XI: Chapter 7- Structural organization in animals Flashcards
Who gave the term animal tissue?
Bichat
In which phylum did tissues first originate?
Coelenterata
Who gave the term histology?
Karl Meyer
Which type of tissue is derived from all three germinal layers?
Epidermal tissue
Which type of tissue is derived only from mesoderm?
Connective tissue
Which tissue is derived mainly, but not completely from mesoderm?
Muscular tissue
Which tissue is derived only from ectoderm?
Nervous tissue
Which is the first evolved tissue in embryonic life of humans?
Epithelial tissue
Who gave the term epithelium?
Ruysch
Which type of tissue in animal is avascular?
Epithelial tissue
How many parts are present in the basement membrane and what secretes them?
1) Basal lamina - secreted by epithelium
2) Fibrous lamina- secreted by connective tissue
What is the basal lamina (basement membrane) made of?
Glycoproteins
What is the fibrous lamina (basement membrane) made of?
Protein fibres in mucopolysaccharide matrix
Epidermis of the skin is formed by which germinal layer?
Ectoderm
Mesothelium in animals is formed by which germinal layer?
Mesoderm
Mucosa in animals is formed by which germinal layer?
Endoderm
Which type of cell junction in animals is analogous to plasmodesmata?
Gap junction
What is the role of gap junction?
Gap junction allows the free movement of substances across cells.
What is the function of tight junction?
Plasma membranes fuse to prevent leakage of substances.
What is the other name of tight junction?
Zona occludens
Finger like projections of plasma membrane of one cell into cytoplasm of another are called
Interdigitations
Which cell junctions are present in transitional epithelium?
Interdigitations
What are the other names of adhering junctions?
Desmosomes, macula adherens
What are the components of desmosomes?
Disc of protein wth intermediate fibres of keratin scleroprotein
Microvilli are motile. True or false.
False.
Which type of cilia have basal body?
Kinocilia
Which type of cilia are non-motile and non-contractile?
Stereocilia
What kind of arrangement of microtubules do kinocilia have?
9+2 microtubular arrangement
What are stereocilia made of?
Actin
What is the function of stereocilia?
Absorption
What is called a uniseriate epithelium?
Simple epithelium
Which epithelium is also called pavement epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which epithelium is also called tesselated epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of nucleus is present in simple squamous epithelium?
Flattened central nucleus
Bowman’s capsule contains which epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
Lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels is made of which tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
Alveoli of lungs contain which tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
Peritoneum contains which tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of nucleus is present in simple cuboidal epithelium?
Round and central nucleus
DCT of kidney has which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Iris has which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Ciliary body and choroid have which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
The germinal epithelium of ovary and testis is made of
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Acini of pancreas have which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Gland ducts have which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Thyroid follicales have which epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
PCT of kidney has which epithelium?
Brush bordered simple cuboidal epithelium
What type of nucleus is present in simple columnar epithelium?
Elongated and basal nuclues
Goblet cells are formed by which epithelium?
Simple columnar glandular epithelium
Liver has which epithelium?
Simple columnar epithelium
Bile duct has which epithelium?
Simple columnar epithelium
Stomach has which epithelium?
Simple columnar glandular epithelium (goblet cells)
Gall bladder has which epithelium?
Brush bordered simple columnar epithelium
Intestine has which epithelium?
Brush bordered glandular simple columnar epithelium
Sensory epithelium is made of
Simple columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium is present in retina?
Sensory (simple columnar) epithelium
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
Absorption, secretion and sensation
Pseudostratified epithelium is a modification of
Simple columnar epithelium
What kind of nucleus is present in short cells of pseudostratified epithelium?
Round nucleus
What kind of nucleus is present in long cells of pseudostratified epithelium?
Elongated nucleus
Middle part of male urethra contains which epithelium?
Non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Parotid salivary glands contain which epithelium?
