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Biology NEET 2023 > XI: Chapter 7- Structural organization in animals > Flashcards

XI: Chapter 7- Structural organization in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Who gave the term animal tissue?

A

Bichat

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2
Q

In which phylum did tissues first originate?

A

Coelenterata

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3
Q

Who gave the term histology?

A

Karl Meyer

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4
Q

Which type of tissue is derived from all three germinal layers?

A

Epidermal tissue

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5
Q

Which type of tissue is derived only from mesoderm?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Which tissue is derived mainly, but not completely from mesoderm?

A

Muscular tissue

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7
Q

Which tissue is derived only from ectoderm?

A

Nervous tissue

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8
Q

Which is the first evolved tissue in embryonic life of humans?

A

Epithelial tissue

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9
Q

Who gave the term epithelium?

A

Ruysch

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10
Q

Which type of tissue in animal is avascular?

A

Epithelial tissue

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11
Q

How many parts are present in the basement membrane and what secretes them?

A

1) Basal lamina - secreted by epithelium

2) Fibrous lamina- secreted by connective tissue

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12
Q

What is the basal lamina (basement membrane) made of?

A

Glycoproteins

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13
Q

What is the fibrous lamina (basement membrane) made of?

A

Protein fibres in mucopolysaccharide matrix

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14
Q

Epidermis of the skin is formed by which germinal layer?

A

Ectoderm

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15
Q

Mesothelium in animals is formed by which germinal layer?

A

Mesoderm

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16
Q

Mucosa in animals is formed by which germinal layer?

A

Endoderm

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17
Q

Which type of cell junction in animals is analogous to plasmodesmata?

A

Gap junction

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18
Q

What is the role of gap junction?

A

Gap junction allows the free movement of substances across cells.

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19
Q

What is the function of tight junction?

A

Plasma membranes fuse to prevent leakage of substances.

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20
Q

What is the other name of tight junction?

A

Zona occludens

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21
Q

Finger like projections of plasma membrane of one cell into cytoplasm of another are called

A

Interdigitations

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22
Q

Which cell junctions are present in transitional epithelium?

A

Interdigitations

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23
Q

What are the other names of adhering junctions?

A

Desmosomes, macula adherens

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24
Q

What are the components of desmosomes?

A

Disc of protein wth intermediate fibres of keratin scleroprotein

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25
Q

Microvilli are motile. True or false.

A

False.

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26
Q

Which type of cilia have basal body?

A

Kinocilia

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27
Q

Which type of cilia are non-motile and non-contractile?

A

Stereocilia

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28
Q

What kind of arrangement of microtubules do kinocilia have?

A

9+2 microtubular arrangement

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29
Q

What are stereocilia made of?

A

Actin

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30
Q

What is the function of stereocilia?

A

Absorption

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31
Q

What is called a uniseriate epithelium?

A

Simple epithelium

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32
Q

Which epithelium is also called pavement epithelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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33
Q

Which epithelium is also called tesselated epithelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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34
Q

What type of nucleus is present in simple squamous epithelium?

A

Flattened central nucleus

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35
Q

Bowman’s capsule contains which epithelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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36
Q

Lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels is made of which tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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37
Q

Alveoli of lungs contain which tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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38
Q

Peritoneum contains which tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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39
Q

What type of nucleus is present in simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Round and central nucleus

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40
Q

DCT of kidney has which epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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41
Q

Iris has which epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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42
Q

Ciliary body and choroid have which epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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43
Q

The germinal epithelium of ovary and testis is made of

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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44
Q

Acini of pancreas have which epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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45
Q

Gland ducts have which epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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46
Q

Thyroid follicales have which epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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47
Q

PCT of kidney has which epithelium?

A

Brush bordered simple cuboidal epithelium

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48
Q

What type of nucleus is present in simple columnar epithelium?

A

Elongated and basal nuclues

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49
Q

Goblet cells are formed by which epithelium?

A

Simple columnar glandular epithelium

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50
Q

Liver has which epithelium?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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51
Q

Bile duct has which epithelium?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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52
Q

Stomach has which epithelium?

A

Simple columnar glandular epithelium (goblet cells)

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53
Q

Gall bladder has which epithelium?

A

Brush bordered simple columnar epithelium

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54
Q

Intestine has which epithelium?

A

Brush bordered glandular simple columnar epithelium

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55
Q

Sensory epithelium is made of

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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56
Q

What type of epithelium is present in retina?

A

Sensory (simple columnar) epithelium

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57
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion and sensation

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58
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium is a modification of

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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59
Q

What kind of nucleus is present in short cells of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Round nucleus

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60
Q

What kind of nucleus is present in long cells of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Elongated nucleus

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61
Q

Middle part of male urethra contains which epithelium?

