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POD > 5.1 Gram Positive Aerobic Cocci > Flashcards

5.1 Gram Positive Aerobic Cocci Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of gram positive aerobic cocci

A

staphylococcus, streptococcus, enterococcus

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2
Q

how is catalase a virulence factor for some gram positive aerobic cocci

A

prevents oxidative damage by converting hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

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3
Q

For the 3 gram positive aerobic cocci, what are the results of the catalase test:

A

Staphylococcus: positive
Streptococcus: negative
Enterococcus: negative

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4
Q

T/F most staphylococcus species are pathogenic

A

F: mostly non-pathogenic

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5
Q

where is staphylococcus present

A

commensal of skin and exposed mm.; also an opportunist

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6
Q

what types of infections does staphylococcus spp. cause

A

purulent and necrosis

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7
Q

does staphylococcus survive well or poorly in the environment

A

well

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8
Q

what are the 3 staphylococcus species of interest (pathogenic)

A

S. aureus; S. pseudointermedius (SIG); S. hyicus

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9
Q

name a disease caused by the following and ID what species:
S. aureus
S. pseudointermedius
S. hyicus

A

S. aureus: mastitis (cows), bumblefoot (chickens)

S. pseudointermedius: pyoderma, UTI (dogs and cats)

S. hyicus: exudative epidermatitis (greasy pig disease - pigs)

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10
Q

what is the characteristic appearance of S. aureus infection and what is a very common infection

A

pus, necrosis; UTIs

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11
Q

Is S. aureus zoonotic

A

Y

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12
Q

S. aureus is responsible for what important condition in humans

A

toxic shock syndrome

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13
Q

what does MRSA stand for and what does it mean

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus; means that the bacteria is resistant to all β-lactams

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14
Q

what is the major and most common opportunistic pathogen of dogs

A

S. pseudointermedius

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15
Q

is S. pseudointermedius zoonotic

A

Y

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16
Q

name some types of diseases caused by S. pseudointermedius in dogs

A

otitis externa, pyoderma, UTIs, metritis, vaginitis

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17
Q

what does MRSP stand for and what does it mean

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudointermedius; means MULTIRESISTANT, not just to β-lactams….

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18
Q

what is the causative agent of exudative epidermitis in pigs? what age group does it commonly affect

A

Staphylococcus hyicus; young pigs

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19
Q

what do we use to differentiate the pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus

A

MALDI-TOF MS

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20
Q

how do we treat and prevent staphylococcus infections

A

prevention: good hygeine, protocols; asepsis

treatment: perform susceptibility testing to choose an antimicrobial; give antimicrobials and treat primary cause

21
Q

what is the characteristic appearance of streptococcus

A

chains of cocci

22
Q

where is streptococcus

A

commensal of mucous membranes (NOT skin)

23
Q

does streptococcus survive well or poorly in the environment

A

poorly

24
Q

what kind of infections does streptococcus cause

A

pyogenic

25
Q

what are the 5 main species of streptococcus and what species do they have specificity for

A

1) S. equi (horses)
2) S. zooepidemicus (horses)
3) S. agalactiae (cattle)
4) S. suis (pigs and humans)
5) S. canis (dogs, cats)

26
Q

what is a key virulence characteristic of streptococcus species

A

β-hemolysis: lysis of RBCs surrounding the colony

27
Q

What are the 2 types of hemolysins

A

O: inactive in presence of oxygen
S: stable in presence of oxygen

28
Q

what are M proteins and what type of gram positive aerobic cocci contains them

A

antiphagocytic surface proteins; streptococci

29
Q

what are the 3 main virulence factors of streptococcus spp.

A

1) Beta-haemolysis
2) M protein
3) teichoic acid

30
Q

what are three characteristics of streptococcus infection

A

1) pus producing
2) spread locally
3) septicemia in immunocompromised

31
Q

what pathogen causes strangles outbreaks in horses and what is the characteristic appearance

A

Streptococcus equi; abscesses in lymph nodes of head and neck

32
Q

how do you treat strangles outbreaks caused by S. equi

A
  • identify guttural pouch carriers and infected horses
  • isolation, quarantine, cleaning, disinfection
  • treat early with penicillin
  • give vaccine
33
Q

what is “the” cause of opportunistic purulent infections in horses

A

S. zooepidemicus

34
Q

what can happen to a foal infected with S. zooepidemicus if no colostrum was given

A

septicemia (think back to the point that it usually causes local spread but causes sepsis if no antibodies are present)

35
Q

what does S. canis cause in dogs and cats? what are 2 major conditions caused by S. canis that also can occur in people (from a different pathogen)

A

opportunistic purulent infections: UTIs, wound infections, otitis externa, mastitis,

necrotizing fasciitis, toxic shock

36
Q

what is the primary pathogen of the udder of cattle and what does it cause

A

Streptococcus agalactiae; contagious mastitis and subclinical mastitis

37
Q

a cow presents with abnormal udders. looking from behind, one quarter is large and one is small. you suspect that ___________, a major subclinical mastitis agent of cows, is present in what quarter

A

Streptococcus agalactiae; the smaller quarter (it causes fibrosis and atrophy)

38
Q

where is streptococcus suis found and what type of pathogen is it

A

in the tonsils; primary pathogen

39
Q

what age group is most affected by S. suis

A

weaner pigs

40
Q

are carriers a problem with S. suis control?

A

yes - hard to detect

41
Q

polyserositis, fibrinohaemorrhagic pneumonia, arthritis and endocarditis in weaner pigs is commonly caused by

A

S. suis

42
Q

T/F antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be done if you identify streptococcus species but not staphylococcus species

A

F; other way around; staphylococcus spp. commonly resistant

43
Q

what is a concern when you want to send a sample of streptococcus to a lab and why

A

transport media needed; they dont like to dry; they normally live in mucosa of animals

44
Q

what is a good antimicrobial to choose when you identify an infection caused by streptococcus in an animal

A

penicillin G

45
Q

what type of bacteria are enterococcus

A

facultative anaerobes, low grade opportunist

46
Q

enterococcus spp. cause diverse infections, such as:

A
  • mastitis
  • wound infections
  • UTIs
  • nosocomial infections
47
Q

what bacteria is the leading cause of nosocomial infection

A

enterococcus

48
Q

what species of enterococci is VRE

A

vancomycin resistant enterococci refers to E. faecium (NOT E. faecalis or E. ceconium)

49
Q

T/F resistance is a problem with enterococci spp.

A

T; they are part of the ESKAPE group

POD (25 decks)

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