XI: Chapter 7- Structural organization in animals Flashcards
1
Q
Who gave the term animal tissue?
A
Bichat
2
Q
In which phylum did tissues first originate?
A
Coelenterata
3
Q
Who gave the term histology?
A
Karl Meyer
4
Q
Which type of tissue is derived from all three germinal layers?
A
Epidermal tissue
5
Q
Which type of tissue is derived only from mesoderm?
A
Connective tissue
6
Q
Which tissue is derived mainly, but not completely from mesoderm?
A
Muscular tissue
7
Q
Which tissue is derived only from ectoderm?
A
Nervous tissue
8
Q
Which is the first evolved tissue in embryonic life of humans?
A
Epithelial tissue
9
Q
Who gave the term epithelium?
A
Ruysch
10
Q
Which type of tissue in animal is avascular?
A
Epithelial tissue
11
Q
How many parts are present in the basement membrane and what secretes them?
A
1) Basal lamina - secreted by epithelium
2) Fibrous lamina- secreted by connective tissue
12
Q
What is the basal lamina (basement membrane) made of?
A
Glycoproteins
13
Q
What is the fibrous lamina (basement membrane) made of?
A
Protein fibres in mucopolysaccharide matrix
14
Q
Epidermis of the skin is formed by which germinal layer?
A
Ectoderm
15
Q
Mesothelium in animals is formed by which germinal layer?
A
Mesoderm
16
Q
Mucosa in animals is formed by which germinal layer?
A
Endoderm
17
Q
Which type of cell junction in animals is analogous to plasmodesmata?
A
Gap junction
18
Q
What is the role of gap junction?
A
Gap junction allows the free movement of substances across cells.
19
Q
What is the function of tight junction?
A
Plasma membranes fuse to prevent leakage of substances.
20
Q
What is the other name of tight junction?
A
Zona occludens
21
Q
Finger like projections of plasma membrane of one cell into cytoplasm of another are called
A
Interdigitations
22
Q
Which cell junctions are present in transitional epithelium?
A
Interdigitations
23
Q
What are the other names of adhering junctions?
A
Desmosomes, macula adherens
24
Q
What are the components of desmosomes?
A
Disc of protein wth intermediate fibres of keratin scleroprotein
25
Microvilli are motile. True or false.
False.
26
Which type of cilia have basal body?
Kinocilia
27
Which type of cilia are non-motile and non-contractile?
Stereocilia
28
What kind of arrangement of microtubules do kinocilia have?
9+2 microtubular arrangement
29
What are stereocilia made of?
Actin
30
What is the function of stereocilia?
Absorption
31
What is called a uniseriate epithelium?
Simple epithelium
32
Which epithelium is also called pavement epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
33
Which epithelium is also called tesselated epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
34
What type of nucleus is present in simple squamous epithelium?
Flattened central nucleus
35
Bowman's capsule contains which epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
36
Lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels is made of which tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
37
Alveoli of lungs contain which tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
38
Peritoneum contains which tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
39
What type of nucleus is present in simple cuboidal epithelium?
Round and central nucleus
40
DCT of kidney has which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
41
Iris has which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
42
Ciliary body and choroid have which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
43
The germinal epithelium of ovary and testis is made of
Simple cuboidal epithelium
44
Acini of pancreas have which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
45
Gland ducts have which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
46
Thyroid follicales have which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
47
PCT of kidney has which epithelium?
Brush bordered simple cuboidal epithelium
48
What type of nucleus is present in simple columnar epithelium?
Elongated and basal nuclues
49
Goblet cells are formed by which epithelium?
Simple columnar glandular epithelium
50
Liver has which epithelium?
Simple columnar epithelium
51
Bile duct has which epithelium?
Simple columnar epithelium
52
Stomach has which epithelium?
Simple columnar glandular epithelium (goblet cells)
53
Gall bladder has which epithelium?
Brush bordered simple columnar epithelium
54
Intestine has which epithelium?
Brush bordered glandular simple columnar epithelium
55
Sensory epithelium is made of
Simple columnar epithelium
56
What type of epithelium is present in retina?