A

Non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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62
Q

Parotid salivary glands contain which epithelium?

A

Non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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63
Q

Larynx has which epithelium?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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64
Q

Eustachian tube has which epithelium?

A

CIliated pseudostratified epithelium

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65
Q

Trachea has which epithelium?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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66
Q

Bronchi have which epithelium?

A

(Kino)ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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67
Q

Bronchioles have which epithelium?

A

(Kino)ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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68
Q

Schneiderian membrane has which epithelium?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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69
Q

Olfactory epithelium is what kind of epithelium?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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70
Q

Fallopian tube/oviduct has which type of epithelium?

A

Kinociliated epithelium

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71
Q

Epididymus has which epithelium?

A

Stereociliated epithelium

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72
Q

Which epithelium does vasa differentia have?

A

Sterociliated epithelium

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73
Q

Which part of the human body has both kinocilia and stereocilia?

A

Organ of corti and ependyma

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74
Q

What is the function of compound epithelium?

A

Protection against abrasion, friction and stress

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75
Q

Which type of compound epithelium can be stretched?

A

Transitional epithelium

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76
Q

What type of compound epithelium cannot be stretched?

A

Stratified epithelium

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77
Q

Which epithelium lacks a basement membrane?

A

Transitional epithelium

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78
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Distention

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79
Q

Which cell junctions are found in stratified epithelium?

A

Desmosomes

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80
Q

How many layers does a stretched transitional epithelium appear to have?

A

Single

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81
Q

Which epithelium is also known as urothelium?

A

Transitional epithelium

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82
Q

Proximal part of male urethra has which epithelium?

A

Transitional epithelium

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83
Q

Renal pelvis is made of which epithelium?

A

Transitional epithelium

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84
Q

Ureter is made of which epithelium?

A

Transitional epithelium

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85
Q

Skin epidermis has which epithelium?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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86
Q

Feather are made of which epithelium?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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87
Q

Oesophagus has which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamos epithelium

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88
Q

Pharynx has which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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89
Q

Vagina has which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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90
Q

Vocal cords are made of which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epitheilium

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91
Q

Lips are made of which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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92
Q

Cheeks and hard palate are made of which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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93
Q

Cervix is made of which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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94
Q

Cunjunctiva has which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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95
Q

Cornea has which epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized` stratified squamous epithelium

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96
Q

What factor decides the category a stratified epithelium belongs to?

A

The shape of cells of upper epithelium

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97
Q

Frog’s skin contains which epithelium?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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98
Q

Epiglottis has which epithelium?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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99
Q

Mammary alveoli have which epithelium?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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100
Q

Ducts of salivary glands, sweat glands and pancreas contain which epithelium?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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101
Q

Female urethra contains which epithelium?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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102
Q

Lactiferous duct contains which epithelium?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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103
Q

Distal part of male urethra contain which epithelium?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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104
Q

Which germinal layer does the glandular epithelium originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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105
Q

Which type of glands release their secretion through simple diffusion?

A

Merocrine/accrine glands

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106
Q

On the basis of mode of secretion salivary glands and most sweat glands are of which type?

A

Merocrine glands

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107
Q

On the basis of mode of secretion intestinal glands are of which type?

A

Merocrine glands

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108
Q

On the basis of mode of secretion gastric glands are of which type?

A

Merocrine glands

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109
Q

In which glands a part of cell is released along with the secretions?

A

Apocrine glands

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110
Q

On the basis of mode of secretion mammary glands are

A

Apocrine glands

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111
Q

On the basis of mode of secretion ceruminous glands are

A

Apocrine glands

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112
Q

On the basis of mode of secretion sweat glands of armpits are

A

Apocrine glands

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113
Q

In which type of glands the whole cell is released along with the secretions?

A

Holocrine glands

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114
Q

On the basis of mode of secretion sebaceous glands are

A

Holocrine glands

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115
Q

Name a unicellular gland.

A

Goblet cell

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116
Q

Simple straight tubular gland is present in

A

Crypts of liberkuhn

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117
Q

Simple coiled tubular gland is present in

A

Sweat glands

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118
Q

SImple branched tubular gland is present in

A

Gastric glands, sweat glands of armpits

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119
Q

Compound tubular gland is present in

A

Brunner’s gland

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120
Q

Simple straight alveolar glands are present in

A

Cutaneous glands of frog

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121
Q

Simple branched alveolar glands are present in

A

Sebaceous glands

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122
Q

Compound alveolar glands are present in

A

Sub mandibular and sub lingual salivary glands

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123
Q

Compound tubulo alveolar glands are present in

A

Paroted salivary glands and mammary glands

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124
Q

Which is the most abundant tissue in animal body?

