XII: Chapter 8- Human health and diseases Flashcards
Who discovered blood circulation?
William Harvey
Which test is used for the conformation of typhoid?
Widal test
Loss of appetite is the symptom of typhoid. True or false?
True
What happens in severe cases of pneumonia?
Lips and fingernails may turn gray to bluish in colour
Which viruses cause common cold?
Rhino viruses
Which part of the respiratory system do rhino viruses affect?
Nose and respiratory passage, but not lungs
Blockage of intestinal passage is the symptom of which disease?
Ascariasis
Intestinal perforations are symptom of which disease?
Typhoid
Which disease is caused by Epidermophyton?
Fungal infection
Which disease is caused by microsporum?
Fungal infection
Which disease is caused by Trichophyton?
Fungal infection
Mucous coating of the epithelium forms which line of defence?
First line of defence (Physical barrier)
What is meant by anamnestic response?
Secondary response of the immune system to a pathogen
Humoral immune response of body means
Antibody mediated response
Which lymphocyte mediate cell mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes
Which lymphocyte mediate antibody mediated immunity?
B lymphocytes
Hepatitis B vaccine is produced from
Yeast
Which antibodies are produced during allergies?
IgE
Which drugs are used to reduce the symptoms of allergy?
Antihistamine, adrenaline, steroids
Where do lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes?
Primary lymphoid organs- bone marrow and thymus
Where do lymphocytes become effector cells?
Secondary lymphoid organs
Only thymus provides the microenvironment for development of T lymphocytes. True/false?
False.
Both thymus and bone marrow provide the microenvironment for development of T lymphocytes
The spleen mainly contains which cells?
Lymphocytes and phagocytes
Where is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue present?
Along the lining of mucous tracts
Which cells act like HIV factory of the body in case of HIV infection?
Macrophages
Which method of diagnosis uses X-rays to create 3D image of the internals of an object?
CT
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue. True/false?
False.
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue.
Why are alpha interferons administered to cancer patients?
Alpha interferons activate the immune system and helps in destroying tumor
Where are opioid receptors present in our body?
In central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract
how is heroin prepared from morphine?
Heroin is chemically diacetylmorphine and is prepared by acetylation of morphine.
Is heroin a stimulant or depressant?
Depressant
WHere are the cannabinoid receptors present in the body?
In the brain
Which system of the body do cannibinoids affect?
Cardiovascular system
Erythroxylum coca is native to
South America
How does cocaine affect body?
It interferes with the transport of neurotransmitter dopamine.
How is cocaine usually taken?
Snorted
Does cocaine have a stimulant or depressant action on body?
Stimulant
Can cocaine cause hallucination?
Yes
Do datura or Atropa belladonna have hallucinogenic properties?
Yes
Which drugs are commonly used by patients to cope up with mental illness?
Barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines
Which organ does nicotine stimulate?
Adrenal gland
Which diseases are called contagious?
Diseases which spread by direct contact
Which bacterium is an exception to Koch’s principles?
Mycobacterium leprae
What is the causative organism of bubonic plague?
Yersinia pestis
What is the incubation period of bubonic plague?
2-5 days
How is bubonic plague tested?
Wayson stain test
What is the incubation period of cholera?
2-5 days
White rice water like loose motions are the symptoms of
Cholera
Which organ does Vibrio cholerae infect?
Intestine
Is causative organism of bubonic plague motile?
No
Is causative organism of diphtheria motile?
No
What is the incubation period of diphtheria?
2-5 days
Schick test is used for
Diphtheria
What is the incubation period of leprosy?
2-5 years
What are the symptoms of leprosy?
Hypopigmented skin, loss of sensation in affected area, rashes deformity of digits
Hansen’s disease is commonly known as
Leprosy
How is leprosy diagnosed?
Lepromin test
Name the causative organism of Pertusis?
Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis is commonly known as
Whooping cough
What is the incubation period of whooping cough?
10-15 days
How is pertussis transmitted?
Aerosol
What is the incubation period of pneumonia?
1-3 days
Name the causative organism of scarlet fever.
Streptococcus pyrogens
Goose pimples are the symptoms of
Scarlet fever
How is scarlet fever transmitted?
Aerosol
Dick test is the diagnostic method for
Scarlet fever
Which toxin is released by Clostridium tetani?
Tetanospasmin
Tetanospasmin affects which part of body?
Neuromuscular junction
DPT vaccine is effective against
Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
What is the incubation period of tetanus?
4 days to 3 weeks
Koch’s disease is known as
Tuberculosis
What is the diagnostic method for tuberculosis?
