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Biology NEET 2023 > XI: Chapter 20- Movement and locomotion > Flashcards

XI: Chapter 20- Movement and locomotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the outermost covering surrounding the muscle?

A

Epimysium

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2
Q

What is the epimysium made of?

A

Fibrous elastic tissue

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3
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Connective tissue covering each fasciculus of a muscle

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4
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Aerolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fbre

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5
Q

A bundle of muscle fibres is called

A

Fasciculus

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6
Q

What is sarcosome?

A

Mitochondria of a muscle cell

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7
Q

The infoldings of sarcolemma around myofibrils are called

A

T-tubules

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8
Q

What is the storehouse of phosphate in a muscle cell?

A

Creatine phosphate

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9
Q

How many actin surround each myosin?

A

6

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10
Q

Each actin is surrounded by how many myosin in a muscle cell?

A

3

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11
Q

What is also known as anisotropic band?

A

Myosin (and some part of actin)

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12
Q

What is known as I band?

A

Actin

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13
Q

WHat is hensen’s zone?

A

Lighter part of A-band where actin is absent

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14
Q

Which line bisects myosin- A band?

A

Mesogramme line

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15
Q

Which line bisects I-band?

A

Z line

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16
Q

Myosin is a polymer of

A

Meromyosin

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17
Q

How many polypeptide chains are arranged in a meromyosin?

A

2

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18
Q

What sites are present on the cross arm of meromyosin?

A

ATP binding site and actin binding site

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19
Q

Name the proteins present in an actin filament?

A

F-actin
Troponin
tropmyosin

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20
Q

The F-actin is made of

A

2 chains of G-actin

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21
Q

What is the binding site of myosin on actin?

A

G-actin

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22
Q

Troponin in actin is present on

A

tropomyosin

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23
Q

What subunits does troponin have?

A

T-subunit
C-subunit
I-subunit

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24
Q

I-site on troponin is

A

Inhibitory site

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25
Q

WHo proposed sliding filament theory?

A

Huxley and huxley

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26
Q

Which filament slides over which during muscle contraction?

A

Actin filament slides over myosin

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27
Q

does the I-band shorten in muscle contraction?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Does the H zone shorten in muscle contraction?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Does the sarcomere shorten in muscle contraction?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Does the A band shorten in muscle contraction?

A

No

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31
Q

Which neurotransmitter sends signal for muscle contraction to muscles?

A

Acetyl choline

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32
Q

What happens when acetyl choline recepters on muscles receive signal from brain?

A

The impulse spreads on sarcolemma and travels to t-tubules which trigger release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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33
Q

Which is slower-red or white muscle fibre?

A

Red

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34
Q

Which muscle fibre-red or white has plenty f myoglobin?

A

Red

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35
Q

Which muscle fibre-red or white is supplied with abundant blood capillaries?

A

Red

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36
Q

Which muscle fibre-red or white shows anaerobic respiration?

A

White

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37
Q

Which muscle fibre-red or white has abundant glycogen?

A

White

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38
Q

Which muscle fibre-red or white has well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum??

A

White

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39
Q

Muscles of eyeballs have which type of muscle fibres?

A

White

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40
Q

Flight muscles of sparrow have which type of muscle fibre?

A

White

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41
Q

Flight muscle of gliding birds have which type of muscle fibre?

A

Red

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42
Q

Which is the most abundant mineral in a muscle fibre?

A

K+

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43
Q

When does rigor mortis disappear?

A

15-24 hours after death

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44
Q

What is the time interval between two muscle twich called? What is its value?

A

Refractory period (2-5 ms)

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45
Q

What is the total time for skeletal muscle contraction?

A

0.1 s

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46
Q

What are the different phases of a muscle contraction, how long does each last?

A

Latent phase
Contraction phase
Relaxation phase

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47
Q

What is the autoimmune disorder that leads to weakness and paralysis of muscles called?

A

Myesthenia gravis

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48
Q

In myesthenia gravis, antibodies are formed against

A

Acetyl choline receptors on sarcolemma at neuromuscular junction

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49
Q

What is the X-linked genetic disorder leading to progressive weaking and atrophy of muscles called?

A

Muscular dystrophy

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50
Q

Muscular dystrophy happens due to

A

Absence of dystrophin proteins

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51
Q

How many bones are present in an adult human and an embryo?

A

206, 300

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52
Q

How many axial bones are present in the body?

A

80

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53
Q

How many bones are present in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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54
Q

How many bones are present in the skull?

