22/1 Flashcards
How is hyperkalaemia and hypercalceamia managed?
Hyperkalemia
- fluids
- calcium gluconate
- insulin + dextrose
Hypercalcemia
- fluids
- bispohsophonate
(+ check PTH)
What is important to check when managing hypokalaemia?
Telemetry - can cause cardiac problems
Mg - K+ won’t rise unless Mg+ is okay
What is the association between menopause and breast cancer?
Later menopause = increased risk
What is the name of the purplish coloured tumour associated with AIDS?
What is it caused by?
Kaposi sarcoma - human herpes virus 8
What type of HPV is associated with genital warts?
6 and 11
What is the lab side effect reported with metformin?
Lactic acidosis
Lichen Planus vs lichen sclerosus
How are they both managed?
What are their locations
Lichen Planus = Ps
Planus
Puritic
Purple
Polygonal
Papular
Follows Koebner’s phenonum and T-cell mediated autoimmune
Planus can be found widespread including inside mouth and vulva
Sclerosus - unknown aetiology
Itchy and painful white plaques that appear mostly anogenital area and more in women than men
Both are managed with topical steroids - sometimes systemic in planus if widespread enough
Avoidance of soap in sclerosus
How do you identify the difference between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronsim?
Renin is a precursor for aldosterone
from the kidneys
Renin low: aldosterone high = primary (adrenal cause)
Renin high: aldosterone high = secondary (renal artery stenosis - reduced renal blood flow -> increased renin)
How are each of the following adrenal conditions managed:
- Cushing’s
- primary hyperaldosterone
- phaemochyromatoma
- adrenal insufficiency aka Addison’s
Cushing’s - remove/manage the pituitary/adrenal tumour
- metyrapone
Hyperaldosteronism
- spirolocatone
Phaeochromocytoma (alpha then beta)
- phenoxybenzamine
- propranolol
Addison’s
- hydrocortisone 2-3 daily
Describe symptoms of adrenal crisis and how it is managed?
Drowsiness with increased HR and reduced BP
Low glucose
Low Na+, high K+ (low aldosterone)
100mg hydrocortisone IV
