XII: Chapter 8- Human health and diseases Flashcards
1
Q
Who discovered blood circulation?
A
William Harvey
2
Q
Which test is used for the conformation of typhoid?
A
Widal test
3
Q
Loss of appetite is the symptom of typhoid. True or false?
A
True
4
Q
What happens in severe cases of pneumonia?
A
Lips and fingernails may turn gray to bluish in colour
5
Q
Which viruses cause common cold?
A
Rhino viruses
6
Q
Which part of the respiratory system do rhino viruses affect?
A
Nose and respiratory passage, but not lungs
7
Q
Blockage of intestinal passage is the symptom of which disease?
A
Ascariasis
8
Q
Intestinal perforations are symptom of which disease?
A
Typhoid
9
Q
Which disease is caused by Epidermophyton?
A
Fungal infection
10
Q
Which disease is caused by microsporum?
A
Fungal infection
11
Q
Which disease is caused by Trichophyton?
A
Fungal infection
12
Q
Mucous coating of the epithelium forms which line of defence?
A
First line of defence (Physical barrier)
13
Q
What is meant by anamnestic response?
A
Secondary response of the immune system to a pathogen
14
Q
Humoral immune response of body means
A
Antibody mediated response
15
Q
Which lymphocyte mediate cell mediated immunity?
A
T lymphocytes
16
Q
Which lymphocyte mediate antibody mediated immunity?
A
B lymphocytes
17
Q
Hepatitis B vaccine is produced from
A
Yeast
18
Q
Which antibodies are produced during allergies?
A
IgE
19
Q
Which drugs are used to reduce the symptoms of allergy?
A
Antihistamine, adrenaline, steroids
20
Q
Where do lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes?
A
Primary lymphoid organs- bone marrow and thymus
21
Q
Where do lymphocytes become effector cells?
A
Secondary lymphoid organs
22
Q
Only thymus provides the microenvironment for development of T lymphocytes. True/false?
A
False.
Both thymus and bone marrow provide the microenvironment for development of T lymphocytes
23
Q
The spleen mainly contains which cells?
A
Lymphocytes and phagocytes
24
Q
Where is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue present?
A
Along the lining of mucous tracts
25
Which cells act like HIV factory of the body in case of HIV infection?
Macrophages
26
Which method of diagnosis uses X-rays to create 3D image of the internals of an object?
CT
27
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue. True/false?
False.
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue.
28
Why are alpha interferons administered to cancer patients?
Alpha interferons activate the immune system and helps in destroying tumor
29
Where are opioid receptors present in our body?
In central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract
30
how is heroin prepared from morphine?
Heroin is chemically diacetylmorphine and is prepared by acetylation of morphine.
31
Is heroin a stimulant or depressant?
Depressant
32
WHere are the cannabinoid receptors present in the body?
In the brain
33
Which system of the body do cannibinoids affect?
Cardiovascular system
34
Erythroxylum coca is native to
South America
35
How does cocaine affect body?
It interferes with the transport of neurotransmitter dopamine.
36
How is cocaine usually taken?
Snorted
37
Does cocaine have a stimulant or depressant action on body?
Stimulant
38
Can cocaine cause hallucination?
Yes
39
Do datura or Atropa belladonna have hallucinogenic properties?
Yes
40
Which drugs are commonly used by patients to cope up with mental illness?
Barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines
41
Which organ does nicotine stimulate?
Adrenal gland
42
Which diseases are called contagious?
Diseases which spread by direct contact
43
Which bacterium is an exception to Koch's principles?
Mycobacterium leprae
44
What is the causative organism of bubonic plague?
Yersinia pestis
45
What is the incubation period of bubonic plague?
2-5 days
46
How is bubonic plague tested?
Wayson stain test
47
What is the incubation period of cholera?
2-5 days
48
White rice water like loose motions are the symptoms of
Cholera
49
Which organ does Vibrio cholerae infect?
Intestine
50
Is causative organism of bubonic plague motile?
No
51
Is causative organism of diphtheria motile?
No
52
What is the incubation period of diphtheria?
2-5 days
53
Schick test is used for
Diphtheria
54
What is the incubation period of leprosy?
2-5 years
55
What are the symptoms of leprosy?
Hypopigmented skin, loss of sensation in affected area, rashes deformity of digits
56
Hansen's disease is commonly known as
Leprosy
57
How is leprosy diagnosed?
Lepromin test
58
Name the causative organism of Pertusis?
Bordetella pertussis
59
Pertussis is commonly known as
Whooping cough
60
What is the incubation period of whooping cough?
10-15 days
61
How is pertussis transmitted?
Aerosol
62
What is the incubation period of pneumonia?
1-3 days
63
Name the causative organism of scarlet fever.
Streptococcus pyrogens
64
Goose pimples are the symptoms of
Scarlet fever
65
How is scarlet fever transmitted?
Aerosol
66
Dick test is the diagnostic method for
Scarlet fever
67
Which toxin is released by Clostridium tetani?
Tetanospasmin
68
Tetanospasmin affects which part of body?