A

Connective tissue

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125
Q

Which tissue has extracelllular fluid in large quantities?

A

Connective tisse

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126
Q

What is the ground substance of matrix of connective tissue made of?

A

Mucopolysaccharide (mostly of hyaluronidic acid)

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127
Q

What is the function of collagen fibres?

A

Provide rigidity

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128
Q

Are collagen fibres branched?

A

No

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129
Q

What happens to collagen fibres on boiling?

A

They turn into gelatin.

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130
Q

What can digest collagen?

A

Pepsin

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131
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres?

A

Provide flexibilty

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132
Q

Are elastin fibres branched?

A

Yes

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133
Q

What happens to elastin fibres on boiling?

A

They do not dissolve on boiling.

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134
Q

What can digest elastin?

A

Trypsin

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135
Q

Are reticular fibres branched?

A

Highly branched

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136
Q

Where are reticular fibres situated?

A

In lymphoid tissue

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137
Q

What is the function of reticular fibres?

A

Help in filteration of lymph

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138
Q

WHich cells have maximum number in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

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139
Q

Which are the largest cells present in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

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140
Q

WHich cells are called the chief matrix producing cells of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

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141
Q

What is the shape of a fibroblast?

A

Oval cell with oval nucleus

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142
Q

What are abundant in fibroblast?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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143
Q

Which cells are second most abundant in connective tissue?

A

Macrophages

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144
Q

Which cells are the second largest in connective tissue?

A

Macrophages

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145
Q

Which cells are also known as scavenger cells?

A

Macrophages

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146
Q

What is the shape of the cell and nucleus of macrophages?

A

Amoeboid cells with kidney shaped nucleus

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147
Q

What are abundant in macrophages?

A

Lysosomes

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148
Q

What are the macrophages of liver called?

A

Kupffer cells

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149
Q

What are the macrophages of lungs called?

A

Dust cells

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150
Q

What are the macrophages of skin called?

A

Langerhan’s cells

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151
Q

What are the macrophages of bones called?

A

Osteoclast

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152
Q

What are the macrophages of blood called?

A

Monocytes

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153
Q

What are the macrophages of brain called?

A

Microglea

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154
Q

WHat are the macrophages of thymus gland called?

A

Hassall’s cells

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155
Q

Which cells of connective tissue have a ‘S’- shaped (2 to 3 lobed) nucleus?

A

Mast cells

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156
Q

Histamine is released by which cells?

A

Mast cells

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157
Q

Serotonin is released by which cells?

A

Mast cells

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158
Q

Heparin is released by which cells?

A

Mast cells

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159
Q

WHat is the function of histamine?

A

Histamine is a vasodilator.

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160
Q

Which chemical helps in diapedesis of WBC?

A

Histamine

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161
Q

Serotonin is a derivative of

A

Amino acids

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162
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A

Serotonin is a vasoconstrictor.

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163
Q

Heparin is a derivative of

A

Mucopolysaccharide

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164
Q

Adipocytes are derivative of

A

Fibroblast cells

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165
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of lymphocyte?

A

Oval

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166
Q

Plasma cells are derivatives of

A

Lymphocytes

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167
Q

Which cells are also known as cartwheel cells?

A

Plasma cells

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168
Q

Why are plasma cells known as cartwheel cells?

A

Chromatin is arranged like the spokes of wheel in nucleus

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169
Q

Which cells are also known as clones of lymphocytes?

A

Plasma cells

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170
Q

Give examples of organs/body parts where mesenchymal cells are present.

A

VIterous humour of eye, wharton’s jelly of umblical cord and comb of cock

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171
Q

Embryonal cells are present in connective tissue in the form of

A

Mesenchymal cells

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172
Q

What are the type of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue

Adipose connective tissue

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173
Q

Which is the most widespread connective tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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174
Q

Which connective tissue is present beneath the basement membrane of skin?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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175
Q

Which kind of fibres are most abundant in areolar connective tissue?

A

Collagen

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176
Q

Which tissue forms the hypodermis in animals?

A

Adipose connective tissue

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177
Q

Which type of nucleus is found in white fat?

A

Peripheral nucleus

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178
Q

Which type of fat is present in blubber of whales and hump of cattle?

A

White fat

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179
Q

Which type of fat has more cytoplasm?

A

White fat

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180
Q

What type of nucleus is present in brown fat?

A

Central, round nucleus

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181
Q

Why is brown fat brown in colour?

A

Because of iron containing pigment cytochrome

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182
Q

Brown fat is found in

A

Infants (6 months) and hibernating animal

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183
Q

Which dense connective tissue connect bone to muscle?

A

Tendons

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184
Q

Which fibres are most abundant in tendons?

