4.3 Household Toxicants Flashcards
what are common food toxicants
chocolate/caffine, ethanol, grapes, hopps, macadamia nuts, onions, play dough, bread dough, xylitol
list some common examples of toxicants in the following classes:
1) OTC drugs
2) prescription drugs
3) recreational drugs
4) miscellaneous
1) OTC drugs: acetaminophen, NSAIDs (ibuprofen)
2) prescription drugs: apomorphine, baytril, ivermectin, metronidazole, opioids
3) recreational drugs: marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine
4) miscellaneous: ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
what is the name for the toxins produced by coffee and chocolate
methylxanthines
what is the MOA of methylxanthines (chocolate and caffeine)
Note, there is 2
increased intracellular calcium
- phosphorylates proteins in Ca transport
release of catecholamines
peak caffeine absorption occurs in ____ and peak chocolate absorption occurs in ____
< 1h; 10h
how is chocolate and caffeine metabolized and excreted
metabolized in liver; excreted in enterohepatic circulation; minor reabsorption in kidney
what are some clinical signs of chocolate and caffeine toxicity (methylxanthines)
vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, arrhythmia, heart failure, excitability, tremors, ataxia, seizures, rep. failure
what is the name of the toxicant produced by chocolate
theobromine
methylxanthines can be divided into (2)
chocolate (theobromine) and caffine
how do we treat methylxanthine (theobromine, caffeine) toxiciy
- supportive care (treat seizures and arrhythmias)
- decontamination (emesis, lavage)
onions, leeks, garlic and chives belong to what species
allium spp.
what is the MOA of allium spp. toxicity (6)
oxidative damage:
- Hb oxidation
- Heinz bodies
- eccentrocytes
- RBC fragility causing hemolysis
- Na/K pump damage causing hemolysis
- methemoglobinemia causing hypoxia
is garlic or onion more toxic
garlic
would you expect to see a regenerative or non-regenerative anemia in a patient with onion/garlic toxicosis
regenerative, due to hemolysis
what are the clinical signs of allium spp. toxicosis
- anemia
- depression
- pale mm
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- pigmenturia (due to hemolysis)
- vomiting
- diarrhea
what can onion be used to treat in cats
primary erythrocytosis (a myeloproliferative neoplasm)
T/F grape and raisin toxicity is not always dose-dependent
T
what is the MOA of grape and raisin toxicity
exact MOA unknown but tartaric acid suspected
causes ARF: acute tubular necrosis, renal failure, death
what are the clinical signs of grape/raisin toxicity and what is consistent
vomiting (consistent), diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy
how is grape/raisin toxicity diagnosed
chemistry: azotemia, elevated K/P/Ca
urinalysis: casts/sediments, isothenuria, proteinuria, glycosuria
how do we treat grape/raisin toxicity
- perfuse kidneys (IV fluids and diuretic)
- minimize absorption (emesis, charcoal)
what is the MOA of macadamia nut toxicity
unknown
what are the clinical signs of macadamia nut toxicity (5)
vomiting, depression, ataxia, hyperthermia, tremors
dogs typically recover from macadamia nut toxicity after how long
1-2 days
what are some potential sources of xylitol
low levels in fruits and veggies; gum, candy, toothpaste, nutritional supplements
what is the MOA of xylitol
hypoglycemia and liver necrosis
ATP depletion and oxidative damage from ROS
what are some signs of xylitol toxicity
vomiting, weakness, collapse, ataxia, tremors, seizures, elevated liver parameters, prolonged coagulation
what is one of the top calls to pet poison control centres
ibuprofen (NSAID) overdose
what are some clinical signs of NSAID toxicity
vomiting, diarrhea, inappetence, hematemesis, hematochezia, GI ulceration, perforation, peritonitis, anorexia, oliguria/anuria, uremic breath, decreased mentation, seizures, respiratory depression
how do we treat NSAID toxicity
fluids, reduce absorption, surgery for GI perforations, transfusion for blood loss, omeprazole/misoprostol
what is the MOA of marijuana toxicity
THC is a CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist:
CB1: psychoactive
CB2: immune system -> anti-inflammatory
where does THC go once it is absorbed
distributed to fat, brain and liver, before being eliminated in the bile (90%) and urine (10%) as well as undergoing enterohepatic circulation
what are some signs of THC toxicity
mydriasis, vomiting, weakness, ataxia, depression, coma, urinary incontinence
T/F a human on-site test is effective for diagnosing marijuana toxicity in pets
F; unreliable in animals
how do we diagnose marijuana toxicity
GC-MS
what is the MOA of methamphetamine toxicity
release catecholamines; inhibit monoamine oxidase; may impact dopamine and serotonin receptors
how is methamphetamine metabolized and excreted
metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
T/F methamphetamine is commonly combined with other substances, such as caffeine and phenylpropanolamine
T
what are the clinical signs of methamphetamine toxicosis
tachycardia, hyperactivity, tremors, seizures, myoglobinuric nephrosis, hyperthermia
how do we diagnose methamphetamine toxicosis
chromatography, history, clinical signs
how do we treat methamphetamine toxicosis
supportive care, manage neurologic signs, prevent further absorption, cool body temperature
how is cocaine metabolized and excreted
metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
T/F cocaine can cross the BBB
T
T/F cocaine is commonly contaminated with caffeine, lidocaine and amphetamines
T
what are the clinical signs of cocaine toxicity
hyperactivity, seizures, hyperthermia, tremors, mydriasis, vomiting, tachycardia
_______________ is a test we can use to evaluate toxicity of what 4 recreational drugs
QuickScreen; phencyclidine, AMP, THCA, cocaine metabolite