Non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Larynx has which epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Eustachian tube has which epithelium?
CIliated pseudostratified epithelium
Trachea has which epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Bronchi have which epithelium?
(Kino)ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Bronchioles have which epithelium?
(Kino)ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Schneiderian membrane has which epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Olfactory epithelium is what kind of epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Fallopian tube/oviduct has which type of epithelium?
Kinociliated epithelium
Epididymus has which epithelium?
Stereociliated epithelium
Which epithelium does vasa differentia have?
Sterociliated epithelium
Which part of the human body has both kinocilia and stereocilia?
Organ of corti and ependyma
What is the function of compound epithelium?
Protection against abrasion, friction and stress
Which type of compound epithelium can be stretched?
Transitional epithelium
What type of compound epithelium cannot be stretched?
Stratified epithelium
Which epithelium lacks a basement membrane?
Transitional epithelium
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
Distention
Which cell junctions are found in stratified epithelium?
Desmosomes
How many layers does a stretched transitional epithelium appear to have?
Single
Which epithelium is also known as urothelium?
Transitional epithelium
Proximal part of male urethra has which epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
Renal pelvis is made of which epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
Ureter is made of which epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
Skin epidermis has which epithelium?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Feather are made of which epithelium?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Oesophagus has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamos epithelium
Pharynx has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Vagina has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Vocal cords are made of which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epitheilium
Lips are made of which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Cheeks and hard palate are made of which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Cervix is made of which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Cunjunctiva has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Cornea has which epithelium?
Non-keratinized` stratified squamous epithelium
What factor decides the category a stratified epithelium belongs to?
The shape of cells of upper epithelium
Frog’s skin contains which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Epiglottis has which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Mammary alveoli have which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Ducts of salivary glands, sweat glands and pancreas contain which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Female urethra contains which epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Lactiferous duct contains which epithelium?
Stratified columnar epithelium
Distal part of male urethra contain which epithelium?
Stratified columnar epithelium
Which germinal layer does the glandular epithelium originate from?
Ectoderm
Which type of glands release their secretion through simple diffusion?
Merocrine/accrine glands
On the basis of mode of secretion salivary glands and most sweat glands are of which type?
Merocrine glands
On the basis of mode of secretion intestinal glands are of which type?
Merocrine glands
On the basis of mode of secretion gastric glands are of which type?
Merocrine glands
In which glands a part of cell is released along with the secretions?
Apocrine glands
On the basis of mode of secretion mammary glands are
Apocrine glands
On the basis of mode of secretion ceruminous glands are
Apocrine glands
On the basis of mode of secretion sweat glands of armpits are
Apocrine glands
In which type of glands the whole cell is released along with the secretions?
Holocrine glands
On the basis of mode of secretion sebaceous glands are
Holocrine glands
Name a unicellular gland.
Goblet cell
Simple straight tubular gland is present in
Crypts of liberkuhn
Simple coiled tubular gland is present in
Sweat glands
SImple branched tubular gland is present in
Gastric glands, sweat glands of armpits
Compound tubular gland is present in
Brunner’s gland
Simple straight alveolar glands are present in
Cutaneous glands of frog
Simple branched alveolar glands are present in
Sebaceous glands
Compound alveolar glands are present in
Sub mandibular and sub lingual salivary glands
Compound tubulo alveolar glands are present in
Paroted salivary glands and mammary glands
Which is the most abundant tissue in animal body?
Connective tissue
Which tissue has extracelllular fluid in large quantities?
Connective tisse
What is the ground substance of matrix of connective tissue made of?
Mucopolysaccharide (mostly of hyaluronidic acid)
What is the function of collagen fibres?
Provide rigidity
Are collagen fibres branched?
No
What happens to collagen fibres on boiling?
They turn into gelatin.
What can digest collagen?
Pepsin
What is the function of elastic fibres?
Provide flexibilty
Are elastin fibres branched?