Sensory (simple columnar) epithelium
57
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
Absorption, secretion and sensation
58
Pseudostratified epithelium is a modification of
Simple columnar epithelium
59
What kind of nucleus is present in short cells of pseudostratified epithelium?
Round nucleus
60
What kind of nucleus is present in long cells of pseudostratified epithelium?
Elongated nucleus
61
Middle part of male urethra contains which epithelium?
Non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
62
Parotid salivary glands contain which epithelium?
Non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
63
Larynx has which epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
64
Eustachian tube has which epithelium?
CIliated pseudostratified epithelium
65
Trachea has which epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
66
Bronchi have which epithelium?
(Kino)ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
67
Bronchioles have which epithelium?
(Kino)ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
68
Schneiderian membrane has which epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
69
Olfactory epithelium is what kind of epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
70
Fallopian tube/oviduct has which type of epithelium?
Kinociliated epithelium
71
Epididymus has which epithelium?
Stereociliated epithelium
72
Which epithelium does vasa differentia have?
Sterociliated epithelium
73
Which part of the human body has both kinocilia and stereocilia?
Organ of corti and ependyma
74
What is the function of compound epithelium?
Protection against abrasion, friction and stress
75
Which type of compound epithelium can be stretched?
Transitional epithelium
76
What type of compound epithelium cannot be stretched?
Stratified epithelium
77
Which epithelium lacks a basement membrane?
Transitional epithelium
78
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
Distention
79
Which cell junctions are found in stratified epithelium?
Desmosomes
80
How many layers does a stretched transitional epithelium appear to have?
Single
81
Which epithelium is also known as urothelium?
Transitional epithelium
82
Proximal part of male urethra has which epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
83
Renal pelvis is made of which epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
84
Ureter is made of which epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
85
Skin epidermis has which epithelium?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
86
Feather are made of which epithelium?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
87
Oesophagus has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamos epithelium
88
Pharynx has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
89
Vagina has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
90
Vocal cords are made of which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epitheilium
91
Lips are made of which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
92
Cheeks and hard palate are made of which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
93
Cervix is made of which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
94
Cunjunctiva has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
95
Cornea has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized` stratified squamous epithelium
96
What factor decides the category a stratified epithelium belongs to?
The shape of cells of upper epithelium
97
Frog's skin contains which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
98
Epiglottis has which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
99
Mammary alveoli have which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
100
Ducts of salivary glands, sweat glands and pancreas contain which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
101
Female urethra contains which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
102
Lactiferous duct contains which epithelium?
Stratified columnar epithelium
103
Distal part of male urethra contain which epithelium?
Stratified columnar epithelium
104
Which germinal layer does the glandular epithelium originate from?
Ectoderm
105
Which type of glands release their secretion through simple diffusion?
Merocrine/accrine glands
106
On the basis of mode of secretion salivary glands and most sweat glands are of which type?
Merocrine glands
107
On the basis of mode of secretion intestinal glands are of which type?
Merocrine glands
108
On the basis of mode of secretion gastric glands are of which type?
Merocrine glands
109
In which glands a part of cell is released along with the secretions?
Apocrine glands
110
On the basis of mode of secretion mammary glands are
Apocrine glands
111
On the basis of mode of secretion ceruminous glands are
Apocrine glands
112
On the basis of mode of secretion sweat glands of armpits are
Apocrine glands
113
In which type of glands the whole cell is released along with the secretions?
Holocrine glands
114
On the basis of mode of secretion sebaceous glands are
Holocrine glands
115
Name a unicellular gland.
Goblet cell
116
Simple straight tubular gland is present in
Crypts of liberkuhn
117
Simple coiled tubular gland is present in
Sweat glands
118
SImple branched tubular gland is present in
Gastric glands, sweat glands of armpits
119
Compound tubular gland is present in
Brunner's gland
120
Simple straight alveolar glands are present in
Cutaneous glands of frog
121
Simple branched alveolar glands are present in
Sebaceous glands
122
Compound alveolar glands are present in
Sub mandibular and sub lingual salivary glands
123
Compound tubulo alveolar glands are present in
Paroted salivary glands and mammary glands
124
Which is the most abundant tissue in animal body?
