19/6 Flashcards
Match the following murmurs to the cause:
- pan-systolic
- early diastolic
- ejection systolic
- mid-late diastolic
Pan = MR and TR
Early = AR
Ejection = AS
Mid-late = MS
Can aortic dissection present with normal BP?
Yes
Can also present with neurological sx
How is a pancreatic pseudocyst managed?
Conservatively - only managed WITH endoscopic/aspiration if infection/mass effect on abdominal organs
Mechanical valve targets. aortic vs mitral
Aortic = 3
Mitral = 3.5
A = average
M = more
Mitral has a higher likelihood of clotting due to slower flow of blood than aortic
If axillary USS is negative what should be done in breast cancer?
Do sentinel node biopsy to assess nodal involvement
How can you reduce the incidence of each of the following types of renal stones:
- calcium
- urate
- oxalate
Calcium = thiazide diuretics
Urate = allopurinol and bicarbonate
Oxalate = Cholestyramine and pyridoxine
What stones are radio-lucent?
Those at the back of the alphabet
Urate
Xanthine
Cystine = semi-opaque = need to remember that
eGFR variables?
CAGE
Creatine
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
What predisposes pts to venous thromboembolism in nephrotic syndrome?
Loss of antithrombin III
What are the maintaince fluid allowance?
How much potassium does someone need?
25-30ml/kg/day
1mmol/kg/day
(a little bit of a bit younger and older than frood keeps you alive)
Hypercalceamia causes what?
Bones, stones, groans, psychiatric moans FOR A SHORT CUTIE (short QT interval)
Review CKD management
Conservative
- Control BP with ACEi
- Reduce PO4 -> diet, phosphate binders and activated vitamin D
- fluid and Na+ restrict to reduce overload
- weight loss
- stop smoking
Medical
- ACEi
- Phosphate binders +/- activated vit D
- statin
- ?anti-platelet
What does PTH do?
What PTH levels can be expected in primary/secondary/tertiary?
Increases Ca+
Reduces PO4 (by urinary excretion - which can fuck up when kidneys are fucked)
Increases activation of Vitamin D
Primary = normal/high with high Ca+
Secondary = as a result of low Ca (due to poor kidneys = low vit D activation), high PTH
Tertiary (hyperplasia - often seen in unmanaged CKD) = high PTH and high Ca+
Pneumonia, encephalitis and subacute scelrosing panencephalitis are associated with what?
Measles
Subacute sclerosis panencepalitis = very rare and may present 5-10 years post illness
In what eGFR is metformin contraindicated?
<30
