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POD > 4.6 Toxic Plants > Flashcards

4.6 Toxic Plants Flashcards

1
Q

why are plants toxic (3)

A

1) protect against herbivory
2) reduce palatability
3) toxic effects -> revenge!

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2
Q

compounds derived from what plant are used to treat heart disease

A

foxglove: cardenolides (digoxin, digitoxin)

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3
Q

compounds derived from what plant are used to treat transmissible venereal tumors (TVT)

A

Madagascar or rosy periwinkle: vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine)

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4
Q

the yew plant is unique in that some components are helpful in treating neoplasia whereas other components produce a toxic effect similar to a heart attack

what components of the plant are beneficial?

what components are toxic?

A

beneficial (antineoplastic): fruit
toxic: wood, bark, leaves, seeds

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5
Q

both yew and periwinkle are antineoplastic, how are they different

A

periwinkle: destabilizes microtubules (prevents assembly)
yew: stabilizes microtubules (prevents disassembly)

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6
Q

sudden death occurs in plants containing (3)

A

1) cyanogenic glycosides
2) toxic alkaloids
3) nitrates

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7
Q

what are some sources of cyanogenic glycosides (4)

A
  • sorghum
  • flax
  • sudan grass
  • leaves of wild cherries (chokecherry, pincherry, blackcherry, service berry)
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8
Q

what are two examples of cyanogenic glycosides

A

prunasin, amygdalin

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9
Q

MOA of cyanogenic glycosides

A

cyanide poisoning: binds to cytochrome C oxidase and inhibits the electron transport chain -> decreased ATP production -> cell death

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10
Q

signs of cyanogenic glycoside poisnoning

A

distress, weakness, labored breathing, collapse, convulsions, acute death

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11
Q

how can we diagnose cyanogenic glycoside poisoning

A

cherry red venous blood, plant material in GI

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12
Q

why does cyanogenic glycoside poisoning cause the venous blood to be cherry red

A

it blocks the electron transport chain -> oxygen is not consumed -> oxygen accumulates in blood

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13
Q

cassava is an example of a plant that contains what type of cyanogenic glycoside

A

linamarin

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14
Q

how do we treat cyanogenic glycoside poisoning

A

administer sodium nitrite -> forms met-Hb -> binds HCN -> removes HCN from cytochrome C oxidase -> forms cyanmethemoglobin

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15
Q

what are 3 plants that produce toxic alkaloids

A

water hemlock (poison parsnip), monkshood, larkspur

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16
Q

what is one of the most toxic native plants in north america

A

water hemlock (poison parsnip)

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17
Q

what toxin does water hemlock produce

A

cicutoxin (a neurotoxic alkaloid)

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18
Q

what are 4 types of cardiotoxins

A

1) taxine alkaloids
2) cardiac glycosides
3) grayanotoxins
4) persin

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19
Q

what is an example of a plant that contains taxine alkaloids

A

Japanese yew

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20
Q

MOA of taxine alkaloids

A

depress cardiac conduction by inhibiting Na and Ca channels

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21
Q

signs of taxine alkaloid ingestion

A

trembling, dyspnea, bradycardia, diarrhea, cardiac failure, sudden death

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22
Q

what toxin do cardiac glycosides produce

A

cardenolides

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23
Q

what is the MOA of cardiac glycosides (cardenolides)

A

inhibit membrane Na/K pumps -> increased intracellular Ca -> myocardial contraction

also interferes with cardiac conduction

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24
Q

plants can be toxic to the digestive system and cause what 3 signs

A

excessive salivation (trauma and irritation), vomiting (lactones), diarrhea (lectins, glycoalkaloids)

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25
Q

what is an example of a plant that causes oral irritation (excessive salivation) -> give some specific examples of this family

A

dieffenbachia (pothos, dumbcane, arrowhead vine)

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26
Q

how does dieffenbachia cause oral irritation and excessive salivation

A

formation of calcium oxalate crystals

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27
Q

what is an example of a plant that causes digestive signs via diarrhea by producing lectins -> what are its toxins

A

castor bean (ricin, ricinin)

28
Q

how do lectins (ex. castor bean) cause diarrhea (MOA)

A

ricin and ricinin (the toxins produced by castor beans) inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis

29
Q

what are signs of castor bean (lectins - ricin and ricinin) poisnoning

A

hypovolemic shock, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic diarrhea

30
Q

what are examples of plants that cause primary photosensitization through contact?

