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Question 1

What can cause an AKI?

Answer 1

Pre-renal
- dehydration
- renal artery stenosis
- heart failure
- hypovoloemia

Renal
- acute tubular necrosis (can be caused by sepsis)
- glomerulonephritits

Post-renal
- kidney stone
- tumour
- benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

Question 2

What symptoms are associated with multiple myeloma?

Answer 2

CRAB

Calcium up (bones, stones, abdomen groans, pysch moans and thrones (thirst and polydipsia))

Renal disease

Anaemia (normocytic)

Bone lesions (lytic bone disease)

Question 3

Arterial vs venous ulceration

Answer 3

Arterial
- painful
- on feet (heels/toes)
- improved by lowering
- “punched out” border
- cold white/bluish shiny feet

Venous
- often on medial/lateral malleolus
- not painful
- improved by raising leg
- surrounded by mottled brown/black staining
- dry/itchy skin

Question 4

What is osteoporosis?

How is it managed?

What is the side effect of the management?

Answer 4

Reduced bone density and increased pores -> increased fragility and fracture with little trauma

Vitamin D + Calcium + alendroic acid

Jaw necrosis and reflux oesphageal erosions