A

Collagen

185
Q

Straining occurs in which connective tissue?

A

Tendons

186
Q

Which connective tissue connects bone to bone?

A

Ligaments

187
Q

Which fibres are more abundant in ligaments?

A

Elastin

188
Q

Sprain occurs in which tissue?

A

Ligaments

189
Q

Dermis of skin contains which tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

190
Q

What type of connective tissue is present in choroid and iris?

A

Pigmented connective tissue

191
Q

Which connective tissue contains mesenchymal cells?

A

Mucoid connective tissue

192
Q

Wharton’s jelly has which connective tissue?

A

Mucoid connective tissue

193
Q

Which is the most abundant cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

194
Q

Which cartilage has glass like matrix?

A

Hyaline cartilage

195
Q

Which cartilage is apparently fibreless?

A

Hyaline cartilage

196
Q

Most of the embryonic cartilage is

A

Hyaline cartilage

197
Q

Which cartilage is present in articulating joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

198
Q

Which cartilage is present in nasal septum?

A

Hyaline cartilage

199
Q

Which is the strongest cartilages?

A

White fibrous cartilage

200
Q

Which cartilage is present in intervertebral disc?

A

White fibrous cartilage

201
Q

Which cartilage is present in pubic symphysis?

A

White fibrous cartilage

202
Q

Which cartilage is present in epiglottis?

A

Yellow cartilage

203
Q

Which cartilage is present in eustachian tube?

A

Yellow cartilage

204
Q

Which cartilage is present in ear pinna?

A

Yellow cartilage

205
Q

Which cartilage is present in nose tip?

A

Yellow cartilage

206
Q

What modifies to form calcified cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage with extra depositions of calcium

207
Q

Which cartilage is present at the end of old long bones?

A

Calcified cartilage

208
Q

On the basis of shape what type of bones form carpels and tarsels?

A

Short bones

209
Q

On the basis of shape what type of bones form ribs?

A

Flat bones

210
Q

On the basis of shape which bone forms the sternum?

A

Flat bones

211
Q

On the basis of shape which bones form the facial bones?

A

Flat bones

212
Q

On the basis of shape which bones form the skull?

A

Flat bones

213
Q

Which type of bones are also known as endochondral bones?

A

Cartilagenous bones, replacing bones

214
Q

Cartilagenous bones are present in

A

Ribs

215
Q

WHich bones are also known as membranous bones?

A

Dermal bones, investing bones

216
Q

How are cartilagenous bones formed?

A

By the ossification of cartilage

217
Q

How are membranous bones formed?

A

By the ossification of dermis of skin

218
Q

How are sesamoid bones formed?

A

By the ossification of tendons

219
Q

What type of bone is patella (mode of development)?

A

Sesamoid bone

220
Q

What type of bone is the pisiform bone of wrist?

A

Sesamoid bone

221
Q

What are the ends of long bones called?

A

Epiphysis

222
Q

What is epiphysis made of?

A

Spongy tissue

223
Q

Trebaculae are present in

A

Epiphysis of long bone

224
Q

Which part of bone has osteoblastic acitivity?

A

Metaphysis

225
Q

Which part of bone helps in bone elongation?

A

Metaphysis

226
Q

Bidirectional growth is found in bones or in cartilage?

A

Bones

227
Q

What is the shaft of the bone called?

A

Diaphysis

228
Q

What is the diaphysis made of?

A

Compact bone

229
Q

Which type of bone marrow is present in diaphysis?

A

Yellow bone marrow

230
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow in bones?

A

It stores fat.

231
Q

What is the outer covering of a long bone called?

A

Periosteum

232
Q

What is the periosteum made of?

A

Connective tissue and osteoblast

233
Q

What lines the medullary cavity of a bone?

A

Endosteum

234
Q

What is the endosteum made of?

A

Osteoblast and osteoclast

235
Q

Where are blood and nerve vessels situated in bone?

A

Harvesian canal

236
Q

What are the transverse canal connecting harvesian canal called?

A

Volkmann’s canal

237
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A

Harvesian system/osteon

238
Q

Which are the bone forming cells?

A

Osteoblasts

239
Q

What disease is characterised by abnormal osteoclastic acitivity?

A

Paget’s disease

240
Q

What is the volume of blood in an average female?

A

4 to 5 liters

241
Q

What is the volume of blood in an average male?

A

5 to 6 liters

242
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

243
Q

Where does the process of blood cells formation take place in embryonic life?

A

Liver and spleen

244
Q

What is the amount of plasma in blood?

A

55%

245
Q

What is the normal range of glucose in blood?

A

80 to 120 mg/dl

246
Q

What is the concentration of glucose in a diabetic person?

A

> 120 mg/dl

247
Q

Which plasma protein is most abundant?