Connective tissue
125
Which tissue has extracelllular fluid in large quantities?
Connective tisse
126
What is the ground substance of matrix of connective tissue made of?
Mucopolysaccharide (mostly of hyaluronidic acid)
127
What is the function of collagen fibres?
Provide rigidity
128
Are collagen fibres branched?
No
129
What happens to collagen fibres on boiling?
They turn into gelatin.
130
What can digest collagen?
Pepsin
131
What is the function of elastic fibres?
Provide flexibilty
132
Are elastin fibres branched?
Yes
133
What happens to elastin fibres on boiling?
They do not dissolve on boiling.
134
What can digest elastin?
Trypsin
135
Are reticular fibres branched?
Highly branched
136
Where are reticular fibres situated?
In lymphoid tissue
137
What is the function of reticular fibres?
Help in filteration of lymph
138
WHich cells have maximum number in connective tissue?
Fibroblast
139
Which are the largest cells present in connective tissue?
Fibroblast
140
WHich cells are called the chief matrix producing cells of connective tissue?
Fibroblast
141
What is the shape of a fibroblast?
Oval cell with oval nucleus
142
What are abundant in fibroblast?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
143
Which cells are second most abundant in connective tissue?
Macrophages
144
Which cells are the second largest in connective tissue?
Macrophages
145
Which cells are also known as scavenger cells?
Macrophages
146
What is the shape of the cell and nucleus of macrophages?
Amoeboid cells with kidney shaped nucleus
147
What are abundant in macrophages?
Lysosomes
148
What are the macrophages of liver called?
Kupffer cells
149
What are the macrophages of lungs called?
Dust cells
150
What are the macrophages of skin called?
Langerhan's cells
151
What are the macrophages of bones called?
Osteoclast
152
What are the macrophages of blood called?
Monocytes
153
What are the macrophages of brain called?
Microglea
154
WHat are the macrophages of thymus gland called?
Hassall's cells
155
Which cells of connective tissue have a 'S'- shaped (2 to 3 lobed) nucleus?
Mast cells
156
Histamine is released by which cells?
Mast cells
157
Serotonin is released by which cells?
Mast cells
158
Heparin is released by which cells?
Mast cells
159
WHat is the function of histamine?
Histamine is a vasodilator.
160
Which chemical helps in diapedesis of WBC?
Histamine
161
Serotonin is a derivative of
Amino acids
162
What is the function of serotonin?
Serotonin is a vasoconstrictor.
163
Heparin is a derivative of
Mucopolysaccharide
164
Adipocytes are derivative of
Fibroblast cells
165
What is the shape of the nucleus of lymphocyte?
Oval
166
Plasma cells are derivatives of
Lymphocytes
167
Which cells are also known as cartwheel cells?
Plasma cells
168
Why are plasma cells known as cartwheel cells?
Chromatin is arranged like the spokes of wheel in nucleus
169
Which cells are also known as clones of lymphocytes?
Plasma cells
170
Give examples of organs/body parts where mesenchymal cells are present.
VIterous humour of eye, wharton's jelly of umblical cord and comb of cock
171
Embryonal cells are present in connective tissue in the form of
Mesenchymal cells
172
What are the type of loose connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue
| Adipose connective tissue
173
Which is the most widespread connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue
174
Which connective tissue is present beneath the basement membrane of skin?
Areolar connective tissue
175
Which kind of fibres are most abundant in areolar connective tissue?
Collagen
176
Which tissue forms the hypodermis in animals?
Adipose connective tissue
177
Which type of nucleus is found in white fat?
Peripheral nucleus
178
Which type of fat is present in blubber of whales and hump of cattle?
White fat
179
Which type of fat has more cytoplasm?
White fat
180
What type of nucleus is present in brown fat?
Central, round nucleus
181
Why is brown fat brown in colour?
Because of iron containing pigment cytochrome
182
Brown fat is found in
Infants (6 months) and hibernating animal
183
Which dense connective tissue connect bone to muscle?
Tendons
184
Which fibres are most abundant in tendons?