A

poison ivy, giant hogweed

31
Q

what are examples of plants that cause primary photosensitization through ingestion

A

St. Johns Wort, buckwheat

32
Q

secondary photosensitization of plants that cause direct irritation impacts function of what organ

A

liver

33
Q

what lesions does St. John’s wort create

A

erythema -> ulcers of lightly pigmented areas

34
Q

what are examples of plant compounds that impact the liver (4)

A

1) pyrrolizidine alkaloids (ragwort)
2) unknown hepatotoxins (alsike clover)
3) microcystins (blue green algae/cyanobacteria)
4) amatoxins (mushrooms)

35
Q

what is the toxin produced by ragwort and what species are susceptible

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloids; cows and horses

36
Q

what part of ragwort contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids

A

above ground parts

37
Q

what are the MAIN clinical signs produced by ragwort in the following cases:
- acute
- chronic

A

acute: tachycardia, death
chronic: photosensitization -> hepatic injury

38
Q

what are the 4 characteristic lesions in the liver of a cow or horse that ingested ragwort

A

1) chronic liver disease
2) bile duct proliferation
3) portal fibrosis
4) megalocytosis

39
Q

give an example of a plant that does the following:
1) myelosuppression
2) hemolysis
3) clotting abnormalities

A

1) bracken fern
2) red maple
3) moldy sweet clover

40
Q

what parts of bracken fern are toxic? is the plant palatable? how does it become injested?

A

all parts; not palatable; ends up in hay during harvesting

41
Q

what is the main sign of bracken fern toxicosis in horses and in cows and what is the main toxin/reason

A

horses: bracken staggers (incoordination) - thiaminase (causes thiamine or vitamin B1 deficiency)
cows: hematuria - ptaquiloside

42
Q

what are the signs of bracken fern toxicosis in horses

A

weight loss, depression, weakness, incoordination, wide stance, twitching, arrhythmias, recumbency, convulsions, death

43
Q

what are the signs of bracken fern toxicosis in cows

A

hematuria, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, fever, anorexia, hemorrhage, melena

44
Q

what lesions does bracken fern cause in horses (2)

A

epicardial and pericardial hemorrhage

45
Q

what lesions does bracken fern cause in cows

A

hemorrhage, aplastic BM, abomasal ulcers, papillomas, carcinomas, hemangiomas, hyperplasia, inflammation, bladder lesions

46
Q

the toxin produced by red maple is _________ and its metabolite is _________

A

gallic acid; pyrogallol

47
Q

what species are susceptible to red maple toxicosis

A

horses

48
Q

what are signs of red maple toxicosis

A

cyanosis, icterus, depression, anemia, hemoglobinuria

49
Q

what does red maple cause (MOA)

A

hemolysis

50
Q

what lesions are produced by red maple

A

acute hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinuria, Heinz body formation, icterus, periacinar hepatic necrosis, hemoglobinuric nephrosis

51
Q

what are 5 examples of plants containing neurotoxins

A

1) locoweed
2) crown vetch
3) white snakeroot
4) yellow star thistle
5) russian knapweed

52
Q

what is the neurotoxin produced by russian knapweed called and what species does it impact

A

repin; horses

53
Q

what are signs of russian knapweed toxication

A

constant chewing, hypertonicity of facial muscles, paralysis of lips and tongue, hyperemia, depression

54
Q

MOA of repin from russian knapweed

A

glutathione depletion -> increased ROS -> oxidative damage -> neuron necrosis

inhibits dopamine release -> Parkinson’s like signs

55
Q

what areas of the brain are most susceptible to repin and what is the consequence

A

areas of dopamine metabolism -> inhibition of dopamine release -> Parkinson’s like signs

56
Q

what specific areas of the brain are affected by repin (russian knapweed)

A

substantia nigra, globus pallidus (bilaterally affected)

57
Q

what are two examples of nephrotoxins and a plant that contains them

A

1) oxalates (red-root pigweed, rhubarb)
2) tannins (oak)

58
Q

T/F the toxin of lily is unknown

A

T

59
Q

what species are susceptible to lily neprhotoxicosis

A

cats

60
Q

what are signs of lily toxicosis

A

depression, vomiting, renal failure

61
Q

what does lily do to the kidneys

A

tubular necrosis

62
Q

what are examples of plants that affect the musculoskeletal system in the following ways:
1) calcinosis (vitamin D analogues)
2) cardiac mm degeneration
3) laminitis
4) selenosis

A

1) calcinosis: day blooming jessamine
2) cardiac mm degeneration: cottonseed
3) laminitis: black walnut
4) selenosis: milk vetch

63
Q

what are examples of teratogenic plants (impact reproduction) (4)

A

1) false hellebore
2) milk vetches
3) locoweeds
4) lupines

64
Q

what species are susceptible to false hellbore

A

sheep only

65
Q

what signs does false hellebore cause in the mother sheep

A

salivation with frothing, irregular gait, coma, convulsions, fast and irregular heartbeat, short and shallow breathing, vomiting

66
Q

what does false hellebore do to the fetus at the following stages:
Day 14 gestation:
Day 28-31 gestation:

A

Day 14: cyclopia, anopthalmia, cleft palate, shortened maxilla

Day 28-31: arthrogryposis, shortened long bones

POD (18 decks)

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