A

Serum albumin

248
Q

Which is the smallest plasma protein?

A

Serum albumin

249
Q

Which plasma protein maintains the osmotic pressure of blood?

A

Serum albumin

250
Q

Which plasma protein is the second most abundant?

A

Serum globulin

251
Q

What are the functions of alpha, beta and gamma globulin protein?

A

Alpha and beta globulin- maintain osmotic pressure

Gamma globulin- antibodies

252
Q

Which is the largest plasma protein?

A

Fibrinogen

253
Q

Which are the clotting proteins present in plasma?

A

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

254
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesised?

A

All plasma proteins are synthesised in liver except gamma globulin which is synthesised in lymphoid organs.

255
Q

What is the RBC count of an average male?

A

5 to 5.5 million RBCs/cubic milimetre

256
Q

What is the RBC count of an average female?

A

4.5 to 5 million RBCs/cubic milimetre

257
Q

Which organ secretes erythropoietin hormone?

A

Kidney

258
Q

What is the life span of a RBC?

A

4 months

259
Q

Which cells turn into RBCs?

A

Myeloblast

260
Q

Name the different cells formed in the process of eryhtropoiesis in correct order formation.

A 
Myeloblast
proerythroblast
erythroblast
normoblast
reticulocyte
erythrocyte
261
Q

In which cell does the haemoglobin synthesis start?

A

Erythroblast

262
Q

What is required for the conversion of reticulocyte to erythrocyte?

A

Vit-B12, folic acid

263
Q

Which cell is also known as immature RBC?

A

Reticulocyte

264
Q

What is the weight of haemoglobin present in 1dl of blood?

A

15g

265
Q

What is erythropenia?

A

Decrease in RBC count

266
Q

How does deficiency of iron change RBC?

A

RBC size decreases.

267
Q

What is the life span of a WBC?

A

3 to 30 days

268
Q

What is the total leucocyte count of blood

A

6000-10,000 per cubic milimetre

269
Q

What is leucocytosis?

A

Increase in WBC count

270
Q

Granular WBC form ___% of all WBCs.

A

70%

271
Q

Name all WBCs with their abundance.

A 
Neutrophils (60-65%)
Basophils (0.5-1%)
Acidophils (2-5%)
Lymphocytes (25%)
Monocytes (3-5%)
272
Q

Which WBC have multilobed nucleus?

A

Neutrophils

273
Q

Which WBC are known as micropolice of body?

A

Neutrophils

274
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

They engulf pathogen.

275
Q

Which WBCs have trilobed nucleus?

A

Basophils

276
Q

Which WBCs have S shaped nucleus?

A

Basophils

277
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

They secrete histamine, serotonin and heparin.

278
Q

Which WBCs have a bilobed nucleus?

A

Acidophils

279
Q

Which WBCs have anti-histaminic effect?

A

Acidophils

280
Q

Which WBCs have anti-helminthic effect?

A

Acidophils

281
Q

Which WBCS have an oval nucleus?

A

Lymphocytes

282
Q

Which WBCs have a kidney shaped nucleus?

A

Monocytes

283
Q

Which cells are called are called the macropolice of the body?

A

Monocytes

284
Q

What are the stem cells of platelets?

A

Megakaryoblast of red bone marrow

285
Q

Platelets are the cell fragments of

A

Megakaryocytes

286
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

No

287
Q

Are thrombocytes nucleated?

A

Yes

288
Q

What is the life span of a platelet?

A

One week

289
Q

What is the platelet count of the body?

A

1.5 to 3.5 lakhs/cubic milimetre

290
Q

WHat is the ratio or number of RBC:WBC:Platelets per cubic milimetre of blood?

A

600:1:20

291
Q

Name all the blood coagulation factors.

A 
I- Fibrinogen
II - Prothrombin
III- Thromboplastin
IV- Calcium ions
V- Labile factor
VI- Unknown
VII-SPCA- Serum prothrombin conversion activator
VIII- Anti haemophilic factor A
IX- Anti haemophilic factor B
X- Stuart-Prower factor
XI- Anti haemophilic factor C
XII- Hageman factor
XIII- Loki Lorand factor
292
Q

What is a clot formed underneath the skin called?

A

Purpura

293
Q

What is a clot formed inside blood vessels called?

A

Thrombus

294
Q

Thromboplastin is released by

A

Platelets

295
Q

What converts prothrombin into thrombin?

A

Thrombokinase

296
Q

Which enzyme is required for converision of fibrinogen into fibrin?

A

Thrombin

297
Q

What is the composition of serum?

A

Plasma without fibrinogen

298
Q

How does warfarin act as an anticoagulant?

A

Vitamin K antagonist

299
Q

Where is prothrombin synthesised?