Yes
What happens to elastin fibres on boiling?
They do not dissolve on boiling.
What can digest elastin?
Trypsin
Are reticular fibres branched?
Highly branched
Where are reticular fibres situated?
In lymphoid tissue
What is the function of reticular fibres?
Help in filteration of lymph
WHich cells have maximum number in connective tissue?
Fibroblast
Which are the largest cells present in connective tissue?
Fibroblast
WHich cells are called the chief matrix producing cells of connective tissue?
Fibroblast
What is the shape of a fibroblast?
Oval cell with oval nucleus
What are abundant in fibroblast?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which cells are second most abundant in connective tissue?
Macrophages
Which cells are the second largest in connective tissue?
Macrophages
Which cells are also known as scavenger cells?
Macrophages
What is the shape of the cell and nucleus of macrophages?
Amoeboid cells with kidney shaped nucleus
What are abundant in macrophages?
Lysosomes
What are the macrophages of liver called?
Kupffer cells
What are the macrophages of lungs called?
Dust cells
What are the macrophages of skin called?
Langerhan’s cells
What are the macrophages of bones called?
Osteoclast
What are the macrophages of blood called?
Monocytes
What are the macrophages of brain called?
Microglea
WHat are the macrophages of thymus gland called?
Hassall’s cells
Which cells of connective tissue have a ‘S’- shaped (2 to 3 lobed) nucleus?
Mast cells
Histamine is released by which cells?
Mast cells
Serotonin is released by which cells?
Mast cells
Heparin is released by which cells?
Mast cells
WHat is the function of histamine?
Histamine is a vasodilator.
Which chemical helps in diapedesis of WBC?
Histamine
Serotonin is a derivative of
Amino acids
What is the function of serotonin?
Serotonin is a vasoconstrictor.
Heparin is a derivative of
Mucopolysaccharide
Adipocytes are derivative of
Fibroblast cells
What is the shape of the nucleus of lymphocyte?
Oval
Plasma cells are derivatives of
Lymphocytes
Which cells are also known as cartwheel cells?
Plasma cells
Why are plasma cells known as cartwheel cells?
Chromatin is arranged like the spokes of wheel in nucleus
Which cells are also known as clones of lymphocytes?
Plasma cells
Give examples of organs/body parts where mesenchymal cells are present.
VIterous humour of eye, wharton’s jelly of umblical cord and comb of cock
Embryonal cells are present in connective tissue in the form of
Mesenchymal cells
What are the type of loose connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue
Which is the most widespread connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue
Which connective tissue is present beneath the basement membrane of skin?
Areolar connective tissue
Which kind of fibres are most abundant in areolar connective tissue?
Collagen
Which tissue forms the hypodermis in animals?
Adipose connective tissue
Which type of nucleus is found in white fat?
Peripheral nucleus
Which type of fat is present in blubber of whales and hump of cattle?
White fat
Which type of fat has more cytoplasm?
White fat
What type of nucleus is present in brown fat?
Central, round nucleus
Why is brown fat brown in colour?
Because of iron containing pigment cytochrome
Brown fat is found in
Infants (6 months) and hibernating animal
Which dense connective tissue connect bone to muscle?
Tendons
Which fibres are most abundant in tendons?
Collagen
Straining occurs in which connective tissue?
Tendons
Which connective tissue connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
Which fibres are more abundant in ligaments?
Elastin
Sprain occurs in which tissue?
Ligaments
Dermis of skin contains which tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What type of connective tissue is present in choroid and iris?
Pigmented connective tissue
Which connective tissue contains mesenchymal cells?
Mucoid connective tissue
Wharton’s jelly has which connective tissue?
Mucoid connective tissue
Which is the most abundant cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Which cartilage has glass like matrix?
Hyaline cartilage
Which cartilage is apparently fibreless?
Hyaline cartilage
Most of the embryonic cartilage is
Hyaline cartilage
Which cartilage is present in articulating joints?