Collagen
185
Straining occurs in which connective tissue?
Tendons
186
Which connective tissue connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
187
Which fibres are more abundant in ligaments?
Elastin
188
Sprain occurs in which tissue?
Ligaments
189
Dermis of skin contains which tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue
190
What type of connective tissue is present in choroid and iris?
Pigmented connective tissue
191
Which connective tissue contains mesenchymal cells?
Mucoid connective tissue
192
Wharton's jelly has which connective tissue?
Mucoid connective tissue
193
Which is the most abundant cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
194
Which cartilage has glass like matrix?
Hyaline cartilage
195
Which cartilage is apparently fibreless?
Hyaline cartilage
196
Most of the embryonic cartilage is
Hyaline cartilage
197
Which cartilage is present in articulating joints?
Hyaline cartilage
198
Which cartilage is present in nasal septum?
Hyaline cartilage
199
Which is the strongest cartilages?
White fibrous cartilage
200
Which cartilage is present in intervertebral disc?
White fibrous cartilage
201
Which cartilage is present in pubic symphysis?
White fibrous cartilage
202
Which cartilage is present in epiglottis?
Yellow cartilage
203
Which cartilage is present in eustachian tube?
Yellow cartilage
204
Which cartilage is present in ear pinna?
Yellow cartilage
205
Which cartilage is present in nose tip?
Yellow cartilage
206
What modifies to form calcified cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage with extra depositions of calcium
207
Which cartilage is present at the end of old long bones?
Calcified cartilage
208
On the basis of shape what type of bones form carpels and tarsels?
Short bones
209
On the basis of shape what type of bones form ribs?
Flat bones
210
On the basis of shape which bone forms the sternum?
Flat bones
211
On the basis of shape which bones form the facial bones?
Flat bones
212
On the basis of shape which bones form the skull?
Flat bones
213
Which type of bones are also known as endochondral bones?
Cartilagenous bones, replacing bones
214
Cartilagenous bones are present in
Ribs
215
WHich bones are also known as membranous bones?
Dermal bones, investing bones
216
How are cartilagenous bones formed?
By the ossification of cartilage
217
How are membranous bones formed?
By the ossification of dermis of skin
218
How are sesamoid bones formed?
By the ossification of tendons
219
What type of bone is patella (mode of development)?
Sesamoid bone
220
What type of bone is the pisiform bone of wrist?
Sesamoid bone
221
What are the ends of long bones called?
Epiphysis
222
What is epiphysis made of?
Spongy tissue
223
Trebaculae are present in
Epiphysis of long bone
224
Which part of bone has osteoblastic acitivity?
Metaphysis
225
Which part of bone helps in bone elongation?
Metaphysis
226
Bidirectional growth is found in bones or in cartilage?
Bones
227
What is the shaft of the bone called?
Diaphysis
228
What is the diaphysis made of?
Compact bone
229
Which type of bone marrow is present in diaphysis?
Yellow bone marrow
230
What is the function of yellow bone marrow in bones?
It stores fat.
231
What is the outer covering of a long bone called?
Periosteum
232
What is the periosteum made of?
Connective tissue and osteoblast
233
What lines the medullary cavity of a bone?
Endosteum
234
What is the endosteum made of?
Osteoblast and osteoclast
235
Where are blood and nerve vessels situated in bone?
Harvesian canal
236
What are the transverse canal connecting harvesian canal called?
Volkmann's canal
237
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Harvesian system/osteon
238
Which are the bone forming cells?
Osteoblasts
239
What disease is characterised by abnormal osteoclastic acitivity?
Paget's disease
240
What is the volume of blood in an average female?
4 to 5 liters
241
What is the volume of blood in an average male?
5 to 6 liters
242
What is the pH of blood?
7.4
243
Where does the process of blood cells formation take place in embryonic life?
Liver and spleen
244
What is the amount of plasma in blood?
55%
245
What is the normal range of glucose in blood?
80 to 120 mg/dl
246
What is the concentration of glucose in a diabetic person?
>120 mg/dl
247
Which plasma protein is most abundant?
Serum albumin
248
Which is the smallest plasma protein?
