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POD > 5.4 Gram Positive Anaerobic Rods > Flashcards

5.4 Gram Positive Anaerobic Rods Flashcards

1
Q

clostridium is widespread in __________ and commensal of the _____________

A

in the soil; large bowel

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2
Q

clostridium multiplies slow/rapid

A

rapid

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3
Q

T/F clostridium is spore-forming

A

T

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4
Q

what is a key virulence factor of clostridium spp.

A

spore forming and produce powerful toxins

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of pathogenic clostridia

A

enterotoxin; histotoxic; neurotoxic

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6
Q

what spp of clostridia are enterotoxic

A

C. perfringens type A-E; C. difficile

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7
Q

what spp. of clostridia are neurotoxic

A

C. tetani and C. botulinum

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8
Q

what spp. of clostridia are histotoxic

A

C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. sordelli, C. perfringens type A

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9
Q

describe enterotoxic vs neurotoxic vs histotoxic clostridia

A

enterotoxic: toxins are produced in the intestines, absorbed into the blood and then cause toxemia

histotoxic: gas-gangrene producing, invasive

neurotoxic: non-invasive and colonize the nervous system

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10
Q

T/F C. perfringens is zoonotic and reportable

A

F

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11
Q

what is the fastest growing bacterium known

A

C. perfringens

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12
Q

what type of contamination is C. perfringens associated with

A

fecal contamination

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13
Q

how many types of toxins does C. perfringens produce

A

7 (A-G)

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14
Q

what type of C. perfringens is associated with lamb dysentry? what is the toxin?

A

C. perfringens type B; Beta and epsilon

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15
Q

what type of C. perfringens is commensal? what is the toxin?

A

Type A; alpha

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16
Q

describe C. perfringens Type C, E and G; what toxins; what species

A

Type C: haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis; toxin = beta; all food animals

Type E: haemorrhagic enteritis, toxin = iota; cattle, sheep

Type G: necrotic enteritis; toxin = NetB; poultry

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17
Q

what type of C. perfringens is associated with foodborne illness in humans? what is the toxin?

A

Type F; Cpe

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18
Q

what type of C. perfringens is associated with pulpy kidney? what species? what toxin?

A

Type D; epsilon; sheep and goats

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19
Q

what two diseases can be caused by C. perfringens Type A and why does this happen if Type A is usually commensal?

A

1) abomasitis (calves)
2) haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis (dogs and foals)

Happens when the Type A bacteria produces a toxin other than the alpha toxin

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20
Q

what type of C. perfringens is NOT associated with enteritis? what DOES is cause (2)?

A

pulpy kidney disease (Type D); encephalomalacia and damage to kidneys

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21
Q

Type F (Cpe, food poisoning) C. perfringens is associated with ______-rich food consumption by people

A

protein

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22
Q

what type of C. perfringens is both enterotoxic and histotoxic? when histotoxic, what does it cause

A

Type A; gas gangrene (wound infections) and necrotizing mastitis

23
Q

why is gas gangrene or necrotizing mastitis caused by C. perfringens Type A easy to diagnose

A

because it should NEVER be isolated anywhere except for the large bowel, where it is normally commensal

24
Q

how do we control C. perfringens (3)

A
  • prophylaxis (broilers)
  • vaccination (pulpy kidney)
  • hygeine (mastitis/gangrene)
25
Q

how do we treat C. perfringens

A

debriding (if wound) and antibiotics

26
Q

T/F C. difficile is zoonotic and reportable

A

F; zoonotic but not reportable

27
Q

what is the main disease caused by C. difficile and in what species

A

typhlocolitis in horses

28
Q

how does C. difficile develop

A

antibiotics disrupt the normal flora, but C. diff survives as a spore; C. diff can then proliferate and cause typhlocolitis a few days after starting or terminating antibiotics

29
Q

how is C. difficile transmitted and activated

A

via spores, which are activated by the stomach and bile acids

30
Q

what toxins does C. difficile produce (2)

A

Toxin A: enterotoxin and cytotoxin
Toxin B: cytotoxin

31
Q

what is a major cause of hospital acquired infections in humans getting antibiotic treatment

A

C. difficile

32
Q

T/F C. diff can be isolated from meat

A

T

33
Q

what is an important diagnostic test for C. difficile

A

glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) ELISA

34
Q

how do we treat C. difficile

A

antibiotics, probiotics, fecal transplant

35
Q

what causes blackleg

A

C. chauveoi

36
Q

what causes pseudoblackleg

A

C. septicum, C. novyi

37
Q

what is blackleg and when does it commonly occur

A

acute necrotizing myostitis and systemic toxemia caused by C. chauvoei

38
Q

what type of year is blackleg common and why

A

in the summer; it is caused by ingestion of spores in the soil

39
Q

what is the pathogenesis of blackleg

A

ingestion of spores -> spores travel via the blood to the muscles -> anoxia activates the spores -> necrotizing myostitis -> toxemia -> death

40
Q

how do we diagnose blackleg based on signs

A

swollen legs, gas under skin

41
Q

C. chauvoei is susceptible to ____________ and resistant to ____________

A

penicillin; aminoglycosides

42
Q

what species cause gas gangrene

A

C. perfringens Type A; C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. sordellii

43
Q

gas gangrene mainly affects what species

A

ruminants and horses

44
Q

what is the treatment for gas gangrene

A

surgical debridement and antibiotics

45
Q

what is the structure of C. tetani

A

tennis racket (rod-terminal spores)

46
Q

where is C. tetani found and in what species specifically (what is most susceptible)

A

intestine and manure; especially horses

47
Q

what species can develop tetanus

A

ALL

48
Q

what is the pathogenesis of C. tetani

A

toxin produced at infection site (ex. deep wound) -> travels up axons to CNS -> goes to inhibitory neuron -> inhibits GABA/glycine release -> spastic paralysis

49
Q

how do we treat tetanus

A

dark, quiet environment, mm relaxants, respirator

prevent with vaccination, toxoid

50
Q

what produces the most potent toxin known

A

C. botulinum

51
Q

how does botulism typically happen

A

ingestion of the preformed toxin from the environment

52
Q

what is the pathogenesis of botulism

A

the toxin is usually ingested -> impacts cholinergic presynaptic cells -> inhibits ACh release

53
Q

how do we diagnose butulism

A

toxin test in mice , PCR

POD (28 decks)

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