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POD > 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 WBC > Flashcards

2.6, 2.7, 2.8 WBC Flashcards

1
Q

what cell appears largest on a slide

A

monocyte

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2
Q

what is the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio in ruminants

A

1:1

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3
Q

how long does it take neutrophils to develop in the bone marrow

A

5-7 days

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4
Q

what is the process of neutropoiesis from stem cells

A

stem cell -> myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> band neutrophil -> neutrophil

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5
Q

what are the two compartments of neutrophils in the blood

A

circulating neutrophil pool (CNP) and marginating neutrophil pool (MNP)

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6
Q

what is the clinical significance of CNP and MNP

A

when you take a blood sample you do NOT capture the MNP

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7
Q

what is the ratio of MNP:CNP in most species

A

1:1

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8
Q

what is the ratio of MNP:CNP in cats

A

3:1

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9
Q

what is the half-life of neutrophils in blood

A

12-24h

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10
Q

what is neutrophilia

A

increase in circulating mature, segmented neutrophils

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11
Q

what are the five mechanisms of neutrophilia

A

1) physiologic response
2) stress leukogram
3) acute inflammation
4) chronic inflammation
5) necrosis/neoplasia

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12
Q

the epinephrine (physiologic) response is characterized by

A

mild neutrophilia and mild lymphocytosis

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13
Q

what is the mechanism behind the physiologic response

A

marginating neutrophils move into CNP; lymphocytes stay in circulation longer

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14
Q

the physiologic response occurs more often in

A

younger animals

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15
Q

stress leukogram is characterized by

A

mild to moderate neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinopenia

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16
Q

what is the mechanism behind a stress leukogram

A

release of bone marrow storage pool of mature neutrophils; longer circulation time; decreased margination; lymphocytes retained in lymph nodes

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17
Q

acute inflammation is characterized by

A

neutrophilia with moderate to marked left shift

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18
Q

what is the mechanism behind acute inflammation

A

depletion of segmented neutrophils and release of younger neutrophils from the bone marrow

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19
Q

chronic inflammation is characterized by

A

marked neutrophilia with variable left shift

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20
Q

what is the mechanism behind chronic inflammation

A

bone marrow has more time to upregulate neutropoiesis

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21
Q

what is tissue necrosis/neoplasia characterized by

A

mild to marked neutrophilia often with a left shift

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22
Q

what is the mechanism behind tissue necrosis/neoplasia

A

release of cytokines that increase production of neutrophils

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23
Q

dogs and cats produce a __________ of neutrophilia in response to inflammation in comparison to horses and ruminants

A

increased magnitude

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24
Q

you can equate a neutrophil count of _____ in a horse or ruminant to a neutrophil count of ______ in a dog or cat

A

30; 100

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25
Q

the degree of neutrophilia correlates with; the degree of left shift correlates with

A

the intensity of the inflammatory stimulus; acuteness

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26
Q

what is a consideration r.e. draining/open vs closed lesions

A

in open lesions will not see as high of a count

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27
Q

what are leukemoid reactions

A

very intense neutrophilia that resembles a leukemia

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28
Q

a patient is treated by ovariohysterectomy for a closed pyometra; the next day, what do you expect to happen to the neutrophil count and why?

A

expect more severe neutrophilia; the bone marrow would have undergone hyperplasia, so lots of neutrophils will be released, but now they have nowhere to go to, so they stay in the CNP and increase the count

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29
Q

what are two broad causes of neutropenia

A

decreased production of neutrophils; tissue demand of neutrophils exceeds bone marrow storage

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30
Q

what causes neutropenia due to increased tissue demand

A

acute suppurative inflammation

31
Q

what are common signs of neutropenia due to increased tissue demand

A

toxic changes and left shift

32
Q

what is a regenerative left shift

A

mature neutrophils > band cells and other immature neutrophils

33
Q

what is a non-regenerative (degenerative) left shift

A

mature neutrophils < band cells and other immature neutrophils

34
Q

most insults on the bone marrow first manifest with _________, followed by ________ or _____________

A

neutropenia; anemia; thrombocytopenia

35
Q

what can cause decreased neutrophil production

A

radiation; cytotoxic drugs; erlichia spp. infection; estrogen toxicity; viral infection; leukemia

