XI: Chapter 20- Movement and locomotion Flashcards
1
Q
What is the outermost covering surrounding the muscle?
A
Epimysium
2
Q
What is the epimysium made of?
A
Fibrous elastic tissue
3
Q
What is the perimysium?
A
Connective tissue covering each fasciculus of a muscle
4
Q
What is the endomysium?
A
Aerolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fbre
5
Q
A bundle of muscle fibres is called
A
Fasciculus
6
Q
What is sarcosome?
A
Mitochondria of a muscle cell
7
Q
The infoldings of sarcolemma around myofibrils are called
A
T-tubules
8
Q
What is the storehouse of phosphate in a muscle cell?
A
Creatine phosphate
9
Q
How many actin surround each myosin?
A
6
10
Q
Each actin is surrounded by how many myosin in a muscle cell?
A
3
11
Q
What is also known as anisotropic band?
A
Myosin (and some part of actin)
12
Q
What is known as I band?
A
Actin
13
Q
WHat is hensen’s zone?
A
Lighter part of A-band where actin is absent
14
Q
Which line bisects myosin- A band?
A
Mesogramme line
15
Q
Which line bisects I-band?
A
Z line
16
Q
Myosin is a polymer of
A
Meromyosin
17
Q
How many polypeptide chains are arranged in a meromyosin?
A
2
18
Q
What sites are present on the cross arm of meromyosin?
A
ATP binding site and actin binding site
19
Q
Name the proteins present in an actin filament?
A
F-actin
Troponin
tropmyosin
20
Q
The F-actin is made of
A
2 chains of G-actin
21
Q
What is the binding site of myosin on actin?
A
G-actin
22
Q
Troponin in actin is present on
A
tropomyosin
23
Q
What subunits does troponin have?
A
T-subunit
C-subunit
I-subunit
24
Q
I-site on troponin is
A
Inhibitory site
25
WHo proposed sliding filament theory?
Huxley and huxley
26
Which filament slides over which during muscle contraction?
Actin filament slides over myosin
27
does the I-band shorten in muscle contraction?
Yes
28
Does the H zone shorten in muscle contraction?
Yes
29
Does the sarcomere shorten in muscle contraction?
Yes
30
Does the A band shorten in muscle contraction?
No
31
Which neurotransmitter sends signal for muscle contraction to muscles?
Acetyl choline
32
What happens when acetyl choline recepters on muscles receive signal from brain?
The impulse spreads on sarcolemma and travels to t-tubules which trigger release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
33
Which is slower-red or white muscle fibre?
Red
34
Which muscle fibre-red or white has plenty f myoglobin?
Red
35
Which muscle fibre-red or white is supplied with abundant blood capillaries?
Red
36
Which muscle fibre-red or white shows anaerobic respiration?
White
37
Which muscle fibre-red or white has abundant glycogen?
White
38
Which muscle fibre-red or white has well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum??
White
39
Muscles of eyeballs have which type of muscle fibres?
White
40
Flight muscles of sparrow have which type of muscle fibre?
White
41
Flight muscle of gliding birds have which type of muscle fibre?
Red
42
Which is the most abundant mineral in a muscle fibre?
K+
43
When does rigor mortis disappear?
15-24 hours after death
44
What is the time interval between two muscle twich called? What is its value?
Refractory period (2-5 ms)
45
What is the total time for skeletal muscle contraction?
0.1 s
46
What are the different phases of a muscle contraction, how long does each last?
Latent phase
Contraction phase
Relaxation phase
47
What is the autoimmune disorder that leads to weakness and paralysis of muscles called?
Myesthenia gravis
48
In myesthenia gravis, antibodies are formed against
Acetyl choline receptors on sarcolemma at neuromuscular junction
49
What is the X-linked genetic disorder leading to progressive weaking and atrophy of muscles called?
Muscular dystrophy
50
Muscular dystrophy happens due to
Absence of dystrophin proteins
51
How many bones are present in an adult human and an embryo?