Serum albumin
249
Which plasma protein maintains the osmotic pressure of blood?
Serum albumin
250
Which plasma protein is the second most abundant?
Serum globulin
251
What are the functions of alpha, beta and gamma globulin protein?
Alpha and beta globulin- maintain osmotic pressure
| Gamma globulin- antibodies
252
Which is the largest plasma protein?
Fibrinogen
253
Which are the clotting proteins present in plasma?
Fibrinogen and prothrombin
254
Where are plasma proteins synthesised?
All plasma proteins are synthesised in liver except gamma globulin which is synthesised in lymphoid organs.
255
What is the RBC count of an average male?
5 to 5.5 million RBCs/cubic milimetre
256
What is the RBC count of an average female?
4.5 to 5 million RBCs/cubic milimetre
257
Which organ secretes erythropoietin hormone?
Kidney
258
What is the life span of a RBC?
4 months
259
Which cells turn into RBCs?
Myeloblast
260
Name the different cells formed in the process of eryhtropoiesis in correct order formation.
```
Myeloblast
proerythroblast
erythroblast
normoblast
reticulocyte
erythrocyte
```
261
In which cell does the haemoglobin synthesis start?
Erythroblast
262
What is required for the conversion of reticulocyte to erythrocyte?
Vit-B12, folic acid
263
Which cell is also known as immature RBC?
Reticulocyte
264
What is the weight of haemoglobin present in 1dl of blood?
15g
265
What is erythropenia?
Decrease in RBC count
266
How does deficiency of iron change RBC?
RBC size decreases.
267
What is the life span of a WBC?
3 to 30 days
268
What is the total leucocyte count of blood
6000-10,000 per cubic milimetre
269
What is leucocytosis?
Increase in WBC count
270
Granular WBC form ___% of all WBCs.
70%
271
Name all WBCs with their abundance.
```
Neutrophils (60-65%)
Basophils (0.5-1%)
Acidophils (2-5%)
Lymphocytes (25%)
Monocytes (3-5%)
```
272
Which WBC have multilobed nucleus?
Neutrophils
273
Which WBC are known as micropolice of body?
Neutrophils
274
What is the function of neutrophils?
They engulf pathogen.
275
Which WBCs have trilobed nucleus?
Basophils
276
Which WBCs have S shaped nucleus?
Basophils
277
What is the function of basophils?
They secrete histamine, serotonin and heparin.
278
Which WBCs have a bilobed nucleus?
Acidophils
279
Which WBCs have anti-histaminic effect?
Acidophils
280
Which WBCs have anti-helminthic effect?
Acidophils
281
Which WBCS have an oval nucleus?
Lymphocytes
282
Which WBCs have a kidney shaped nucleus?
Monocytes
283
Which cells are called are called the macropolice of the body?
Monocytes
284
What are the stem cells of platelets?
Megakaryoblast of red bone marrow
285
Platelets are the cell fragments of
Megakaryocytes
286
Do platelets have a nucleus?
No
287
Are thrombocytes nucleated?
Yes
288
What is the life span of a platelet?
One week
289
What is the platelet count of the body?
1.5 to 3.5 lakhs/cubic milimetre
290
WHat is the ratio or number of RBC:WBC:Platelets per cubic milimetre of blood?
600:1:20
291
Name all the blood coagulation factors.
```
I- Fibrinogen
II - Prothrombin
III- Thromboplastin
IV- Calcium ions
V- Labile factor
VI- Unknown
VII-SPCA- Serum prothrombin conversion activator
VIII- Anti haemophilic factor A
IX- Anti haemophilic factor B
X- Stuart-Prower factor
XI- Anti haemophilic factor C
XII- Hageman factor
XIII- Loki Lorand factor
```
292
What is a clot formed underneath the skin called?
Purpura
293
What is a clot formed inside blood vessels called?
Thrombus
294
Thromboplastin is released by
Platelets
295
What converts prothrombin into thrombin?
Thrombokinase
296
Which enzyme is required for converision of fibrinogen into fibrin?
Thrombin
297
What is the composition of serum?