Hyaline cartilage
Which cartilage is present in nasal septum?
Hyaline cartilage
Which is the strongest cartilages?
White fibrous cartilage
Which cartilage is present in intervertebral disc?
White fibrous cartilage
Which cartilage is present in pubic symphysis?
White fibrous cartilage
Which cartilage is present in epiglottis?
Yellow cartilage
Which cartilage is present in eustachian tube?
Yellow cartilage
Which cartilage is present in ear pinna?
Yellow cartilage
Which cartilage is present in nose tip?
Yellow cartilage
What modifies to form calcified cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage with extra depositions of calcium
Which cartilage is present at the end of old long bones?
Calcified cartilage
On the basis of shape what type of bones form carpels and tarsels?
Short bones
On the basis of shape what type of bones form ribs?
Flat bones
On the basis of shape which bone forms the sternum?
Flat bones
On the basis of shape which bones form the facial bones?
Flat bones
On the basis of shape which bones form the skull?
Flat bones
Which type of bones are also known as endochondral bones?
Cartilagenous bones, replacing bones
Cartilagenous bones are present in
Ribs
WHich bones are also known as membranous bones?
Dermal bones, investing bones
How are cartilagenous bones formed?
By the ossification of cartilage
How are membranous bones formed?
By the ossification of dermis of skin
How are sesamoid bones formed?
By the ossification of tendons
What type of bone is patella (mode of development)?
Sesamoid bone
What type of bone is the pisiform bone of wrist?
Sesamoid bone
What are the ends of long bones called?
Epiphysis
What is epiphysis made of?
Spongy tissue
Trebaculae are present in
Epiphysis of long bone
Which part of bone has osteoblastic acitivity?
Metaphysis
Which part of bone helps in bone elongation?
Metaphysis
Bidirectional growth is found in bones or in cartilage?
Bones
What is the shaft of the bone called?
Diaphysis
What is the diaphysis made of?
Compact bone
Which type of bone marrow is present in diaphysis?
Yellow bone marrow
What is the function of yellow bone marrow in bones?
It stores fat.
What is the outer covering of a long bone called?
Periosteum
What is the periosteum made of?
Connective tissue and osteoblast
What lines the medullary cavity of a bone?
Endosteum
What is the endosteum made of?
Osteoblast and osteoclast
Where are blood and nerve vessels situated in bone?
Harvesian canal
What are the transverse canal connecting harvesian canal called?
Volkmann’s canal
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Harvesian system/osteon
Which are the bone forming cells?
Osteoblasts
What disease is characterised by abnormal osteoclastic acitivity?
Paget’s disease
What is the volume of blood in an average female?
4 to 5 liters
What is the volume of blood in an average male?
5 to 6 liters
What is the pH of blood?
7.4
Where does the process of blood cells formation take place in embryonic life?
Liver and spleen
What is the amount of plasma in blood?
55%
What is the normal range of glucose in blood?
80 to 120 mg/dl
What is the concentration of glucose in a diabetic person?
> 120 mg/dl
Which plasma protein is most abundant?
Serum albumin
Which is the smallest plasma protein?
Serum albumin
Which plasma protein maintains the osmotic pressure of blood?
Serum albumin
Which plasma protein is the second most abundant?
Serum globulin
What are the functions of alpha, beta and gamma globulin protein?
Alpha and beta globulin- maintain osmotic pressure
Gamma globulin- antibodies
Which is the largest plasma protein?
Fibrinogen
Which are the clotting proteins present in plasma?
Fibrinogen and prothrombin
Where are plasma proteins synthesised?
All plasma proteins are synthesised in liver except gamma globulin which is synthesised in lymphoid organs.
What is the RBC count of an average male?
5 to 5.5 million RBCs/cubic milimetre
What is the RBC count of an average female?
4.5 to 5 million RBCs/cubic milimetre
Which organ secretes erythropoietin hormone?
