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POD > 5.10 Curved Gram Negative Rods and Spirochetes > Flashcards

5.10 Curved Gram Negative Rods and Spirochetes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the characteristic appearance of campylobacter spp. on staining

A

seagulls (gram-negative curved rods)

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2
Q

what is the habitat(s) of campylobacter

A

intestinal; genital tract in some species

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3
Q

what are the two main Campylobacter spp of interest, what is their host(s) and what do they cause

A
  • C. jejuni (all species) -> diarrhea
  • C. coli (pigs, humans) -> diarrhea
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4
Q

T/F campylobacter jejuni is zoonotic and reportable

A

F; zoonotic but not reportable

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5
Q

what is the major difference between campylobacter and salmonella

A

campylobacter cannot replicate in food whereas salmonella can; lower infectious dose for campylobacter

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6
Q

what are the conditions in which C. jejuni infection is more common

A

poor hygiene and close contact between farm animals; more common in young vs adult animals

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7
Q

what is the route of infection of campylobacter jejuni

A

fecal contamination of food or water

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8
Q

what is the main reservoir for C. jejuni? C. coli?

A

C. jejuni: broiler chickens
C. coli: pigs

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9
Q

what type of diarrhea does C. jejuni cause (2 names for the diseases)

A

superficial erosive colitis and ileitis-colitis

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10
Q

what are the two “outcomes” of C. jejuni infection

A
  • self-limiting infection that resolves within 1-2 weeks
  • bacteremia and abortions if it becomes severe
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11
Q

what are the two C. jejuni toxins

A

1) Cytolethal distending toxin (cdt gene)
2) LT-like adenylate cyclase-activating enterotoxin

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12
Q

the ____________ toxin is responsible for erosions and _________ toxins is responsible for diarrhea caused by C. jejuni

A

cytolethal distending toxin; LT-like adenylate cyclase activating enterotoxin

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13
Q

what special media and conditions are used to culture C. jejuni

A

selective (feces); microaerophilic (6% O2)

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14
Q

how do we treat C. jejuni

A

antibiotics

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15
Q

certain serotypes of C. jejuni are responsible for what disease in humans? What is it characterized by

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome; PNS demyelination

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16
Q

what is the main source of C. jejuni infection in humans (be specific)

A

contaminated raw chicken

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17
Q

what are some ways to control C. jejuni

A

food production and kitchen hygeine; preventing cross-contamination; cooking meat fully; slaughterhouse processing

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18
Q

T/F there is a C. jejuni vaccine available for chicken

A

F

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19
Q

where does Lawsonia intracellularis live

A

in the apical cytoplasm of ileal epithelial cells

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20
Q

what does Lawsonia intracellularis cause in young animals? old animals?

A

young: proliferative intestinal adenomatosis (diarrhea, decreased weight gain)

old: proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE)

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21
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis mainly infects what animals

A

weaner pigs and yearling foals

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22
Q

T/F Lawsonia intracellularis has a broad host range

A

T

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23
Q

T/F Lawsonia intracellularis is zoonotic and reportable

A

F; zoonotic but not reportable

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24
Q

how is Lawsonia intracellularis diagnosed

A

PCR on feces, ELISA

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25
Q

how do we control Lawsonia intracellularis

A

vaccination, antimicrobials, raising specific pathogen-free pigs

26
Q

what is the structure of Spirochaetales spp.

A

coiled spiral organisms wrapped around an internalized flagellum

27
Q

how do we stain Spirochaetales

A

using silver stain or dark field; do not stain well with gram

28
Q

what are the Genera of Spirochaetales of interest to us

A

Leptospira and Borrelia

29
Q

what lab test results are characteristic of leptospirosis and what diseases does this indicate

A

elevated creatinine and blood urea; elevate creatine phosphokinase and other muscle enzymes; elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase

indicates renal failure and hepatitis

30
Q

T/F leptospirosis is zoonotic and reportable

A

F; zoonotic but not reportable

31
Q

T/F it takes a long time to grow leptospira and requires special medium and conditions

A

T

32
Q

T/F all Leptospira spp. are pathogenic

A

F

33
Q

what is the difference between the old and new antigenic classification for Leptospira

