by (3)

A

macrophages, degenerating epithelial cells, cholesterol crystals

POD (18 decks)

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