Plasma without fibrinogen
298
How does warfarin act as an anticoagulant?
Vitamin K antagonist
299
Where is prothrombin synthesised?
In liver in presence of vitamin K
300
Which germinal layer do the iris and ciliary muscle of eye arise from?
Ectoderm
301
Which germinal layer does the erector pili muscle originate from?
Ectoderm
302
In which phylum did the muscular tissue first originate?
Coelenterata
303
WHich cells form the major part of neural tissue?
Neuoglial cells (67%)
304
What are Nissl's granules?
Basophilic fragments of RER (ribonucleoprotein)
305
What is the function of Nissl's granules?
Protein synthesis
306
Where are Nissl's granules present?
In cell body and dendrites
307
WHat is the myelin sheath made of?
Sphingolipid layer
308
What secreted the myelin sheat in central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
309
Which cell organelle does the neuron lack?
Centriole
310
Apolar neurons are present in
Hydra
311
WHat type of neurons are present in an embryo?
Unipolar neurons
312
WHich type of neurons are present in retina's rod and cone cells?
Bipolar neurons
313
Which type of neurons are found in olfactory epithelium?
Bipolar neurons
314
Which are the most abundant glial cells?
Astrocytes
315
What is the function of astrocytes in humans?
Repair of nervous tissuse, formation of blood brain barrier
316
Which glial cells form a blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
317
Which gleal cells are mesodermal in origin?
Microglia
318
Which cells secrete CSF?
Ependymal cells
319
Which is the asian cockroach?
Blatta orientalis
320
What is the length of Periplanata americana?
4-5cm
321
Can Blata orientalis fly?
No, both males and femals cannot fly though males have wings.
322
Does Blata orientalis have arolium pads?
No
323
How are sclerites joint in Periplanata americana?
By arthroidal membrane
324
What are the dorsal sclerites called?
Tergite
325
What are ventral sclerites called?
Sternite
326
What are lateral sclerites called?
Pleurite
327
How many segments does the head of cockroach have in embryo and in adult?
Embryo- 6
| Adult- 1
328
How many segments does the thorax of cockroach have in embryo and in adults?
Embryo and adults- 3
329
How many segments does the abdomen of cockroach have in embryo and adults?
Embryo-11
| Adults- 10
330
What is the forewing of cockroack commonly called?
Elytra/tegmina
331
Anal styles are present in
Male cockroach
332
Anal cerci are present in
Male and female cockroach
333
What is the shape of the head of cockroach?
Triangular
334
The head of cockroach is hypognathous. True or false?
True
335
How many chitin plates cover the head of cockroach?
6
336
Which is the largest chitin plate in the head of cockroach?
Frons
337
Name the 6 chitin plates in the head of cockroach.
Epicranial plates- 2
Frons- 1
Gena- 2
Clypeus-1
338
Do male or female cockroaches have longer antennae?
Male cockroaches have longer antennae.
339
Can the simple eyes of cockroach form images?
No
340
How many ommatidia are present in compound eyes of cockroach?
2000 ommatidia
341
Which is the upper lip of cockroaches?
Labrum
342
Which is the lower lip of cockroaches?
Labium
343
Which are the cheeks of cockroaches?
Maxilla
344
What is the function of maxilla in cockroaches?
Prevents the falling of food from mouth
345
Which segment of thorax of a cockroach is the largest?
Prothorax
346
Name the segments of the leg of cockroach.
```
Coxa
Trochanter
Femur
Tibia
Tarsus (5 sub segments)
```
347
What is the last tarsomere of leg of cockroach called?
Pretarsus
348
Which tarsus forms the claws in cockroach?
Pretarsus
349
Which is also known as the metathoracic wing of cockroach?
Flying/hind wing
350
How many sclerites does each segment of abdomen of cockroach have?
Four
351
How many tergites does the abdomen of cockroach have?
10 in males and females
352
How many sternite does the abdomen of cockroach have?
Males-9
| Females- 7
353
Where are stink glands present in cockroaches?
5th and 6th abdominal segment
354
Which structures act as nostrils of cockroach?
Spiracles
355
Which segments form the genital pouch in female cockroaches?