A

In liver in presence of vitamin K

300
Q

Which germinal layer do the iris and ciliary muscle of eye arise from?

A

Ectoderm

301
Q

Which germinal layer does the erector pili muscle originate from?

A

Ectoderm

302
Q

In which phylum did the muscular tissue first originate?

A

Coelenterata

303
Q

WHich cells form the major part of neural tissue?

A

Neuoglial cells (67%)

304
Q

What are Nissl’s granules?

A

Basophilic fragments of RER (ribonucleoprotein)

305
Q

What is the function of Nissl’s granules?

A

Protein synthesis

306
Q

Where are Nissl’s granules present?

A

In cell body and dendrites

307
Q

WHat is the myelin sheath made of?

A

Sphingolipid layer

308
Q

What secreted the myelin sheat in central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

309
Q

Which cell organelle does the neuron lack?

A

Centriole

310
Q

Apolar neurons are present in

A

Hydra

311
Q

WHat type of neurons are present in an embryo?

A

Unipolar neurons

312
Q

WHich type of neurons are present in retina’s rod and cone cells?

A

Bipolar neurons

313
Q

Which type of neurons are found in olfactory epithelium?

A

Bipolar neurons

314
Q

Which are the most abundant glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

315
Q

What is the function of astrocytes in humans?

A

Repair of nervous tissuse, formation of blood brain barrier

316
Q

Which glial cells form a blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

317
Q

Which gleal cells are mesodermal in origin?

A

Microglia

318
Q

Which cells secrete CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

319
Q

Which is the asian cockroach?

A

Blatta orientalis

320
Q

What is the length of Periplanata americana?

A

4-5cm

321
Q

Can Blata orientalis fly?

A

No, both males and femals cannot fly though males have wings.

322
Q

Does Blata orientalis have arolium pads?

A

No

323
Q

How are sclerites joint in Periplanata americana?

A

By arthroidal membrane

324
Q

What are the dorsal sclerites called?

A

Tergite

325
Q

What are ventral sclerites called?

A

Sternite

326
Q

What are lateral sclerites called?

A

Pleurite

327
Q

How many segments does the head of cockroach have in embryo and in adult?

A

Embryo- 6

Adult- 1

328
Q

How many segments does the thorax of cockroach have in embryo and in adults?

A

Embryo and adults- 3

329
Q

How many segments does the abdomen of cockroach have in embryo and adults?

A

Embryo-11

Adults- 10

330
Q

What is the forewing of cockroack commonly called?

A

Elytra/tegmina

331
Q

Anal styles are present in

A

Male cockroach

332
Q

Anal cerci are present in

A

Male and female cockroach

333
Q

What is the shape of the head of cockroach?

A

Triangular

334
Q

The head of cockroach is hypognathous. True or false?

A

True

335
Q

How many chitin plates cover the head of cockroach?

A

6

336
Q

Which is the largest chitin plate in the head of cockroach?

A

Frons

337
Q

Name the 6 chitin plates in the head of cockroach.

A

Epicranial plates- 2
Frons- 1
Gena- 2
Clypeus-1

338
Q

Do male or female cockroaches have longer antennae?

A

Male cockroaches have longer antennae.

339
Q

Can the simple eyes of cockroach form images?

A

No

340
Q

How many ommatidia are present in compound eyes of cockroach?

A

2000 ommatidia

341
Q

Which is the upper lip of cockroaches?

A

Labrum

342
Q

Which is the lower lip of cockroaches?

A

Labium

343
Q

Which are the cheeks of cockroaches?

A

Maxilla

344
Q

What is the function of maxilla in cockroaches?

A

Prevents the falling of food from mouth

345
Q

Which segment of thorax of a cockroach is the largest?

A

Prothorax

346
Q

Name the segments of the leg of cockroach.

A 
Coxa
Trochanter
Femur
Tibia
Tarsus (5 sub segments)
347
Q

What is the last tarsomere of leg of cockroach called?

A

Pretarsus

348
Q

Which tarsus forms the claws in cockroach?

A

Pretarsus

349
Q

Which is also known as the metathoracic wing of cockroach?

A

Flying/hind wing

350
Q

How many sclerites does each segment of abdomen of cockroach have?

A

Four

351
Q

How many tergites does the abdomen of cockroach have?

A

10 in males and females

352
Q

How many sternite does the abdomen of cockroach have?

A

Males-9

Females- 7

353
Q

Where are stink glands present in cockroaches?

A

5th and 6th abdominal segment

354
Q

Which structures act as nostrils of cockroach?

A

Spiracles

355
Q

Which segments form the genital pouch in female cockroaches?

A

7th, 8th and 9th sternite

356
Q

Which is the long boat shaped sternite in female cockroaches?