A

22 (or 29 including hyoid and ear ossicles)

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55
Q

How many bones are present in the cranium? Name them

A 
8
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital (1)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
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56
Q

Which bone of cranium houses the middle and inner ear?

A

Temporal bone

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57
Q

Which bone of cranium articulates with the mandible?

A

Temporal bone

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58
Q

Which bone forms the roof of cranium?

A

Parietal bone

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59
Q

Which bone has foramen magnum?

A

Occipital bone

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60
Q

Which bone has sella tursica?

A

Sphenoid

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61
Q

Which bones form the base of skull?

A

Ethmoid and sphenoid

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62
Q

How many facial bones are present in humans? Name them.

A 
14
Nasal bone-2
Vomer-1
Inferior nasal turbinate-2
Zygomatic-2
Palatine-2
Maxillae-2
Mandible-1
Lacrymal-2
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63
Q

Which bone is called the cheek bone?

A

Zygomatic

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64
Q

Which bone forms the posterior hard palate?

A

Palatine

65
Q

Which bone bears the upper teeth?

A

Maxilla

66
Q

What is the V shaped bone at the floor of buccal cavity called?

A

Hyoid

67
Q

Which skull bone does not articulate with any other bone?

A

Hyoid

68
Q

Tongue, larynx, pharynx, neck muscles are attached to which bone?

A

Hyoid

69
Q

Which cartilage attaches ribs to sternum?

A

Hyaline cartilage

70
Q

Ribs are ventrally attached to

A

Sternum

71
Q

Ribs are dorsally attached to

A

Vertebrae

72
Q

How many true ribs are present?

A

7 pairs

73
Q

What is the function of floating ribs?

A

Protect kidney

74
Q

How many prominences are present on the posterior head of human ribs?

A

2

75
Q

How many bones are present in the vertebral column?

A

26

76
Q

How many curvatures does the vertebral coloumn has?

A

4

77
Q

Name the types and number of all bones present in the vertebral column.

A 
Cervical-7
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacrum-1 (5)
Vestigeal coccyx-1 (4)
78
Q

What is the body of a typical vertebrae called?

A

Centrum

79
Q

A vertebrae which is flat at both ends is called?

A

Amphiplatyan

80
Q

Amphiplatyan vertebrae is found in

A

Mammals

81
Q

In the vertebrae, spinal cord passes through

A

Neural canal

82
Q

All human vertebrae are biphid except

A

7th cervical vertebrae

83
Q

What are the articulating facets of a vertebrae called?

A

Prezygapophysis and postzygapophysis

84
Q

Which are the atypical cerivcal certebrae?

A

C1, C2 and C7

85
Q

What is the first cervical vertebrae called?

A

Atlas

86
Q

Centrum is absent in which vertebrae?

A

C1

87
Q

Which articulating facet does C1 vertebrae lack?

A

Prezygapophysis

88
Q

Which vertebrae is also called the yes bone/nodding bone?

A

C1

89
Q

Otonoid fossa is present in

A

C1 vertebrae

90
Q

Otonoid process is present in

A

C2 vertebrae

91
Q

Which vertebrae is also called the no bone?

A

C2 vertebrae

92
Q

Which vertebrae forms the prominence on neck?

A

C7 vertebrae

93
Q

Which are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?

A

T1, T9, T10, T11 and T12 vertebrae

94
Q

Which are weight bearing vertebrae?

A

Lumbar vertebrae

95
Q

Sacrum is wider in males or females?

A

Females

96
Q

Saccrum is formed from the fusion of

A

5 bones

97
Q

Coccyx is formed from the fusion of

A

4 bones

98
Q

How many bones are present in each pectoral girdle?Name them

A

2 bones
Scapula
Clavicle

99
Q

On which surface of thorax is scapula present?

A

Dorsal surface

100
Q

Between which ribs and which vertebrae is the scapula located?

A

Rib 2nd and 7th

T2 and T7

101
Q

How does the scapula articulate with the the clavicle?

A

Acromial process

102
Q

Glenoid cavity is present on which bone?

A

Scapula

103
Q

WHere does the scapula articulate with the head of humerus?

A

Glenoid cavity

104
Q

How many bones are present in each forelimb? Name them.