7th, 8th and 9th sternite
356
Which is the long boat shaped sternite in female cockroaches?
7th sternite
357
Which segments form the genital pouch in male cockroaches?
9th and 10th tergite and 9th sternite
358
Where does anal cerci arise from in cockroach?
Last tergite
359
What is the function of anal cerci in cockroach?
They perceive sound.
360
Where do anal style arise from in cockroach?
9th sternite
361
Are phallomeres present in male or female cockroach?
Both
362
Where is the genital aperture in male cockroaches located?
Just below anus (between 10th tergite and 9th sternite)
363
What is called stomodium in cockroaches?
Foregut
364
What is called mesenterone in cockroaches?
Midgut
365
What is called hindgut in cockroaches?
Proctodeum
366
80% of digestion of food occurs in which part of cockroach?
Crop
367
20% of digestion of food occurs in which part of cockroach?
Midgut
368
Which is the longest part of alimentary canal of cockroach?
Colon
369
Hepatic caecae arise from
Junction of foregut and midgut
370
How many hepatic caeae are present in cockroaches?
6 to 8
371
What is the function of hepatic caecae?
Secretion of digestive juices
372
Where are malpighian tubules located in cockroach?
At the junction of midgut and hindgut
373
How many malpighian tubules are present in cockroaches?
100-150
374
How many spiracles are present in cockroaches?
10 (2 in thorax and 8 in abdomen)
375
On which structures are spiracles located?
Pleurons
376
Are valves present in spiracles?
Yes
377
What prevent trachea from collapsing in cockroaches?
Chitin rings
378
Which muscles undergo rhythmic contraction and relaxation to bring about respiration in cockroaches?
Tergo-sternal muscles
379
Which sinus of cockroach contains heart?
Pericardial sinus
380
Which sinus of cockroach contains gut?
Perivisceral sinus
381
Which sinus of cockroach contains nerve cord?
Perineural sinus
382
What divides pericardial and perivisceral sinus in cockroach?
Dorsal diaphragm
383
What divides perivisceral and perineural sinus in cockroach?
Ventral diaphragm
384
How many heart chambers does a cockroach have?
13
385
How many pairs of allary muscles are present between two chambers of heart of cockroach?
12 pairs
386
What is the function of allary muscles of heart of cockroach?
Their contraction is responsible for blood circulation.
387
What is the anterior aorta of cockroach?
It is the continuation of the 1st chamber of heart.
388
Where do the mapighian tubules collect metabolic waste from?
Haemocoel
389
Where is potassium urate converted into uric acid in cockroaches?
Malpighian tubules
390
Nephrocytes in cockroaches are attached to
Heart wall
391
Uricose gland in cockroach are present in which sexes?
Males
392
Which organs of cockroach store uric acid for a long time?
Fat body, nephrocytes and uricose glands
393
What are the components of the nervous system of a cockroach?
Nerve ring and a nerve cord
394
Which part of nervous system of cockroach acts as brain?
Supra oesophagial ganglion
395
Where does the nerve cord of cockroach arise from?
Supra oesophagial ganglion
396
How many ganglion does the nerve cord of cockroach have?
3 thoracic and 6 abdominal
397
What type of nerves- sensory, motor or mixed, are present in cockroaches?
Mixed nerves
398
Which are the olfactory receptors of cockroaches?
Antennae
399
What are the thigmoreceptors of cockroach?
Antennae
400
Where do endocrine gland of cockroch release their secretions?
Haemocoel
401
What does the prothoracic gland of cockroach produce?
Ecdysane/moulting hormone
402
What is the function of ecdysane hormone?
Helps in moulting of cockroach
403
In which stage of cockroach is ecdysane hormone found?
Nymphal stage
404
What hormone does corpora allata secrete in cockroaches?
Juvenile/neotinin hormone and gonadotrophin hormone
405
What is the function of juvenile hormone?
It keeps cockroach in nymphal stage for a while
406
Which hormone does the corpora cardiaca produce in cockroach?
Growth hormone
407
What is the function of corpora cardiaca in cockroaces?
It controls heart beats in adults
408
Where are testis located in a cockroach?