36
Q

what are aggregates of rough ER in neutrophils

A

a toxic change called Dohle bodies

37
Q

what causes increased RNA in neutrophils

A

a toxic change called cytoplasmic basophilia

38
Q

what causes autophagocytosis in neutrophils

A

a toxic change called cytoplasmic vacuolation

39
Q

what is a consideration when assessing neutrophils for cytoplasmic vacuolation

A

EDTA can cause this feature (making it an artifact)

40
Q

what WBC can have a long tissue phase in some disease conditions

A

eosinophils

41
Q

eosinophil granules contain proteins that are particularly toxic to

A

complex parasites

42
Q

what cytokine directs eosinophil growth and differentiation in the bone marrow

A

IL-5

43
Q

how to tell mast cells from basophils

A

mast cells have a round nucleus

44
Q

what is unique about mast cells

A

develop in the bone marrow but mature in tissue

45
Q

what two WBCs have similar inflammatory mediators and similar functions

A

basophils and mast cells

46
Q

what is a clinical scenario when you might expect to see circulating mast cells

A

mast cell tumor (ex. in boxers)

47
Q

what is the largest WBC on a blood smear

A

monocytes

48
Q

what is the sequence that monocytes go through to mature? what is an important consideration

A

monoblast -> promonocyte -> monocyte; way less steps than other WBCs, so they have a short maturation time (2-3 days compared to 5-7 in other WBCs)

49
Q

what WBC has no bone marrow storage pool

A

monocytes

50
Q

corticosteroids ____________ the amount of circulating monocytes

A

increase

51
Q

lymphocytes with prominent granules are

A

T lymphocytes

52
Q

what distinguishes a reactive lymphocyte

A

bluer cytoplasm and larger

53
Q

what are 6 causes of monocytosis

A

1) corticosteroid excess
2) recovery from bone marrow suppression
3) fungal infections
4) granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation (chronic inflammation)
5) bacterial infection
6) IMHA

54
Q

name 4 causes of eosinophilia

A

1) allergies
2) parasitic infections
3) eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
4) hypereosinophilic syndrome (leukemia and paraneoplastic syndrome from lymphoma and mast cell neoplasia)

55
Q

name 2 causes of basophilia

A

1) parasitic infections
2) eosinophilic inflammation

56
Q

heartworm, fleas, habronemiasis, strongyle and mast cell tumors cause

A

basophilia

57
Q

name 5 causes of lymphocytosis

A

1) epinephrine
2) vaccines
3) chronic infection
4) BLV infection in cattle
5) lymphocytic leukemia

58
Q

what are 4 causes of lymphopenia

A

1) corticosteroids
2) acute infections (especially viral)
3) loss of lymphocyte-rich fluid
4) immunodeficiency

59
Q

what is the MAIN cause of lymphopenia

A

corticosteroids

60
Q

what is the difference in cell types for acute vs chronic leukemia

A

acute: blast cells
chronic: usually mature cells

61
Q

what does the BM look like in acute vs chronic leukemia

A

acute: hyper or hypo cellular
chronic: hypercellular

62
Q

what is the maturation like in acute vs chronic leukemia

A

acute: minimal
chronic: maturation present

63
Q

when do you see organomegaly in leukemia

A

chronic leukemia

64
Q

when do you see dysplasia in leukemia

A

acute leukemia

65
Q

when do you see cytopenias in leukemia

A

acute leukemia

66
Q

do diagnose leukemia, what is typically needed

A

blood smear and bone marrow analysis

67
Q

why do we see anemia, neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia in patients with leukemia

A

myelophthisis (crowding out) normal cells in bone marrow

68
Q

lymphoproliferative leukemias are that of which cell types

A

T or B cells

69
Q

myeloproliferative leukemias are that of which cell types

A

granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, erythrocytes

70
Q

why do we see cytopenias in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome

A

genetic mutations lead to accelerated proliferation -> improper maturation -> apoptosis -> cytopenias -> further accelerating proliferation (and the cycle continues)

71
Q

up to half of dogs with lymphoma also have what

A

lymphoma-associated leukemia

72
Q

what is characteristic of lymphoma-associated leukemia

A

patchy infiltration of bone marrow

73
Q

why might a dog with lymphoma have a non-regenerative anemia

A

anemia of chronic disease

POD (18 decks)

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