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POD > 5.2 Gram Positive Aerobic Rods 1 > Flashcards

5.2 Gram Positive Aerobic Rods 1 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the physical appearance and susceptibility of gram positive aerobic rods

A

have a thick cell wall; sensitive to penicillin G

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2
Q

what is the habitat for bacillus

A

humans, animals, soil

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2
Q

gram-positive aerobic rods are important agents of (3)

A

zoonoses, septicemia and bacteremia

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2
Q

what is the habitat for listeria

A

throat and urogenital tract

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3
Q

what is the habitat for actinomyces

A

mouth flora

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4
Q

a cow presents with sudden death and bleeding from orifices… you suddenly suspect

A

B. anthracis

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5
Q

if you suspect B. anthracis, what are two important tests to perform and what do you never want to perform

A

1) Gram stain
2) Giemsa stain

Never perform a post-mortem (do not want to open the carcass)

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6
Q

how does B. anthracis appear after Gram and Giemsa staining

A

purple (G+) with a pink capsule; rod

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7
Q

where is B. anthracis commonly found

A

skin and soil

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8
Q

does B. anthracis form spores

A

Y; important virulence factor as it allows it to survive for decades in soil

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9
Q

T/F B. anthracis is zoonotic and reportable

A

T

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10
Q

B. anthracis spores are incredibly resistant because they are ___________

A

antiphagocytic

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11
Q

___ and ___ are two toxins created by B. anthracis that require ____ to be released

A

EF (edema factor); LF (lethal factor); PA (protective antigen)

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12
Q

what is EF and who produces it

A

edema factor; produced by B. anthracis; it is involved in the perinuclear endosomal membrane

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13
Q

what is LF and who produces it

A

lethal factor; B. anthracis; involved in apoptosis

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14
Q

what is PA and what does it do? who creates it?

A

protective antigen; creates a pore for transportation of EF and LF; B. anthracis

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15
Q

why is B. anthracis good at causing septicemia

A

really rapid proliferation; also causes a cytokine storm from macrophages

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16
Q

T/F B. anthracis infection is worst in birds

A

F; does not affect brids

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17
Q

how should you dispose of an animal that was infected with B. anthracis

A

incineration and use of formaldehyde

18
Q

what 3 forms can anthrax take in humans

A

1) cutaneous
2) oral (and thus GI)
3) aerogenous (pulmonary)

19
Q

what antibiotics are Bacillus spp. sensitive to

A

Penicillin G; aminopenicillins; macrolides

20
Q

describe the nature of the anthrax vaccine… is it effective or not… why?

A

very effective since we can target the EF and LF toxins and since the bacteria is largely extracellular

21
Q

T/F Listeria is zoonotic and reportable

A

F; zoonotic but not reportable

22
Q

what is a feature of L. monocytogenes that is also similar to a gram positive aerobic cocci (and which one?)

A

hemolytic; like Streptococcus

23
Q

what are features of L. monocytogenes survival (think about characteristics of it’s environment)

A

tolerates low pH and low temperature

24
Q

what is psychrophilic

A

can grow in refrigerators

25
Q

how can L. monocytogenes spread

A

feces, milk of ruminants with latent infection, contaminated food, contaminated silage

26
Q

what is a unique feature about the way that L. monocytogenes can spread in the body

A

escapes the phagolysosome and spreads directly from cell to cell, allowing it to escape the immune response

27
Q

what 3 antibiotics can we use to treat L. monocytogenes

A

penicillin, ampicillin, tetracyclines

28
Q

how can we prevent listeriosis

A

quality check silage, vaccinate

29
Q

what is THE opportunist pathogen of cattle

A

Trueperella pyogenes

30
Q

what is unique about the morphology and the ideal environment of Trueperella pyogenes

A

pleiomorphic (rods and cocci form); facultative anaerobe

31
Q

what animals can become infected with T. pyogenes

A

ruminants, pigs

32
Q

what is characteristic of T. pyogenes (what do the infections look like)

A

purulent and mixed with anaerobic organisms

33
Q

what makes T. pyogenes and its friends really great at infecting an animal

A

quorum sensing (cross-talk) and synergy between toxins; they work together to fuck shit up

34
Q

what is the characteristic appearance of Actinomyces spp.

A

branching and filamentous; microcolonies surrounded by calcified macrophages (sulphur granules)

35
Q

what disease in cattle is caused by actinomyces and what is it associated with (2)

A

lumpy jaw disease; trauma and teething

36
Q

why is treatment of Actinomyces infection problematic and difficult

A

chronic and walled-off

37
Q

describe the sequence of steps you would go through when you identify a gram positive cocci to how you would rule in/out S. aureus

A

after gram test shows G+ -> catalase test -> if positive, Staphylococcus; if negative, Streptococcus or Enterococcus -> if positive, then do coagulase test -> if positive, S. aureus; if negative; S. pseudointermedius or S. hyicus

38
Q

when would you decide to perform MALDI-TOF

A

when you want to further characterise a bacteria -> species -> subspecies -> specific isolate/strain

39
Q

what is the mass range for MALDI-TOF

A

2000-20,000 Da

40
Q

what are 5 types of proteins you can identify using MALDI-TOF

A

1) ribosomal proteins
2) DNA binding proteins
3) heat shock proteins
4) cell division proteins
5) primary cell metabolism proteins

41
Q

what are the 3 parts to MALDI-TOF

A

1) laser desorption ionization
2) mass spectrometry
3) comparison to reference database

42
Q

what are some advantages of MALDI-TOF

A
  • high throughput
  • low exposure risk
  • automated
  • cost-effective
  • rapid
  • small footprint
  • single colony/simple to prep the sample
43
Q

what are some disadvantages of MALDI-TOF

A
  • initial investment
  • regulatory issues
  • no susceptibility testing
  • difficult with polymicrobial samples
  • database entries
44
Q

if a neonate does not receive colostrum, what type of bacterial infections might develop and why

A

extracellular infections; low antibodies means low humoral immunity, which is needed to fight extracellular infections

POD (25 decks)

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