Mantoux test
BCG vaccine is used for the prevention of
Tuberculosis
Is the causative agent of typhoid motile?
Yes
What is the incubation period of typhoid?
1 to 3 weeks
Which disease is also known as ‘the clap’?
Gonorrhoea
Can gonorrhoea be transmitted from mother to newborn?
Yes
Is Clostridium botulinum gram negative?
No, it is gram positive
How is anthrax transmitted?
Through spores of bacteria
Can chlamydia be transmitted from mother to newborn?
Yes
Can syphilis be transmitted through blood?
Yes
What is the treatment of syphillis?
Penicillin
Wassermann test is used to diagnose
Syphillis
Rocky mountain spotted fever is caused by
Rickettsia rickettsi
How is rocky mountain spotted fever transmitted?
Through bite of a tick
Typhus fever is caused by
Rickettsia prowazekii
Name the causative agent of small pox.
Variola virus
What is the incubation period of smallpox?
12 days
Who created the vaccine for smallpox?
Edward Jenner
Name the causative agent of chicken pox.
Varicella zoster
Rashes with dew droplet on rose petal appearance are characteristic of which disease?
Chicken pox
What is the difference between the pustules of chickenpox and smallpox?
Chicken Pox- Pustules leave no scar
SMall pox- pustules leave scars
How is chicken pox transmitted?
Aerosol, contact
Measles is caused by
Rubeola virus
How is measles transmitted?
Aerosol, contact
Koplik’s spot inside mouth is the characteristic of
Measles
Rubella/ german measles is caused by
Rubella virus
What is the difference between the symptoms of measles and German measles?
The symptoms of German measles are similar to but milder than measles
What is the incubation period of rabies?
10 days to one year
Rabies is a bacterial disease. True/ false?
False. Rabies is a viral disease
Hydrophobia is the characteristic of which disease?
Rabies
WHich is the causative agent of genital herpes?
Herpes Simplex Virus 2
Herpes simplex virus 1 causes
oral ulcers
How is herpes simplex virus 1 transmitted?
Through kissing
Which organism causes genital wartz?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
INfluenza is caused by
Orthomyxovirus
Swine flu is caused by
H1N1
Can cold be prevented with vaccine?
There is no vaccine for it.
Can influenza be prevented with vaccine?
yes
Name the causative agent of yellow fever.
Flavi-virus
WHich disease is also known as breakbone fever?
Dengue
Name the causative agent of dengue.
Flavi Ribovirus
Name the vector of dengue.
Aedes aegypti
When does the Aedes aegypti bite?
During day time
WHat are the symptoms of dengue?
Pain behind eyes, acute high fever, measles like rashes on skin, bleeding (from nose, mouth, gums and skin) in extreme cases.
How is poliomyelitis transmitted?
Feco-oral route
Where does poliovirus multiply in body?
In the intestine
What is the symptom of polio?
Paralysis of skeletal muscle
What does the injectable polio vaccine contain?
KIlled polio virus
WHat does the oral polio vaccine contain?
Live but weakened virus
Infectious parotitis is the other name for
Mumps
Name the causative agent of mumps.
Mumps virus
How is mumps transmitted?
Aerosol
What is the symptom of mumps?
Swelling of parotid salivary gland
Which types of hepatitis can be prevented by vaccine?
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis D
How is hepatitis A transmitted?
Feco-oral route
How is Hepatitis B transmitted?
sexually transmitted (body fluid)
How is hepatitis C transmitted?
Blood transfusion, sharing of infected needles
Which type of hepatitis occurs as coinfection with hepatitis B?
Hepatitis D
In which organ does pre erythrocytic stage of malaria occur?
Liver
By which process do sporozoites multiply in liver cells?
Schizogony (multiple fission)
What are the stages of plasmodium in RBC?
Cryptozoites-> signet ring -> Amoeboid schizont -> Merozoites
Merozoites differentiate into macrogametocyte and microgametocyte in the same RBC. True/False?
False. Merozoites differentiate into macrogametocyte and microgametocyte in different RBCs
What kind of fertilisation happens between macrogamete and microgamete of plasmodium in mosquito?
Anisogamous fertilisation
Ookinete of plasmodium develops a cyst wall and attaches to
Gut wall of mosquito
What is the ploidy of ookinete of plasmodium?
2n
How many hosts does Ascaris have?
Only humans (monogenetic)
Tinea pedis is known as
Athlete’s foot
Tinea capitis is the ringowrm of
Scalp
Tinea barbae is the ringworm of
Beard area
Tinea cruri is the ringworm of
Groin
How does penicillin stop bacterial growth in body?
By inhibiting cell wall synthesis
How do sulfonamides stop bacterial growth in body?