Neuromuscular junction
69
DPT vaccine is effective against
Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
70
What is the incubation period of tetanus?
4 days to 3 weeks
71
Koch's disease is known as
Tuberculosis
72
What is the diagnostic method for tuberculosis?
Mantoux test
73
BCG vaccine is used for the prevention of
Tuberculosis
74
Is the causative agent of typhoid motile?
Yes
75
What is the incubation period of typhoid?
1 to 3 weeks
76
Which disease is also known as 'the clap'?
Gonorrhoea
77
Can gonorrhoea be transmitted from mother to newborn?
Yes
78
Is Clostridium botulinum gram negative?
No, it is gram positive
79
How is anthrax transmitted?
Through spores of bacteria
80
Can chlamydia be transmitted from mother to newborn?
Yes
81
Can syphilis be transmitted through blood?
Yes
82
What is the treatment of syphillis?
Penicillin
83
Wassermann test is used to diagnose
Syphillis
84
Rocky mountain spotted fever is caused by
Rickettsia rickettsi
85
How is rocky mountain spotted fever transmitted?
Through bite of a tick
86
Typhus fever is caused by
Rickettsia prowazekii
87
Name the causative agent of small pox.
Variola virus
88
What is the incubation period of smallpox?
12 days
89
Who created the vaccine for smallpox?
Edward Jenner
90
Name the causative agent of chicken pox.
Varicella zoster
91
Rashes with dew droplet on rose petal appearance are characteristic of which disease?
Chicken pox
92
What is the difference between the pustules of chickenpox and smallpox?
Chicken Pox- Pustules leave no scar
| SMall pox- pustules leave scars
93
How is chicken pox transmitted?
Aerosol, contact
94
Measles is caused by
Rubeola virus
95
How is measles transmitted?
Aerosol, contact
96
Koplik's spot inside mouth is the characteristic of
Measles
97
Rubella/ german measles is caused by
Rubella virus
98
What is the difference between the symptoms of measles and German measles?
The symptoms of German measles are similar to but milder than measles
99
What is the incubation period of rabies?
10 days to one year
100
Rabies is a bacterial disease. True/ false?
False. Rabies is a viral disease
101
Hydrophobia is the characteristic of which disease?
Rabies
102
WHich is the causative agent of genital herpes?
Herpes Simplex Virus 2
103
Herpes simplex virus 1 causes
oral ulcers
104
How is herpes simplex virus 1 transmitted?
Through kissing
105
Which organism causes genital wartz?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
106
INfluenza is caused by
Orthomyxovirus
107
Swine flu is caused by
H1N1
108
Can cold be prevented with vaccine?
There is no vaccine for it.
109
Can influenza be prevented with vaccine?
yes
110
Name the causative agent of yellow fever.
Flavi-virus
111
WHich disease is also known as breakbone fever?
Dengue
112
Name the causative agent of dengue.
Flavi Ribovirus
113
Name the vector of dengue.
Aedes aegypti
114
When does the Aedes aegypti bite?
During day time
115
WHat are the symptoms of dengue?
Pain behind eyes, acute high fever, measles like rashes on skin, bleeding (from nose, mouth, gums and skin) in extreme cases.
116
How is poliomyelitis transmitted?
Feco-oral route
117
Where does poliovirus multiply in body?
In the intestine
118
What is the symptom of polio?
Paralysis of skeletal muscle
119
What does the injectable polio vaccine contain?
KIlled polio virus
120
WHat does the oral polio vaccine contain?
Live but weakened virus
121
Infectious parotitis is the other name for
Mumps
122
Name the causative agent of mumps.
Mumps virus
123
How is mumps transmitted?
Aerosol
124
What is the symptom of mumps?
Swelling of parotid salivary gland
125
Which types of hepatitis can be prevented by vaccine?
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis D
126
How is hepatitis A transmitted?
Feco-oral route
127
How is Hepatitis B transmitted?
sexually transmitted (body fluid)
128
How is hepatitis C transmitted?
Blood transfusion, sharing of infected needles
129
Which type of hepatitis occurs as coinfection with hepatitis B?
Hepatitis D
130
In which organ does pre erythrocytic stage of malaria occur?
Liver
131
By which process do sporozoites multiply in liver cells?
Schizogony (multiple fission)
132
What are the stages of plasmodium in RBC?
Cryptozoites-> signet ring -> Amoeboid schizont -> Merozoites
133
Merozoites differentiate into macrogametocyte and microgametocyte in the same RBC. True/False?
False. Merozoites differentiate into macrogametocyte and microgametocyte in different RBCs
134
What kind of fertilisation happens between macrogamete and microgamete of plasmodium in mosquito?
Anisogamous fertilisation
135
Ookinete of plasmodium develops a cyst wall and attaches to
Gut wall of mosquito
136
What is the ploidy of ookinete of plasmodium?
2n
137
How many hosts does Ascaris have?
Only humans (monogenetic)
138
Tinea pedis is known as
Athlete's foot
139
Tinea capitis is the ringowrm of
Scalp
140
Tinea barbae is the ringworm of
Beard area
141
Tinea cruri is the ringworm of
Groin
142
How does penicillin stop bacterial growth in body?
