5.11 Non-Spore Forming Anaerobes and Mycoplasma

Question 1

non-spore forming anaerobes are commonly found in _______ infections with _______________ because:

Answer 1

mixed; facultative aerobes; the aerobes consume the oxygen to create the anaerobic environment for the anaerobes

Question 2

what is an important diagnostic consideration for the non-spore forming anaerobes

Answer 2

oxygen is toxic so need anaerobic transport systems and anaerobic environment in lab

Question 3

up to ____% of unselected clinical specimens contain non-spore forming anaerobes

Answer 3

25

Question 4

are non-spore forming anaerobes relatively fast or slow growing

Answer 4

slow

Question 5

non-spore forming anaerobes are often ___________ organisms that cause infections through __________________ and the infections are typically what appearance

Answer 5

endogenous; breaks in the mucosal surfaces where the anaerobic flora is present; necrotic and purulent

Question 6

why do non-spore forming anaerobic infections have a foul smell

Answer 6

volatile fatty acids

Question 7

what is the appearance of non-spore forming anaerobic colonies

Answer 7

black

Question 8

why do non-spore forming anaerobic infections typically have multifactorial virulence

Answer 8

because they are mixed infections with synergistic interactions between different agents (ex. growth factors, tissue damage, leukotoxins)

Question 9

non-spore forming anaerobic infections use innate/acquired immunity

Answer 9

innate (complement, maternal Ab)

Question 10

name some common infections involving anaerobes in the head and neck (3)

Answer 10

periodontal disease, sinusitis, dental disease

Question 11

name some common anaerobic infections that cause pleuro-pneumonia (3)

Answer 11

pleural effusion, pleuritis, aspiration pneumonia

Question 12

name some common infections involving anaerobes in the abdominal cavity (3)

Answer 12

peritonitis, intestinal perforation, navel infection

Question 13

name some common infections involving anaerobes in the female genital tract (3)

Answer 13

mastitis, metritis, pyometra

Question 14

name some common infections involving anaerobes in the soft tissue (2)

Answer 14

cellulitis, bite wound

Question 15

name some common infections involving anaerobes in the skeletal tissue (3)

Answer 15

osteomyelitis, footrot, arthritis

Question 16

how do you treat non-spore forming anaerobic infections

Answer 16

debridement of necrotic/purulent material, flushing, antibiotics

Question 17

what antibiotics can be used to treat non-spore forming anaerobic infections (6)

Answer 17

Penicillin G, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, lincosamides, macrolides

Question 18

what type of bacteria is fusobacterium necrophorum

Answer 18

gram-negative filamentous rod, anaerobe

Question 19

where does F. necrophorum live and in what species

Answer 19

large bowel of ruminants and swine

Question 20

what are the virulence factors for F. necrophorum

Answer 20

leukotoxin and leucocidin

Question 21

what does Fusobacterium necrophorum cause

Answer 21

• necrobacilosis
• footrot in cattle (contagious necrotizing interdigital dermatitis)
• liver abscesses in feedlot cattle

Question 22

Footrot in cows is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum synergy with ________ whereas footrot in sheep is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum synergy with ________

Answer 22

P. asaccharolytica; D. nodosus

Question 23

what causes enzootic pneumonia

Answer 23

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Question 24

what is the smallest free-living bacteria

Answer 24

Mycoplasma

Question 25

what do Mycoplasma lack and what is the consequence

Answer 25

cell wall; don’t Gram stain

Question 26

why are Mycoplasma host-species specific

Answer 26

they have a small genome and thus are dependent on the specific host for nutrients

Question 27

how is Mycoplasma typically transmitted

Answer 27

close contact (aerosols on short distances)

Question 28

there are over _____ species of Mycoplasma

Answer 28

100

Question 29

most Mycoplasma infections are in what location? what are some other locations

Answer 29

respiratory tract; genital tract, conjunctiva, udder, sometimes septicemia

Question 30

what is the typical Mycoplasma disease, where, and in what type of population

Answer 30

chronic, mild, persistent; respiratory tract infections in intensified livestock

Question 31

what are some typical Mycoplasma diseases (hint: think of where it likes to live)

Answer 31

pneumonia, genital/UTI, conjunctivitis, mastitis, polyserositis, polyarthritis

Question 32

T/F Mycoplasma can infect RBCs

Answer 32

T. Called Haemoplasma

Question 33

how does Mycoplasma evade and multiply

Answer 33

antigenic mimicry by absorbing host cell antigens; antigenic variation on the surface

Question 34

how does Mycoplasma cause damage

Answer 34

direct damage to the cell surface through peroxidation; complement/antibody lysis; superantigenic immunomodulation

Question 35

Mycoplasma is grown on ______ media

Answer 35

serum-rich

Question 36

how do we identify Mycoplasma

Answer 36

PCR, MALDI TOF, sometimes IF

Question 37

how do we control Mycoplasma

Answer 37

vaccination, eradication, biosecuriry

Question 38

enzootic pneumonia is acquired from _____ and spread in __________ pigs

Answer 38

sows; weaner-grower

Question 39

how does M. hyopneumoniae cause enzootic pneumonia and why does it predispose to secondary bacterial infections

Answer 39

attaches to the ciliated epithelium in the bronchi and bronchioles and impairs bacterial clearance

Question 40

how can we control M. hyopneumoniae

Answer 40

SPF herds, monitoring (slaughter, biosecurity); immunization

Question 41

what is the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and why is it important

Answer 41

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides; reportable

Question 42

what does mycoplasma bovis cause

Answer 42

bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis

Question 43

where does M. bovis live

Answer 43

URT, udder, genital tract