By inhibiting metabolic activity
Which type of cells does HIV attack?
Cells with CD4 receptors
THe spikes on HIV are made of
GP120
What is the transmembrane protein of HIV?
GP41
World’s AIDS day is celebrated on
1st December
The most common cancers are of which type?
Carcinoma (85% of all cancers)
Carcinoma are cancers caused due to malignant growth of
Epithelium
Malignant growth of connective tissue causes
Sarcoma
Osteoma is the
Bone sarcoma
Myomia is the
Muscle sarcoma
Adipoma is the
Adipose sarcoma
What type of cancer is breast cancer?
Carcinoma
WHat type of cancer is lung cancer?
Carcinoma
WHat type of cancer is skin cancer?
Carcinoma
Adenoma is the cancer of
Glands
When is world cancer day celebrated?
4th Feb
What type of cancer are caused by soot and coal tar?
Skin and lung cancer
What type of cancer are caused by smoke?
Lung cancer
What type of cancer are caused by mustard gas?
Lung cancer
What type of cancer are caused by cadmium oxide?
Prostate cancer
What type of cancer are caused by diethylstilbestrol (DSB)?
Vaginal
What type of cancer are caused by aflatoxin?
Liver cancer
What type of cancer are caused by vinyl chloride?
Liver cancer
Which stem cells of bone marrow produce erythrocyte and platelets?
Myelinoid stem cells
Which stem cells of bone marrow produce natural killer cells?
Lymphoid stem cells
Which is known as the training school of T-lymphocytes?
THymus
Innate immunity is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. True/false?
True
Acquired immunity is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. True/false?
False. Acquired immunity is found in vertebrates alone.
First line of defence is formed by
Physical barriers and physiological barriers
Second line of defence is formed by
Cellular barriers and cytokine barriers
Which chemicals do natural killer cells secrete to kill virus infected cells?
Perforin and granzymes
Natural killer cells are granulated. True/false?
True
What is interleukin-1?
Interleukin 1 is produced by leukocytes and it is a pyrogenic chemical.
Which cells secrete interferon-alpha?
Leukocytes
Which cells secrete interferon-beta?
Fibroblasts
Which cells secrete interferon-gamma?
Natural killer cells
Blood complimentary system is formed by
30 kinds of plasma proteins secreted by liver
What forms the third lne of defence?
Acquired immunity
WHich T-lymphocytes are known as commander of immune system?
Helper T cells
Which lymphocyte starts donor rejection reaction?
Helper T-cells
What is the part of antigen which binds with antibody called?
Epitope
What is the part of antibody which binds with antigen called?
Paratope
Which antibody is a dimer?
IgA
Which antibody is a pentamer?
IgM
Which antibodies are monomers?
IgA, IgD, IgE
Which is the first antibody formed in fetal life?
IgM
WHich is the first formed antibody during primary response?
IgM
Which is the antibody formed in secondary response?
IgG
Who is the father of active immunity?
Edward Jenner
What does MMR vaccine contain?
Attenuated pathogen
What does rabies vaccine contain?
Inactivated pathogen
What does typhoid vaccine contain?
Inactivated pathogen
What does DPT vaccine contain?
Diphtheria toxoid
What type of vaccine is human papilloma virus vaccine?
Recombinant vaccine
Isografting is done between
Two twins
Allografting is done between
Two individuals of the same species
Genes for major histocompatibility complex are present on which chromosome?
Chromosome 6
What type of mental illnesses are categorised as neurosis
In which patient is aware and ready to seek help
What type of mental illnesses are categorised as psychosis?
In which patient is unaware and not ready to seek help
Mental disability occurs due to
Injured/underdeveloped part of brain
Schizophrenia is caused due to
Excess of dopamine
Alzeihmer’s disease is caused due to
Deficiency of acetylcholine
Parkinson’s disease is caused due to
Dopamine deficiency
Epilepsy occurs due to
Recurrent seizures because of disturbance in electrical activity of brain
What are psychotropic drugs? Which drugs are classified as psychotropic?
Mood altering drugs
Tranquilizers and sedatives, opiate narcotics, coca alkaloids
What are psychedelic drugs?
Hallucinogen
What type of drug is valium?
Psychotropic, sedative
Is caffeine a stimulant or depressant?
Stimulant
Amphetamines are synthetic analogues of
Adrenaline
Codeine is used in which medicines?
Cough syrups
Which is the most potent hallucinogen?
LSD
LSD is obtained from which fungi?
Claviceps purpura
Cannabis leaves are used to make which drug?
Bhang
Dried cannabis flowers are used to make which drug?
Marijuana, ganja
