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POD > 5.13 Obligate Intracellular Bacteria > Flashcards

5.13 Obligate Intracellular Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 intracellular orders

A

Rickettsiales and Chlamydiales

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2
Q

what is the shape and staining properties of Rickettsiales and Chlamydia

A

Gram-negative coccobacilli; stain with Wright or Giemsa

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3
Q

how do we diagnose Rickettsiales or Chlamydia spp.

A

direct stain, PCR, serology, growth in cells

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4
Q

what are the 2 families of Rickettsiales

A

Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae

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5
Q

what is the chlamydiales family

A

Chlamydiaceae

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6
Q

what are the genus of Rickettsiaceae (1) and Anaplasmataceae (2)

A

Rickettsiaceae: Rickettsia
Anaplasmataceae: Neorickettsia, Anaplasam, Erlichia

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7
Q

what are the genus of Chlamydiaceae (2)

A

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila

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8
Q

Anaplasmataceae (Neorickettsia, Anaplasma and Erlichia) are parasites of what cells and what host type

A

hematopoietic cells; vertebrate hosts

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9
Q

Neorickettsia is transmitted by _________ whereas Erlichia and Anaplasma are transmitted by

A

trematode; ticks

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10
Q

A. phagocytophilum infects what cells

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the same as Borrelia burgdoferi because ________ and different because __________

A

transmitted by Ixodes and maintained in small mammals; is not maintained in birds

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12
Q

what does Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause in dogs

A

neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, mm pain, necrotizing vasculitis

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13
Q

what does Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause in horses

A

DIC, limb edema, jaundice

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14
Q

what does Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause in ruminants

A

no illness to subclinical disease

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15
Q

what does Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause in people

A

granulocytic erlychiosis

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16
Q

what can we use to diagnose Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

direct demo in buffy coat, PCR, SNAP test

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17
Q

how do we treat and control Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

treat: tetracycline
control: tick control (same as lyme disease mitigation)

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18
Q

what is the vector for Ehrlichia spp.

A

ticks

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19
Q

what cells does Ehrlichia spp. infect

A

hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells

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20
Q

what is the source of Ehrlichia infections

A

rodents, canids or ruminants that are persistently infected

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21
Q

what are the 3 manifestations of Ehrlichia canis infection

A

1) acute infection
2) persistent subclinical infection
3) severe, immune-mediated chronic disease

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22
Q

how do we treat Ehrlichia canis

A

tetracycline

23
Q

describe the outcomes of Ehrlichia canis infection:
- acute
- persistent subclinical
- chronic, severe immune-mediated

A

acute: fever, mild anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, vasculitis

persistent subclinical: mild anemia, fever, thrombocytopenia

chronic, severe immune-mediated: bleeding, epistaxis, vasculitis, weight loss, secondary infections

24
Q

where is Ehrlichia canis more present

A

Southern USA (since more brown dog ticks -> Rhipencephalus sanguineus)

25
Q

what causes canine granulocytic erlichiosis, which is spread by Ixodes scapularis, presents like A. phagocytophilum and is often concurrent with A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdoferi

A

Ehrclichia ewingii and Ehrlichia chaffeensis

26
Q

what cells does Neorickettsia infect

A

monocytes and macrophages

27
Q

what is the vector for Neorickettsia spp.

A

trematode (flukes)

28
Q

what causes salmon poisoning in dogs

A

Neorickettsia helminthoeca; an intestinal fluke of salmon containing the pathogen is consumed by dogs

29
Q

what is the causative agent of Potomac Horse Fever

A

Neorickettsia risticii

30
Q

how is N. risticii (Potomac Horse Fever) spread and

A

trematodes in bats (final host), aquatic snails (first intermediate host) and aquatic insects (second intermediate host)

horses drink water infested with the aquatic insects (ex. mayflies, caddis flies)

31
Q

what are clinical signs of Potomac Horse Fever caused by Neorickettsia risticii

A
  • fever
  • anorexia
  • leukopenia
  • laminitis
  • severe diarrhea
32
Q

why does Neorickettsia risticii cause diarrhea

A

the pathogen infects macrophages in the colon glandular epithelium (as well as in the intestinal lamina propria and monocytes in blood)

33
Q

how do we diagnose Potomac Horse Fever (N. risticii)

A

Buffy coat PCR

34
Q

how do we treat (2) and control (1) Potomac Horse Fever (N. risticii)

A

vaccination (not 100% due to antigenic variants) and tetracycline; control flies (ex. keep lights low)

35
Q

what cells do Chlamydia/Chlamydophila infect)

A

epithelial cells

36
Q

how is Chlamydia/Chlamydophila spread

A

in dried feces; typically animal-animal contact

37
Q

what are the 2 stages of Chlamydia/Chlamydophila’s life cycle? explain in detail

A

Elementary bodies (EB) and Reticulate bodies (RB):

EB: Extracellular stage including attachment and entry into the cell, replication and cell death

RB: Intracellular stage from cell death to dissemination into a new host cell

38
Q

what is the agent of Psittacosis

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

39
Q

what does C. psittaci cause

A

systemic infection: conjunctivitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, bronchopneumonia, bronchiolitis, fibrinous polyserositis

40
Q

what is the pathogenesis of Psittacosis

A

EBs are shed by carriers (feces) or infected birds (secretions) -> inhaled -> replicates in epithelial and phagocytic cells -> multi-organ infection

41
Q

how do we diagnose C. psittaci

A

PCR, serology, Giemsa stain

42
Q

how do we control and treat C. psittaci

A

Treat: tetracycline

Prevent: isolate and quarantine imported birds

43
Q

what does Chlamydophila abortus cause and in what species?

A
  • enzootic abortion in sheep/goats
  • pneumonia
  • infertility
  • conjunctivitis
  • arthritis

(other signs besides abortion occur in cattle as well)

44
Q

how do we diagnose Chlamydophila abortus

A

Giemsa staining, egg isolation, PCR

45
Q

how do we treat and control Chlamydophila abortus

A

tetracyclines, vaccination (in sheep)

46
Q

what is the agent of Q fever

A

Coxiella burnetii

47
Q

Coxiella burnetii is a “_______ ________ _________ “ pathogen

A

broad host range (endemic in ruminants, causes disease in humans, subclinical in cats)

48
Q

what makes Coxiella burnetii highly persistent

A

endospore-like form

49
Q

in what animals will Coxiella burnetii persist subclinically and what is the consequence

A

in carrier females; released in huge amounts at parturition

50
Q

how is Coxiella burnetii spread

A

usually by inhalation but also ingestion or tick-borne; present in milk, birth fluids, urine and feces

51
Q

what is important for Coxiella burnetii transmission

A

dust

52
Q

how do we diagnose Coxiella burnetii

A

PCR, serology, direct-demonstration

53
Q

how do we treat and control Coxiella burnetii

A

treat with tetracyclines; control with hygeine, education, early diagnosis, vaccination

POD (30 decks)

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