206, 300
52
How many axial bones are present in the body?
80
53
How many bones are present in the appendicular skeleton?
126
54
How many bones are present in the skull?
22 (or 29 including hyoid and ear ossicles)
55
How many bones are present in the cranium? Name them
```
8
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital (1)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
```
56
Which bone of cranium houses the middle and inner ear?
Temporal bone
57
Which bone of cranium articulates with the mandible?
Temporal bone
58
Which bone forms the roof of cranium?
Parietal bone
59
Which bone has foramen magnum?
Occipital bone
60
Which bone has sella tursica?
Sphenoid
61
Which bones form the base of skull?
Ethmoid and sphenoid
62
How many facial bones are present in humans? Name them.
```
14
Nasal bone-2
Vomer-1
Inferior nasal turbinate-2
Zygomatic-2
Palatine-2
Maxillae-2
Mandible-1
Lacrymal-2
```
63
Which bone is called the cheek bone?
Zygomatic
64
Which bone forms the posterior hard palate?
Palatine
65
Which bone bears the upper teeth?
Maxilla
66
What is the V shaped bone at the floor of buccal cavity called?
Hyoid
67
Which skull bone does not articulate with any other bone?
Hyoid
68
Tongue, larynx, pharynx, neck muscles are attached to which bone?
Hyoid
69
Which cartilage attaches ribs to sternum?
Hyaline cartilage
70
Ribs are ventrally attached to
Sternum
71
Ribs are dorsally attached to
Vertebrae
72
How many true ribs are present?
7 pairs
73
What is the function of floating ribs?
Protect kidney
74
How many prominences are present on the posterior head of human ribs?
2
75
How many bones are present in the vertebral column?
26
76
How many curvatures does the vertebral coloumn has?
4
77
Name the types and number of all bones present in the vertebral column.
```
Cervical-7
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacrum-1 (5)
Vestigeal coccyx-1 (4)
```
78
What is the body of a typical vertebrae called?
Centrum
79
A vertebrae which is flat at both ends is called?
Amphiplatyan
80
Amphiplatyan vertebrae is found in
Mammals
81
In the vertebrae, spinal cord passes through
Neural canal
82
All human vertebrae are biphid except
7th cervical vertebrae
83
What are the articulating facets of a vertebrae called?
Prezygapophysis and postzygapophysis
84
Which are the atypical cerivcal certebrae?
C1, C2 and C7
85
What is the first cervical vertebrae called?
Atlas
86
Centrum is absent in which vertebrae?
C1
87
Which articulating facet does C1 vertebrae lack?
Prezygapophysis
88
Which vertebrae is also called the yes bone/nodding bone?
C1
89
Otonoid fossa is present in
C1 vertebrae
90
Otonoid process is present in
C2 vertebrae
91
Which vertebrae is also called the no bone?
C2 vertebrae
92
Which vertebrae forms the prominence on neck?
C7 vertebrae
93
Which are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?
T1, T9, T10, T11 and T12 vertebrae
94
Which are weight bearing vertebrae?
Lumbar vertebrae
95
Sacrum is wider in males or females?
Females
96
Saccrum is formed from the fusion of
5 bones
97
Coccyx is formed from the fusion of
4 bones
98
How many bones are present in each pectoral girdle?Name them
2 bones
Scapula
Clavicle
99
On which surface of thorax is scapula present?
Dorsal surface
100
Between which ribs and which vertebrae is the scapula located?
Rib 2nd and 7th
| T2 and T7
101
How does the scapula articulate with the the clavicle?
Acromial process
102
Glenoid cavity is present on which bone?
Scapula
103
WHere does the scapula articulate with the head of humerus?
Glenoid cavity
104
How many bones are present in each forelimb? Name them.