A 
30
Arm bone/humerus
Radius and ulna
Wrist bones-Carpels-8
Metabones-5
Digts-phalanges-14
105
Q

Deltoid ridge is present on

A

Humerus

106
Q

Olecrenon fossa is present on

A

Humerus

107
Q

Humerus articulates with the ulna through

A

Olecrenon fossa and olecrenon process

108
Q

Which bone is located towards the lateral side of arm-radius or ulna?

A

Radius

109
Q

Which bone is the medial bone-radius or ulna?

A

Ulna

110
Q

How many bones are present in each pelvic girdle?

A

1, coxal bone (made by the fusion of three bones- ischium, pubis, ilium)

111
Q

Each coxal bone is made by the fusion of

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

112
Q

Which is the largest foramen of the body? Where is it present?

A

Obturator foramen, present at the junction of ischium and pubis

113
Q

How many bones are present in each hindlimb? Name them.

A 
30
THigh bone-femur
Tibia and fibula
Patella
Tarsels (7)
Metatarsals (5)
Phalanges (14)
114
Q

Which is the largest, longest and heaviest bone of the body?

A

Femur

115
Q

What does the head of femur articulates with to form the hip joint?

A

Acetabulum

116
Q

Which bones form the knee joint?

A

Patella, tibia and femur

117
Q

What is the difference between the shapes and position of fibula and tibia?

A

Fibula- thinner, larger, lateral

Tibia- thicker, medial

118
Q

Immovable joints are present in

A

Sutures in skull bones

teeth in jaws

119
Q

The intervertebral joint is a type of

A

Cartilaginous joint

120
Q

What are synanthrous joint?

A

Immovable joint

121
Q

What are amphiarthrous joint?

A

Slightly movable joint

122
Q

What are diarthous joint?

A

Freely movable joint

123
Q

The shoulder joint and hip joint are example of

A

Ball and socket joint

124
Q

Which joint is present in carpometacarpal joint of thumb?

A

Saddle joint

125
Q

Which joint is a reduced form of ball and socket joint?

A

Saddle joint

126
Q

Which joints are multiaxial?

A

Saddle joint and ball and socket joint

127
Q

Elbow joint and knee joints are examples of

A

Hinge joint

128
Q

Interphalangeal joints are example of

A

Hinge joints

129
Q

Joint between atlas and axis is a type of

A

Pivot joint

130
Q

Joint between radius and ulna is a type of

A

pivot joint

131
Q

Joints between carpels, tarsels etc are

A

Gliding joint

132
Q

Which is the simplest freely movable joint?

A

Gliding joint

133
Q

The joint between atlas and occipitals is a type of

A

Condylar joint

134
Q

Name the biaxial joints of body.

A

Condylar joint and ellipsoid joint

135
Q

The joint between metacarpal and phalenges is a

A

Ellipsoid joint

136
Q

Increase in parathyroid hormone in old people can cause which disease?

A

Osteoporosis

137
Q

The inflammation of joints is called

A

Arthritis

138
Q

What is the degerative disorder of articular cartilage called?

A

Osteoarthritis

139
Q

What happens in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

IgM antibodies formed against synovial membrane.

140
Q

Which is the largest muscle of body?

A

Gluteus maximus

141
Q

Which is the longest muscle of body?

A

Sartorius muscle

142
Q

Which is the strongest muscle of body?

A

Masseter

143
Q

Which is the fastest muscle of body?

A

Eyelid muscle

144
Q

Which is the longest bone in lower arm?

A

Ulna

145
Q

What is a form of movement found inside amoeba?

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

146
Q

How many type of movements do the cells of the body usually show?

A

3- amoeboid, ciliary and muscular

147
Q

How much of a person’s body weight is constituted by muscles?

A

40-50%

148
Q

What is the common collagenous connective tissue layer which holds the fascicles called?

A

Fascia

149
Q

Which is thinner-actin or myosin?

A

Actin

150
Q

Sarcomere is the region of muscle fibre between two

A

Z lines

151
Q

How many tropomyosin run along the actin?

A

2

152
Q

Which part of meromyosin is an active ATPase enzyme?

A

Globular head

153
Q

Which muscles are called aerobic muscles?

A

Red muscles

154
Q

What constitutes the main framework of the trunk of body?

A

Vertebral column

155
Q

How many curvatures does the clavicle has?

A

2

156
Q

Joints are present only between two bones. True/false

A

Joints are present between two bones and bones and cartilage.

157
Q

What acts as a fulcrum for the bone?

A

Joint

158
Q

What is the rapid spasm in muscle due to low calcium in body fluid called?

A

Tetany

Biology NEET 2023 (39 decks)

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