By inhibiting cell wall synthesis
143
How do sulfonamides stop bacterial growth in body?
By inhibiting metabolic activity
144
Which type of cells does HIV attack?
Cells with CD4 receptors
145
THe spikes on HIV are made of
GP120
146
What is the transmembrane protein of HIV?
GP41
147
World's AIDS day is celebrated on
1st December
148
The most common cancers are of which type?
Carcinoma (85% of all cancers)
149
Carcinoma are cancers caused due to malignant growth of
Epithelium
150
Malignant growth of connective tissue causes
Sarcoma
151
Osteoma is the
Bone sarcoma
152
Myomia is the
Muscle sarcoma
153
Adipoma is the
Adipose sarcoma
154
What type of cancer is breast cancer?
Carcinoma
155
WHat type of cancer is lung cancer?
Carcinoma
156
WHat type of cancer is skin cancer?
Carcinoma
157
Adenoma is the cancer of
Glands
158
When is world cancer day celebrated?
4th Feb
159
What type of cancer are caused by soot and coal tar?
Skin and lung cancer
160
What type of cancer are caused by smoke?
Lung cancer
161
What type of cancer are caused by mustard gas?
Lung cancer
162
What type of cancer are caused by cadmium oxide?
Prostate cancer
163
What type of cancer are caused by diethylstilbestrol (DSB)?
Vaginal
164
What type of cancer are caused by aflatoxin?
Liver cancer
165
What type of cancer are caused by vinyl chloride?
Liver cancer
166
Which stem cells of bone marrow produce erythrocyte and platelets?
Myelinoid stem cells
167
Which stem cells of bone marrow produce natural killer cells?
Lymphoid stem cells
168
Which is known as the training school of T-lymphocytes?
THymus
169
Innate immunity is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. True/false?
True
170
Acquired immunity is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. True/false?
False. Acquired immunity is found in vertebrates alone.
171
First line of defence is formed by
Physical barriers and physiological barriers
172
Second line of defence is formed by
Cellular barriers and cytokine barriers
173
Which chemicals do natural killer cells secrete to kill virus infected cells?
Perforin and granzymes
174
Natural killer cells are granulated. True/false?
True
175
What is interleukin-1?
Interleukin 1 is produced by leukocytes and it is a pyrogenic chemical.
176
Which cells secrete interferon-alpha?
Leukocytes
177
Which cells secrete interferon-beta?
Fibroblasts
178
Which cells secrete interferon-gamma?
Natural killer cells
179
Blood complimentary system is formed by
30 kinds of plasma proteins secreted by liver
180
What forms the third lne of defence?
Acquired immunity
181
WHich T-lymphocytes are known as commander of immune system?
Helper T cells
182
Which lymphocyte starts donor rejection reaction?
Helper T-cells
183
What is the part of antigen which binds with antibody called?
Epitope
184
What is the part of antibody which binds with antigen called?
Paratope
185
Which antibody is a dimer?
IgA
186
Which antibody is a pentamer?
IgM
187
Which antibodies are monomers?
IgA, IgD, IgE
188
Which is the first antibody formed in fetal life?
IgM
189
WHich is the first formed antibody during primary response?
IgM
190
Which is the antibody formed in secondary response?
IgG
191
Who is the father of active immunity?
Edward Jenner
192
What does MMR vaccine contain?
Attenuated pathogen
193
What does rabies vaccine contain?
Inactivated pathogen
194
What does typhoid vaccine contain?
Inactivated pathogen
195
What does DPT vaccine contain?
Diphtheria toxoid
196
What type of vaccine is human papilloma virus vaccine?
Recombinant vaccine
197
Isografting is done between
Two twins
198
Allografting is done between
Two individuals of the same species
199
Genes for major histocompatibility complex are present on which chromosome?
Chromosome 6
200
What type of mental illnesses are categorised as neurosis
In which patient is aware and ready to seek help
201
What type of mental illnesses are categorised as psychosis?
In which patient is unaware and not ready to seek help
202
Mental disability occurs due to
Injured/underdeveloped part of brain
203
Schizophrenia is caused due to
Excess of dopamine
204
Alzeihmer's disease is caused due to
Deficiency of acetylcholine
205
Parkinson's disease is caused due to
Dopamine deficiency
206
Epilepsy occurs due to
Recurrent seizures because of disturbance in electrical activity of brain
207
What are psychotropic drugs? Which drugs are classified as psychotropic?
Mood altering drugs
| Tranquilizers and sedatives, opiate narcotics, coca alkaloids
208
What are psychedelic drugs?
Hallucinogen
209
What type of drug is valium?
Psychotropic, sedative
210
Is caffeine a stimulant or depressant?
Stimulant
211
Amphetamines are synthetic analogues of
Adrenaline
212
Codeine is used in which medicines?
Cough syrups
213
Which is the most potent hallucinogen?
LSD
214
LSD is obtained from which fungi?
Claviceps purpura
215
Cannabis leaves are used to make which drug?
Bhang
216
Dried cannabis flowers are used to make which drug?
Marijuana, ganja