A

7th sternite

357
Q

Which segments form the genital pouch in male cockroaches?

A

9th and 10th tergite and 9th sternite

358
Q

Where does anal cerci arise from in cockroach?

A

Last tergite

359
Q

What is the function of anal cerci in cockroach?

A

They perceive sound.

360
Q

Where do anal style arise from in cockroach?

A

9th sternite

361
Q

Are phallomeres present in male or female cockroach?

A

Both

362
Q

Where is the genital aperture in male cockroaches located?

A

Just below anus (between 10th tergite and 9th sternite)

363
Q

What is called stomodium in cockroaches?

A

Foregut

364
Q

What is called mesenterone in cockroaches?

A

Midgut

365
Q

What is called hindgut in cockroaches?

A

Proctodeum

366
Q

80% of digestion of food occurs in which part of cockroach?

A

Crop

367
Q

20% of digestion of food occurs in which part of cockroach?

A

Midgut

368
Q

Which is the longest part of alimentary canal of cockroach?

A

Colon

369
Q

Hepatic caecae arise from

A

Junction of foregut and midgut

370
Q

How many hepatic caeae are present in cockroaches?

A

6 to 8

371
Q

What is the function of hepatic caecae?

A

Secretion of digestive juices

372
Q

Where are malpighian tubules located in cockroach?

A

At the junction of midgut and hindgut

373
Q

How many malpighian tubules are present in cockroaches?

A

100-150

374
Q

How many spiracles are present in cockroaches?

A

10 (2 in thorax and 8 in abdomen)

375
Q

On which structures are spiracles located?

A

Pleurons

376
Q

Are valves present in spiracles?

A

Yes

377
Q

What prevent trachea from collapsing in cockroaches?

A

Chitin rings

378
Q

Which muscles undergo rhythmic contraction and relaxation to bring about respiration in cockroaches?

A

Tergo-sternal muscles

379
Q

Which sinus of cockroach contains heart?

A

Pericardial sinus

380
Q

Which sinus of cockroach contains gut?

A

Perivisceral sinus

381
Q

Which sinus of cockroach contains nerve cord?

A

Perineural sinus

382
Q

What divides pericardial and perivisceral sinus in cockroach?

A

Dorsal diaphragm

383
Q

What divides perivisceral and perineural sinus in cockroach?

A

Ventral diaphragm

384
Q

How many heart chambers does a cockroach have?

A

13

385
Q

How many pairs of allary muscles are present between two chambers of heart of cockroach?

A

12 pairs

386
Q

What is the function of allary muscles of heart of cockroach?

A

Their contraction is responsible for blood circulation.

387
Q

What is the anterior aorta of cockroach?

A

It is the continuation of the 1st chamber of heart.

388
Q

Where do the mapighian tubules collect metabolic waste from?

A

Haemocoel

389
Q

Where is potassium urate converted into uric acid in cockroaches?

A

Malpighian tubules

390
Q

Nephrocytes in cockroaches are attached to

A

Heart wall

391
Q

Uricose gland in cockroach are present in which sexes?

A

Males

392
Q

Which organs of cockroach store uric acid for a long time?

A

Fat body, nephrocytes and uricose glands

393
Q

What are the components of the nervous system of a cockroach?

A

Nerve ring and a nerve cord

394
Q

Which part of nervous system of cockroach acts as brain?

A

Supra oesophagial ganglion

395
Q

Where does the nerve cord of cockroach arise from?

A

Supra oesophagial ganglion

396
Q

How many ganglion does the nerve cord of cockroach have?

A

3 thoracic and 6 abdominal

397
Q

What type of nerves- sensory, motor or mixed, are present in cockroaches?

A

Mixed nerves

398
Q

Which are the olfactory receptors of cockroaches?

A

Antennae

399
Q

What are the thigmoreceptors of cockroach?

A

Antennae

400
Q

Where do endocrine gland of cockroch release their secretions?

A

Haemocoel

401
Q

What does the prothoracic gland of cockroach produce?

A

Ecdysane/moulting hormone

402
Q

What is the function of ecdysane hormone?

A

Helps in moulting of cockroach

403
Q

In which stage of cockroach is ecdysane hormone found?

A

Nymphal stage

404
Q

What hormone does corpora allata secrete in cockroaches?

A

Juvenile/neotinin hormone and gonadotrophin hormone

405
Q

What is the function of juvenile hormone?

A

It keeps cockroach in nymphal stage for a while

406
Q

Which hormone does the corpora cardiaca produce in cockroach?

A

Growth hormone

407
Q

What is the function of corpora cardiaca in cockroaces?

A

It controls heart beats in adults

408
Q

Where are testis located in a cockroach?

