2.9, 2.10 Cytology Flashcards
which organs are readily accessible for cytology
lymph nodes, liver, kidneys
what is important to consider before doing cytology of any tissue
whether the tissue has a characteristic cytological appearance
what would prompt you to do cytology of a lymph node
swelling, pain, to do a metastasis check
what 3 reasons can explain an enlarged lymph node
hyperplasia, inflammation, neoplasia
lymphocytes are (hardy/fragile)
fragile
what percentage of a normal lymph node consists of small lymphocytes
70-90%
T/F small, medium and large lymphocytes are all present in a normal lymph node
T
what cell types are present in the normal lymph node
lymphocytes (all sizes), plasma cells, macrophages, some neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells
what causes reactive hyperplasia (reactive lymph nodes)
antigenic stimulation in the area of drainage
reactive hyperplasia is characterized by (2)
an increase in the number of large lymphocytes and plasma cells
chronic stimulation of lymph nodes results in what change
Russell bodies inside of plasma cells (Mott cells)
what are Mott cells and the Russell bodies they contain
Mott cells are plasma cells full of immunoglobulin. The Russell bodies are aggregates of immunoglobulin
under what condition would a lymph node be painful on palpation
lymphadenitis
lymphadenitis is characterized by (3)
an increase in neutrophils, eosinophils or macrophages
mycobacterial infection typically causes ________________ inflammation, which is characterized by _______ cells
granulomatous; giant
what is lymphoma
malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes; homogenous population of lymphocytes
lymphoma is characterized by ________ in all species; __________ in cats and horses and _____________ in dogs
mitotic figures; mixed size of lymphocytes; large lymphocytes
T/F most lymphomas are not treatable in small animals
F
what types of cancer can metastasize to the lymph nodes? give some examples
potentially any malignant tumor can metastasize to lymph nodes; mast cell tumors, malignant histiocytic sarcomas, melanoma, carcinomas
when considering the cytology of cancer, it is important to distinguish __________ from _________
hyperplasia from neoplasia
cancer cytology is best combined with
histopathology
what are the 3 cytological classifications of cancer
1) epithelial
2) mesenchymal (spindle cell, stromal cell)
3) round cell
what are 2 characteristics of epithelial neoplasms
cells adhere to one another (sheets, clumps, tubules, acini); cell borders are apparent
what are 2 characteristics of mesenchymal cell neoplasms
indistinct cytoplasmic boundaries; long cytoplasmic tails or spindles
soft tissue sarcoma, fibroma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chrondrosarcoma are all cancers of
mesenchymal cells
what are 2 characteristics of round cell neoplasms
round shape and nucleus; cells do not adhere to one another
histiocytoma, melanoma, plasmocytoma are all cancers of
round cells
what are the 5 cytological features of cancer
1) size
2) nuclear enlargement (increased N/C ratio)
3) nucleolus number and size
4) mitotic figures
5) hyperchromasia
degenerating epithelial cells, cholesterol crystals and macrophages are characteristic of
inclusion cysts
what is a sialocele
an obstructed salivary duct that results in submandibular swelling
what are the two types of procedures that can be done for respiratory cytology
transtracheal washes (TTW) and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL)
what type of respiratory cytology requires less sedation/less equipment (ex. intubation)
transtracheal washes (TTW)
transtracheal washes provide a sample of the ____________ and _______________
tracheal; larger bronchi
bronchoalveolar lavages provide a sample of the _____________ and _____________
smaller bronchi; possibly alveoli
T/F cell counts and total protein are very helpful when assessing respiratory cytology whereas slide preparation is not helpful
F; other way around
a moderate number of ______________ and small number of _________, ____________, _________ are normal in respiratory cytology
lymphocytes; neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells
aspiration pneumonia is characterized by
inflammation, mixed bacterial morphologies, plant material, keratinizing squamous cells from oral cavity
what two forms can chronic non-septic airway inflammation take?
- suppurative with nondegenerate neutrophils
- eosinophilic inflammation +/- mast cells
what is the name for dislodged mucus plugs from small airways seen with chronic airway inflammation
Curshmann’s spirals
asthma is characterized by what on cytology
lots of mast cells
what are some indications for a bone marrow biopsy
suspected leukemia or metastasis, suspected iron deficiency, suspected bone marrow infection, abnormal cells in circulation, unexplained cytopenia
what is an important distinguishing factor between bone marrow aspirates and biopsy
in aspirate the architecture is lost
what types of cells would you expect to see in low amounts in body cavity fluids
macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, some monocytes
what must you do to fluids with low cell counts before observing
centrifuge
examples of fluids with low cell counts are (2)
abdominal and pleural fluids
what is the term to describe excessive fluid accumulation
effusion
what are the two types of effusion
exudate and transudate
you would expect exudate to have (high/low) cells/protein and transudate to have (high/low) cells/protein
high; low
what are the 5 main types of effusion
suppurative inflammation, suppurative septic inflammation, lymphocytic inflammation, non-inflammatory effusion, neoplastic effusion
what is the etiologic diagnosis
name the agent or cause
state of neutrophil preservation is determined by _______ criteria on cytology as opposed to ________ criteria on blood smears
nuclear; cytoplasmic
what is the term for compact nuclei of dying neutrophils
pyknosis
what is the term for fragmented nuclei of dying neutrophils
karyorrhexis
what is the term for lysed nuclei in neutrophils exposed to bacterial toxins
karyolysis
karyolysis often indicates
bacterial infection
what are the mononuclear cells
monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, mesothelial cells
presence of lymphocytes in effusion indicates
chylous effusion (obstruction of lymphatic drainage)
T/F artifact can look like bacteria
T
if in vivo occurence, bacteria should be
phagocytosed in macrophages
for what organisms can cytology provide a definitive diagnosis
fungi and parasites
iron-free heme is occasionally seen as ______ on cytology
hematoidin
when do we see cholesterol crystals
cysts with chronic non-inflammatory cell degeneration
when do we see melanin
in macrophages or in melanoma
what is characteristic of bile peritonitis (3)
neutrophils, macrophages, bile pigment
what is characteristic of congestive heart failure
modified transudate with slightly elevated protein and cells; erythrophagocytosis
what is characteristic of chronic hepatic disease and why
transudates with low protein and low cell count; low albumin
what is characteristic of FIP effusion
high protein exudate, yellow colour, low to moderately elevated cells; neutrophils
FIP effusion causes a
pyogranulomatous vasculitis
what is characteristic of intestinal rupture
plant material, bacteria, neutrophils
what is characteristic of pyothorax or pyoperitoneum
suppurative inflammation; neutrophil degereration; may see bacterial colonies grossly
what is characteristic of uroabdomen
creatinine, urinary crystals, mild chemical inflammation
inclusion cysts are characterized by (3)
macrophages, degenerating epithelial cells, cholesterol crystals
