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Biology NEET 2023 > XI: Chapter 17- Breathing and gaseous exchange > Flashcards

XI: Chapter 17- Breathing and gaseous exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nasal conchae?

A

6 bony projections in the lateral wall of respiratory part

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2
Q

What works as an air conditioner for nose?

A

Conchae

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3
Q

Which bones form the conchae?

A

Maxilla, ethmoid and nasal bone

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4
Q

Internal nares open into

A

Nasalpharynx

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5
Q

How many cartilages are present in the larynx? Name them.

A 
9
Thyroid 
Cricoid 
Arytenoid (paired)
Corniculate/cartilage of Santorini (paired)
Cuneiform cartilage (paired)
Epiglottis
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6
Q

Which is the largest cartilage of larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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7
Q

Which cartilage forms adam’s apple in males?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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8
Q

Which cartilage of larynx is C shaped?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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9
Q

Which cartilage of larynx is signet ring shaped?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

Which cartilage of larynx is pyramid shaped?

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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11
Q

What is the shape of epiglottis?

A

Leaf shaped

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12
Q

Which cartilages in larynx are hyaline cartilage?

A

Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid

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13
Q

Which cartilages in larynx are elastic cartilage?

A

Cartilage of santorini, cuneiform cartilage, epiglottis

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14
Q

Vocal cords are attached to which cartilage ?

A

Arytenoid cartilage of larynx

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15
Q

What is the function of false vocal chords?

A

Provide moisture to true vocal chord

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16
Q

The anterior vocal chords are

A

False vocal chords

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17
Q

How many cartilage rings are present on trachea? What type of cartilage are they?

A

16-20 hyaline cartilage rings

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18
Q

At the level of which vertebrae does the trachea divide into bronchi?

A

5th thoracic

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19
Q

How are the right and left bronchus different?

A

Right- shorter, ventral

Left- longer, horizontal

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20
Q

How many secondary bronchii does the right bronchus divide into?

A

3

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21
Q

How many secondary bronchii does the left bronchus divide into?

A

2

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22
Q

How many right tertiary bronchii are present?

A

10

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23
Q

How many left tertiary bronchii are present?

A

8

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24
Q

Which is the conducting part of the respiratory tract?

A

From external nares upto terminal bronchiole

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25
Q

Incomplete cartilage rings are present in which part of respiratory tract?

A

Trachea to initial bronchiole

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26
Q

How many types of cells are present in alveoli of lungs?

A

Pneumocyte 1, pneumocyte 2 (clara cells) and dust cells

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27
Q

What is the function of pneumocyte 1?

A

Responsible for actual gaseous exchange with blood

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28
Q

What is the function of pneumocyte 2?

A

Produce surfactant to prevent collapsing of alveoli

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29
Q

What is the diametre of trachea?

A

2 cm

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30
Q

How many alveoli are present in one lung?

A

300 million

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31
Q

Ventrally, the lungs are protected by

A

Sternum and ribs

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32
Q

Dorsally, the lungs are protected by

A

Vertebrae and ribs

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33
Q

Laterally the lungs are protected by

A

Ribs

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34
Q

Posteriorly the lungs are protected by

A

Diaphragm

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35
Q

How many fissures are present in the right lung?

A

3 lobes, 2 fissures

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36
Q

How many fissures are present in the left lung?

A

1 fissure, 2 lobes

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37
Q

What covers the lungs?

A

Double layered pleura

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38
Q

Normal inhalation required the contraction of

A

Radial/phrenic muscles of diaphragm and 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles

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39
Q

What makes the lung expand along the anterior-posterior axis?

A

Diaphragm

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40
Q

What makes the lungs expand along the dorso-ventral axis

A

External intercostal muscles

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41
Q

What is the respiratory rate in humans?

A

12-16 per minute

42
Q

What process happens during forceful expiration?

A

Active process

Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles contract

43
Q

Pulmonary volumes are assessed by a

A

Spirometre

44
Q

How much of the tidal volume actually reaches the alveoli?

A

350 ml

45
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

2500-3000 ml

46
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

1000-1200 ml

47
Q

What is the value of residual volume?

[Breathing]

A

1200 ml

48
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Maximal volume of air that can be inspired after normal expiration. (3000ml -3500ml)

49
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Volume of air that remains after normal expiration (Expiratory reserve volume+residual volume)

50
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a forceful expiration.

51
Q

What is more soluble in blood- CO2 or O2?

A

CO2

52
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli?

A

104

53
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated blood?

A

95

54
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues?

A

40

55
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in Alveoli?

A

40

56
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in oxygenated blood?

