4.4 Bacteriophages Flashcards

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1
Q

What are bacteriophages typically known as?

A

phages

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2
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

viruses that use bacteria as their hosts

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3
Q

What is transduction?

A

the genetic recombination of material in bacteria via phages

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4
Q

What is the most common bacteriophage?

A

bacteriophage T4

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5
Q

What does bacteriophage 4 use as its host?

A

E coli

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6
Q

What is the shape of the head of T4?

A

icosahedral head

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7
Q

Where is the DNA of T4 located and how many genes does it code for?

A

icosahedral head
150 genes

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8
Q

What does the tail structure of the T4 contain?

A

tube sheath that contains an inner spike and a base plate that contains several tail fibers

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9
Q

What helps the T4 virus bind to the bacteria cells surface?

A

base plate containing recognition signals

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10
Q

What happens once the T4 has bound itself to the host cell?

A

contraction of the outer sheath initiates the DNA in the head to be pushed through the cell membrane

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11
Q

What happens once the T4 DNA has entered the host cell?

A

host cell DNA is degraded and virus hijacks the cellular machinery to synthesize new viruses and assemble virions

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12
Q

How is the phage released from the host cell?

A

the host cell is lysed

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13
Q

What are virulent phages?

A

viruses that always lyse their bacterial hosts

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14
Q

What is a prophage?

A

virus that integrates its DNA into the bacterial chromosome

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15
Q

When are prophage viruses replicated within the bacterial cell?

A

when a stimulating event occurs; chemical or environmental stimuli

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16
Q

What are temperate phages?

A

viruses that are capable of either lysis or acting as a prophage

17
Q

What determines how a temperate phage will act?

A

extra or intracellular conditions

18
Q

How much bacteria in the ocean are destroyed by phages?

A

almost 40%

19
Q

Why are humans, plants, and animals relatively safe from phages?

A

they grow and replicate by commandeering bacterial chromosomes