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POD > 5.5 Gram Negative Lactose Fermenting Aerobic Rods > Flashcards

5.5 Gram Negative Lactose Fermenting Aerobic Rods Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of lactose fermenters

A

escherichia, klebsiella, enterobacter

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of non-lactose fermenters

A

salmonella, proteus, yersinia

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3
Q

how do we identify gram negative aerobic rods (what medium and why)

A

MacConkey agar (it tells apart lactose fermenters from non-lactose fermenters and contains stuff that inhibits G+ and fungal growth - bile salts and crystal violet)

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4
Q

where do gram negative lactose fermenting rods live and what do we call them

A

intestine; aerobes or facultative anerobes

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5
Q

what is the MOST IMPORTANT LF and NLF gram-negative rod

A

LF: Escherichia coli
NLF: Salmonella enterica

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6
Q

fill in the following:
ESKapE

A

E: Enterococci
S: Staphylococcus
K: Klebsiella
E: Enterobacter

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7
Q

T/F Escherichia coli is zoonotic and reportable

A

F: zoonotic but not reportable

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8
Q

what is the dominant aerobe in the intestine

A

Escherichia coli (dominant anaerobe = Clostridium)

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9
Q

Where is E. coli primarily located

A

large intestine

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10
Q

what is the nature of E. coli in the intestine

A

most are non-pathogenic commensals but some strains are extremely pathogenic

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11
Q

what are the following antigens that make up the serotypes of E. coli:

O:
K:
H:
F:

A

O: LPS
K: capsule
H: flagellum
F: fimbriae/pilli

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12
Q

what is serotyping useful for and what is the caveat

A

useful to identify strains/clones of bacteria; need to have the antiserum against the antigen to use it

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13
Q

how does genotyping work

A

uses PCR and whole genome sequencing to find virulence genes to characterize pathotypes of bacteria

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14
Q

what are the TWO main branches of E. coli

A

enteric pathogenic and extra-intestinal pathogenic

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15
Q

describe the branching of the types of enteric pathogenic E. coli

A

can be broken broadly into: ETEC, EPEC, STEC

STEC divides into EHEC and pig ED

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16
Q

ETEC contains ________ adhesins and __________ whereas EPEC contains _______ adhesins and _________

A

pilli; enterotoxin; intimin; A/E protein

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17
Q

what is the difference between the two strains of STEC

A

EHEC: causes diarrhea and systemic disease (kidney shit); Shiga toxin, pili, intimin

Porcine STEC (ED): causes diarrhea and edema

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18
Q

what are clinical signs of ETEC

A

post-weaning diarrhea, dehydration

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19
Q

what are the histologic lesions of ETEC

A

none

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20
Q

how do we diagnose ETEC

A

PCR, agglutination test

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21
Q

T/F ETEC is zoonotic and reportable

A

F to both

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22
Q

T/F ETEC is very host specific

A

T

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23
Q

where is ETEC

A

small intestine

24
Q

how does ETEC develop

A

viruses/diet predispose to it; pili attach to the epithelial cell villi; produces enterotoxins (STI, STII, LT); diarrhea and death

25
Q

what are the 3 enterotoxins produced by ETEC

A

STI, STII, LT

26
Q

what is the general mechanism of all 3 ETEC enterotoxins

A

they secrete or inhibit uptake of electrolytes, which fluid follows, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration

27
Q

what type of diarrhea (2) does ETEC cause

A

post-weaning diarrhea in piglets and neonatal diarrhea in piglets and calves

28
Q

how do we treat ETEC and what is an important consideration

A

supportive care (ex. rehydration) and antibiotics; the antibiotics won’t work until the epithelial cells regenerate

29
Q

why do we care about EHEC

A

because cows are asymptomatic carriers and influence the development of the disease in humans through contact and consumption of products

30
Q

T/F EHEC is zoonotic and reportable

A

F; zoonotic, not reportable

31
Q

where does EHEC live

A

large intestine

32
Q

what type of lesions does EHEC cause

A

inflammatory lesions

33
Q

what is the pathogenesis of EHEC

A

ingestion -> bypasses stomach and small intestine -> in large intestine attaches and damages microvilli -> produces Shiga toxin -> bloody diarrhea -> goes septic to the kidney -> hemorrhagic uremic syndrome

34
Q

EHEC causes _______ and _______ lesions to the ________ of the _______

A

attaching; effacing; microvilli; colon

35
Q

how do we diagnose EHEC in humans

A

hemorrhagic diarrhea, HUS, PCR in lab

36
Q

how do we treat EHEC in humans

A

supportive care

37
Q

what is the strain of EHEC that is important in humans (O___:H____)

A

O157:H7

38
Q

how can we prevent EHEC infections in humans

A

vaccination of cattle before slaughter; slaughter hygiene; food hygiene

39
Q

what does the colon of a pig with STEC look like

A

edematous in the mesentery

40
Q

T/F EPEC is zoonotic and reportable

A

F: neither

41
Q

what species is most prone to EPEC

A

rabbits

42
Q

describe the pathogenesis of EPEC

A

injested -> bypasses stomach and small intestine -> attaches to microvilli in the colon -> diarrhea

43
Q

how can we diagnose coliform mastitis caused by extraintestinal E. coli

A

assessing milk, SCC, agglutination, PCR

44
Q

T/F ExPEC is zoonotic and reportable

A

F; zoonotic but not reportable

45
Q

what are some diseases caused by UPEC

A

ascending UTIs, coliform mastitis, endotoxemia

46
Q

UPEC has _______ adhesins and secretes _____

A

pili; LPS

47
Q

UPEC is unique because it causes _________ infections, mainly in what species

A

ascending; dogs and cats

48
Q

T/F APEC is zoonotic and reportable

A

F; zoonotic but not reportable

49
Q

what diseases does APEC cause and in what species

A

septicemia and cellulitis in birds

50
Q

what is a predisposing factor to APEC

A

hypo or agammaglobulinemia

51
Q

T/F ExPEC are resistant to complement

A

T

52
Q

how do ExPEC compete for iron

A

siderophores

53
Q

what are the 2 Klebsiella spp of interest to vetmed

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca

54
Q

what type of pathogen is Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

opportunistic; major cause of hospital-acquired infections in humans

55
Q

what does Klebsiella oxytoca cause

A

antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic enterocolitis

56
Q

what type of pathogen is enterobacter

A

opportunist; causes hospital-acquired infections in humans and animals (like K. pneumoniae)

57
Q

how does Enterobacter look (2 characteristics of the bacteria)

A

mucoid and encapsulated

POD (28 decks)

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