```
30
Arm bone/humerus
Radius and ulna
Wrist bones-Carpels-8
Metabones-5
Digts-phalanges-14
```
105
Deltoid ridge is present on
Humerus
106
Olecrenon fossa is present on
Humerus
107
Humerus articulates with the ulna through
Olecrenon fossa and olecrenon process
108
Which bone is located towards the lateral side of arm-radius or ulna?
Radius
109
Which bone is the medial bone-radius or ulna?
Ulna
110
How many bones are present in each pelvic girdle?
1, coxal bone (made by the fusion of three bones- ischium, pubis, ilium)
111
Each coxal bone is made by the fusion of
Ilium, ischium and pubis
112
Which is the largest foramen of the body? Where is it present?
Obturator foramen, present at the junction of ischium and pubis
113
How many bones are present in each hindlimb? Name them.
```
30
THigh bone-femur
Tibia and fibula
Patella
Tarsels (7)
Metatarsals (5)
Phalanges (14)
```
114
Which is the largest, longest and heaviest bone of the body?
Femur
115
What does the head of femur articulates with to form the hip joint?
Acetabulum
116
Which bones form the knee joint?
Patella, tibia and femur
117
What is the difference between the shapes and position of fibula and tibia?
Fibula- thinner, larger, lateral
| Tibia- thicker, medial
118
Immovable joints are present in
Sutures in skull bones
| teeth in jaws
119
The intervertebral joint is a type of
Cartilaginous joint
120
What are synanthrous joint?
Immovable joint
121
What are amphiarthrous joint?
Slightly movable joint
122
What are diarthous joint?
Freely movable joint
123
The shoulder joint and hip joint are example of
Ball and socket joint
124
Which joint is present in carpometacarpal joint of thumb?
Saddle joint
125
Which joint is a reduced form of ball and socket joint?
Saddle joint
126
Which joints are multiaxial?
Saddle joint and ball and socket joint
127
Elbow joint and knee joints are examples of
Hinge joint
128
Interphalangeal joints are example of
Hinge joints
129
Joint between atlas and axis is a type of
Pivot joint
130
Joint between radius and ulna is a type of
pivot joint
131
Joints between carpels, tarsels etc are
Gliding joint
132
Which is the simplest freely movable joint?
Gliding joint
133
The joint between atlas and occipitals is a type of
Condylar joint
134
Name the biaxial joints of body.
Condylar joint and ellipsoid joint
135
The joint between metacarpal and phalenges is a
Ellipsoid joint
136
Increase in parathyroid hormone in old people can cause which disease?
Osteoporosis
137
The inflammation of joints is called
Arthritis
138
What is the degerative disorder of articular cartilage called?
Osteoarthritis
139
What happens in rheumatoid arthritis?
IgM antibodies formed against synovial membrane.
140
Which is the largest muscle of body?
Gluteus maximus
141
Which is the longest muscle of body?
Sartorius muscle
142
Which is the strongest muscle of body?
Masseter
143
Which is the fastest muscle of body?
Eyelid muscle
144
Which is the longest bone in lower arm?
Ulna
145
What is a form of movement found inside amoeba?
Cytoplasmic streaming
146
How many type of movements do the cells of the body usually show?
3- amoeboid, ciliary and muscular
147
How much of a person's body weight is constituted by muscles?
40-50%
148
What is the common collagenous connective tissue layer which holds the fascicles called?
Fascia
149
Which is thinner-actin or myosin?
Actin
150
Sarcomere is the region of muscle fibre between two
Z lines
151
How many tropomyosin run along the actin?
2
152
Which part of meromyosin is an active ATPase enzyme?
Globular head
153
Which muscles are called aerobic muscles?
Red muscles
154
What constitutes the main framework of the trunk of body?
Vertebral column
155
How many curvatures does the clavicle has?
2
156
Joints are present only between two bones. True/false
Joints are present between two bones and bones and cartilage.
157
What acts as a fulcrum for the bone?
Joint
158
What is the rapid spasm in muscle due to low calcium in body fluid called?
Tetany