A

4th to 6th abdominal segment

409
Q

Where do sperms mature in male cockroaches?

A

Seminal vesicles

410
Q

How many parts does the mushroom gland have in cockroaches?

A

Two- Small inner tubes- utricular brevoris

large outer tubes- utricular majoris

411
Q

What is the function of utricular brevoris in cockroaches?

A

Provides nutrition to sperms

412
Q

What is the function of utricular majoris in cockroaches?

A

Produces 1st layer of spermatophore

413
Q

What is the shape of phallic gland?

A

Club shaped

414
Q

What is the other name of conglobate gland?

A

Phallic gland

415
Q

What is the function of phallic gland?

A

Produces the third layer of spermatophore

416
Q

What is the other name of gonapophysis?

A

Phallomeres

417
Q

What are phallomeres?

A

CHitinous structures, help in copulation

418
Q

What is the pseudopenis in cockroaches?

A

Left phallomere

419
Q

What form hooks in male cockroaches?

A

Right and ventral phallomeres

420
Q

In which segment are ovaries located in cockroaches?

A

2nd-6th abdominal segments

421
Q

How many ovarioles are present in each ovary in a cockroach?

A

8

422
Q

How many eggs are produced in an ovary in a cockroach?

A

One egg per ovariole (ie, 8 eggs)

423
Q

How many spermatheca are present in a cockroach?

A

1 pair

424
Q

How many collaterial glands are present in a cockroach?

A

1 pair

425
Q

What is the function of collaterial gland?

A

Secrete wall of ootheca

426
Q

How many chitinous plates are present in female gonapophysis in a cockroach?

A

3 chitinous plates

427
Q

How many eggs are present in ootheca in a cockroach?

A

16 fertilized eggs

428
Q

How many moulting happen in a nymph?

A

13

429
Q

What is instar in reference to a cockroach?

A

Nymphal stages

430
Q

How many ootheca does a female cockroach produce in its lifetime?

A

9 to 10

431
Q

How long does it take for a nymph to form an adult?

A

one year

432
Q

Which tissue is involved in forming a diffusion boundary?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

433
Q

Ciliated epithelium is actually which epithelium?

A

Simple columnar/cuboidal epithelium with cilia

434
Q

Which epithelium covers the moist surface of buccal cavity?

A

Compound epithelium

435
Q

Where are chondrocytes located in cartilage?

A

In small cavities within matrix

436
Q

Which connective tissue is present in outer ear joints?

A

Cartilage

437
Q

Where are osteocytes present in bones?

A

In lacunae

438
Q

What allows cardiac muscle to contract as a unit?

A

Intercalated disc

439
Q

What type of tissues are present in the heart?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular and neural

440
Q

What is the difference between the term ‘morphology’ used for plants compared to that used for animals?

A

Morphology of plants and microbes- study of external structure only
Morphology of animals- study of external structure of organisms and their organs

441
Q

From where do the antennae of cockroach arise?

A

From the membranous sockets in front of eyes

442
Q

The first pair of wings in cockroach arise from

A

Mesothorax

443
Q

The second pair of wings in cockroach arise from

A

Metathorax

444
Q

Which organ of cockroach is also called proventriculus?

A

Gizzard

445
Q

Gizzard has an outer layer of thin longitudinal muscles and inner layer of thick cuticle forming chitin plates. State whether the statement is true or false in reference to cockroach.

A

False. The outer layer of gizzard has thick circular muscles while the inner layer of gizzard has thin cuticle forming chitin plates`.

446
Q

Where are the teeth of cockroach located?

A

In gizzard

447
Q

What are the components of haemolymph of cockroach?

A

Plasma and haemocytes

448
Q

Where is the heart of cockroach located?

A

Along mid-dorsal line of thorax and abdomen

449
Q

What regulates the opening and closing of spiracles of cockroach?

A

Sphinctres

450
Q

How does the exchange of gases occur at tracheoles of cockroach?

A

By diffusion

451
Q

What lines the mapighian tubules of cockroach?

A

Glandular and ciliated cells

452
Q

What supplies nerves to antennae and compound eyes of cockroaches?

A

Supra oesophagial ganglion

453
Q

Male gonopore of cockroach is ventral to

A

The anus

454
Q

Where is the mushroom gland of cockroach located?

A

6th to 7th segment of abdomen

455
Q

What represents the male external genitalia of cockroach?

A

Phallomeres

456
Q

Phallomeres surround the

A

Male gonapophores

457
Q

What forms the vagina in cockroach?

A

Oviduct of each ovary combine to form a single median oviduct which is called vagina.

458
Q

What is the size of an ootheca of cockroach?

A

3/8” (8mm)

Biology NEET 2023 (39 decks)

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