A

Old: 23 serogroups and 250 serovars
New: >60 species, then serovars

34
Q

what conditions do Leptospira require for survival

A

wet, warm environments

35
Q

T/F Leptospira are fastidious

A

T

36
Q

what is the specific location in the body for leptospira

A

proximal convoluted tubule of kidney

37
Q

what is the difference in infection between maintenance and accidental (incidental, non-maintenance) hosts of leptospira

A

maintenance: lifetime infection in kidney +/- genital tract

accidental: kidney infection for a few weeks

38
Q

what is the classic “iceberg” infection

A

Leptospira (most infections subclinical or chronic)

39
Q

do we see clinical signs of Leptospira in maintenance hosts, accidental hosts or both

A

in accidental (subclinical/chronic infections in maintenance)

40
Q

T/F leptospira can cause bacteremic disease; if T, where does it localize

A

T: liver, kidney, CSF, eye

41
Q

what are the maintenance vs incidental hosts of leptospira

A

maintenance: rodents

accidental: racoons, beavers, dogs, humans

42
Q

describe the following manifestations of leptospira:
- peracute
- acute
- chronic
- subclinical

A

peracute: DIC, hemorrhage, death
acute: nephritis, hepatitis, abortion, fever
chronic: chronic nephritis, abortion (pigs, dogs)
subclinical: antibody rise only or mild flu-like illness

43
Q

what type of leptospira is common in dogs and what are the clinical signs

A

Leptospira canicola: acute or chronic renal failure (interstitial nephritis)

44
Q

What spp of Leptospira is common across large animal species and what are the signs/clinical dz

A

Leptospira pomona: abortion in all; nephritis in pigs; haemoglobinuria and mastitis in cows; uveitis in horses

45
Q

How can we detect L. hardjo, in what species and why

A

in milk; causes mastitis (as well as abortion, stillbirth) in cows

46
Q

what Leptospira is a major cause of acute renal failure in dogs? what else does it cause

A

L. grippotyphosa; hepatitis and fever

47
Q

how do we detect Leptospira (be specific)

A

paired serum samples: want to see a 4x increase between the first and second ELISA; can also do direct demonstration (PCR; immunofluorescence; dark field)

48
Q

why are the Leptospira vaccines not fool-proof

A

they do not protect across all serovars (5 or 6 covered)

49
Q

how can we control/treat Leptospira

A

vaccination; vector control (rodents); antibiotics

50
Q

where is Borrelia burgdorferi a problem

A

eastern, central, western US (due to resurgence in deer population)

51
Q

describe the 3-host lifestyle of Borrelia burgdorferi

A

eggs hatch into Borrelia-free larvae -> feed on rodents/birds +/- pick up Borrelia -> become nymph -> feed on rodents/birds +/- pick up Borrelia -> become adult -> feed on deer or accidental host (dogs, humans)

52
Q

what is the characteristic lesion created by Ixodes scapularis bite (tick carrying Borrelia burgdorferi)

A

target

53
Q

which of the following stages of Borrelia burgdorferi are potentially infective:
- egg
- larvae
- nymph
- adult

A
  • nymph
  • adult
54
Q

if you remove an adult tick within ____ you likely prevent transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi

A

24h

55
Q

T/F Borrelia burgdorferi is reportable and zoonotic

A

F; zoonotic but not reportable

56
Q

what are the two main Ixodes spp. that carry Borrelia burgdorferi and where are they located

A

western US/BC: Ixodes pacificus
eastern/central USA: Ixodes scapularis

57
Q

where is lyme disease currently spreading

A

along the north shore of Lakes Erie and Ontario; Thousand Islands area

58
Q

what are the acute and chronic signs of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in PEOPLE

A

acute: erythematous skin rash; fever; joint pain; muscle pain; meningeal irritation

chronic: peripheral neuropathy; arthritis; myocarditis

59
Q

what does Borrelia burgdorferi cause in dogs (4)

A

fever, anorexia, arthritis, protein-losing glomerulopathy

60
Q

what does Borrelia burgdorferi cause in horses

A

arthritis, abortion, panuveitis, encephalitis

61
Q

how do we diagnose Lyme disease and why is it difficult in endemic areas

A

serology and response to antibiotics; hard to diagnose in endemic areas because many animals have seroconverted due to subclinical infection/exposure

62
Q

how can we control Borrelia burgdorferi infection

A

vaccination

POD (28 decks)

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