4th to 6th abdominal segment
409
Where do sperms mature in male cockroaches?
Seminal vesicles
410
How many parts does the mushroom gland have in cockroaches?
Two- Small inner tubes- utricular brevoris
| large outer tubes- utricular majoris
411
What is the function of utricular brevoris in cockroaches?
Provides nutrition to sperms
412
What is the function of utricular majoris in cockroaches?
Produces 1st layer of spermatophore
413
What is the shape of phallic gland?
Club shaped
414
What is the other name of conglobate gland?
Phallic gland
415
What is the function of phallic gland?
Produces the third layer of spermatophore
416
What is the other name of gonapophysis?
Phallomeres
417
What are phallomeres?
CHitinous structures, help in copulation
418
What is the pseudopenis in cockroaches?
Left phallomere
419
What form hooks in male cockroaches?
Right and ventral phallomeres
420
In which segment are ovaries located in cockroaches?
2nd-6th abdominal segments
421
How many ovarioles are present in each ovary in a cockroach?
8
422
How many eggs are produced in an ovary in a cockroach?
One egg per ovariole (ie, 8 eggs)
423
How many spermatheca are present in a cockroach?
1 pair
424
How many collaterial glands are present in a cockroach?
1 pair
425
What is the function of collaterial gland?
Secrete wall of ootheca
426
How many chitinous plates are present in female gonapophysis in a cockroach?
3 chitinous plates
427
How many eggs are present in ootheca in a cockroach?
16 fertilized eggs
428
How many moulting happen in a nymph?
13
429
What is instar in reference to a cockroach?
Nymphal stages
430
How many ootheca does a female cockroach produce in its lifetime?
9 to 10
431
How long does it take for a nymph to form an adult?
one year
432
Which tissue is involved in forming a diffusion boundary?
Simple squamous epithelium
433
Ciliated epithelium is actually which epithelium?
Simple columnar/cuboidal epithelium with cilia
434
Which epithelium covers the moist surface of buccal cavity?
Compound epithelium
435
Where are chondrocytes located in cartilage?
In small cavities within matrix
436
Which connective tissue is present in outer ear joints?
Cartilage
437
Where are osteocytes present in bones?
In lacunae
438
What allows cardiac muscle to contract as a unit?
Intercalated disc
439
What type of tissues are present in the heart?
Epithelial, connective, muscular and neural
440
What is the difference between the term 'morphology' used for plants compared to that used for animals?
Morphology of plants and microbes- study of external structure only
Morphology of animals- study of external structure of organisms and their organs
441
From where do the antennae of cockroach arise?
From the membranous sockets in front of eyes
442
The first pair of wings in cockroach arise from
Mesothorax
443
The second pair of wings in cockroach arise from
Metathorax
444
Which organ of cockroach is also called proventriculus?
Gizzard
445
Gizzard has an outer layer of thin longitudinal muscles and inner layer of thick cuticle forming chitin plates. State whether the statement is true or false in reference to cockroach.
False. The outer layer of gizzard has thick circular muscles while the inner layer of gizzard has thin cuticle forming chitin plates`.
446
Where are the teeth of cockroach located?
In gizzard
447
What are the components of haemolymph of cockroach?
Plasma and haemocytes
448
Where is the heart of cockroach located?
Along mid-dorsal line of thorax and abdomen
449
What regulates the opening and closing of spiracles of cockroach?
Sphinctres
450
How does the exchange of gases occur at tracheoles of cockroach?
By diffusion
451
What lines the mapighian tubules of cockroach?
Glandular and ciliated cells
452
What supplies nerves to antennae and compound eyes of cockroaches?
Supra oesophagial ganglion
453
Male gonopore of cockroach is ventral to
The anus
454
Where is the mushroom gland of cockroach located?
6th to 7th segment of abdomen
455
What represents the male external genitalia of cockroach?
Phallomeres
456
Phallomeres surround the
Male gonapophores
457
What forms the vagina in cockroach?
Oviduct of each ovary combine to form a single median oviduct which is called vagina.
458
What is the size of an ootheca of cockroach?
3/8" (8mm)