A

40

57
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissue>

A

45

58
Q

Across how many layers do gases have to diffuse in alveoli?

A

3- simple squamous epithelium of alveoli
basement membrane
endothelium of blood capillary

59
Q

What is the oxygen content in 100ml of oxygenated blood?

A

20ml

60
Q

One molecule of haemoglobin can at max carry how many molecules of oxygen?

A

4

61
Q

What is the amount of oxygen delivered to tissue by blood in resting condition?

A

5ml

62
Q

What is the amount of oxygen delivered to tissue by blood during streneous exercise?

A

15ml

63
Q

What percentage of oxygen is present in dissolved state in blood?

A

3%

64
Q

What does shifting of oxygen dissocisation curve to the right signify?

A

Dissociation of haemoglobin (more oxygen available)

65
Q

Increase in diphosphoglyceric acid cause the oxyggen dissocisation curve to

A

Shift to right

66
Q

What is bohr’s effect in context to oxygen dissocisation curve?

A

Reduced affinity of oxyhaemoglobin with dioxygen in response to increase acidity.

67
Q

What is the difference between foetal haemoglobin and maternal haemoglobin?

A

Foetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for dioxygen than maternal blood.

68
Q

How many oxygen molecules can myoglobin bind to?

A

1

69
Q

What is hamburger’s effect/chloride shift?

A

Bicarbonate ions move from RBC to plasma and Cl- from plasma into RBC

70
Q

What is Haldane’s effect?

A

Oxygenation of blood in the lungs displaces carbon dioxide from hemoglobin which increases the removal of carbon dioxide.

71
Q

Which breathing is abdominal breathing?

A

Normal breathing

72
Q

Which breathing is thoracic breathing?

A

Forced breathing

73
Q

What type of breathing is found in pregnant women?

A

Thoracic breathing

74
Q

How long does inspiration and expiration last?

A

2s, 3s respectively

75
Q

Where is the main respiratory cente located?

A

Medulla

76
Q

What is the main respiratory centre of brain called?

A

Respiratory rhythm centre

77
Q

WHat groups of neurons are present in respiratory rhythm centre?

A

Dorsally respiratory group and ventrally respiratory group

78
Q

What is the function of dorsally respiratory group?

A

Initiates repiration

79
Q

How does dorsally respiratory group of nerves bring about expiration?

A

Stops sending signals to muscles for 3 seconds, muscles relax => expiration

80
Q

Which part of respiratory rhythm centre controls normal breathing?

A

Dorsally respiratory group

81
Q

Which part of respiratory rhythm centre controls forceful breathing?

A

Ventrally respiratory group

82
Q

What modifies respiratory rhythm centre of medulla?

A

Pontine centres

83
Q

WHat are the parts of the pontine centre?

A

Pneumotaxic and apneustic

84
Q

What is the role of pneumotaxic centre?

A

Switch off centre of inspiration

85
Q

Which centre of brain inhibits medullary respiratory centre?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

86
Q

Which centre of brain can increase respiratory rate?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

87
Q

What is herring brewer reflex?

A

Protective reflex to prevent lungs from overinflation. Stretch receptor in bronchi are stimulated by overinflation of lungs which stimulate pontine centre to increase respiratory rate.

88
Q

Baroreceptors of bronchi send signals to pneumotaxic centre by which nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

89
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors for breathing present?

A

Medulla

90
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors situated?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

91
Q

What can the peripheral chemoreceptors sense?

A

partial pressure of CO2 and acidity in the blood of aorta and carotid artery

92
Q

What can the central chemoreceptors in humans sense?

A

partial pressure of CO2 and acidity of CSF in 4th ventricle of brain

93
Q

What is the condition of difficulty in breathing while in horizontal position called?

A

Orthopnoea

94
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen concentration in tissues

95
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia is caused by

A

Cyanide poisoning

96
Q

What is carbon monoxide poisoning called?

A

Asphyxia

97
Q

Blood becomes cherry red in case of

A

Asphyxia

98
Q

Spiracles of cockroaches are equivalent to which part of human body?

A

Nostrils

99
Q

How can mammals eat while breathing?

A

Because of negative pressure breathing

100
Q

Brown lungs disease is caused by

A

Inhalation of cotton dust

101
Q

What kind of respiration is found in aquatic arthropods?

A

Branchial respiration

102
Q

RBCs contain a minute amount of carbonic anhydrase and plasmsa contains a very high amount of carbonic anhydrase. True/false?

A

False

RBCs contain a very high amount of carbonic anhydrase and plasmsa contains minute amount of carbonic anhydrase.

Biology NEET 2023 (39 decks)

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