Kidney
What is the life span of a RBC?
4 months
Which cells turn into RBCs?
Myeloblast
Name the different cells formed in the process of eryhtropoiesis in correct order formation.
Myeloblast proerythroblast erythroblast normoblast reticulocyte erythrocyte
In which cell does the haemoglobin synthesis start?
Erythroblast
What is required for the conversion of reticulocyte to erythrocyte?
Vit-B12, folic acid
Which cell is also known as immature RBC?
Reticulocyte
What is the weight of haemoglobin present in 1dl of blood?
15g
What is erythropenia?
Decrease in RBC count
How does deficiency of iron change RBC?
RBC size decreases.
What is the life span of a WBC?
3 to 30 days
What is the total leucocyte count of blood
6000-10,000 per cubic milimetre
What is leucocytosis?
Increase in WBC count
Granular WBC form ___% of all WBCs.
70%
Name all WBCs with their abundance.
Neutrophils (60-65%) Basophils (0.5-1%) Acidophils (2-5%) Lymphocytes (25%) Monocytes (3-5%)
Which WBC have multilobed nucleus?
Neutrophils
Which WBC are known as micropolice of body?
Neutrophils
What is the function of neutrophils?
They engulf pathogen.
Which WBCs have trilobed nucleus?
Basophils
Which WBCs have S shaped nucleus?
Basophils
What is the function of basophils?
They secrete histamine, serotonin and heparin.
Which WBCs have a bilobed nucleus?
Acidophils
Which WBCs have anti-histaminic effect?
Acidophils
Which WBCs have anti-helminthic effect?
Acidophils
Which WBCS have an oval nucleus?
Lymphocytes
Which WBCs have a kidney shaped nucleus?
Monocytes
Which cells are called are called the macropolice of the body?
Monocytes
What are the stem cells of platelets?
Megakaryoblast of red bone marrow
Platelets are the cell fragments of
Megakaryocytes
Do platelets have a nucleus?
No
Are thrombocytes nucleated?
Yes
What is the life span of a platelet?
One week
What is the platelet count of the body?
1.5 to 3.5 lakhs/cubic milimetre
WHat is the ratio or number of RBC:WBC:Platelets per cubic milimetre of blood?
600:1:20
Name all the blood coagulation factors.
I- Fibrinogen II - Prothrombin III- Thromboplastin IV- Calcium ions V- Labile factor VI- Unknown VII-SPCA- Serum prothrombin conversion activator VIII- Anti haemophilic factor A IX- Anti haemophilic factor B X- Stuart-Prower factor XI- Anti haemophilic factor C XII- Hageman factor XIII- Loki Lorand factor
What is a clot formed underneath the skin called?
Purpura
What is a clot formed inside blood vessels called?
Thrombus
Thromboplastin is released by
Platelets
What converts prothrombin into thrombin?
Thrombokinase
Which enzyme is required for converision of fibrinogen into fibrin?
Thrombin
What is the composition of serum?
Plasma without fibrinogen
How does warfarin act as an anticoagulant?
Vitamin K antagonist
Where is prothrombin synthesised?
In liver in presence of vitamin K
Which germinal layer do the iris and ciliary muscle of eye arise from?
Ectoderm
Which germinal layer does the erector pili muscle originate from?
Ectoderm
In which phylum did the muscular tissue first originate?
Coelenterata
WHich cells form the major part of neural tissue?
Neuoglial cells (67%)
What are Nissl’s granules?
Basophilic fragments of RER (ribonucleoprotein)
What is the function of Nissl’s granules?
Protein synthesis
Where are Nissl’s granules present?
In cell body and dendrites
WHat is the myelin sheath made of?
Sphingolipid layer
What secreted the myelin sheat in central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
Which cell organelle does the neuron lack?
Centriole
Apolar neurons are present in
Hydra
WHat type of neurons are present in an embryo?
Unipolar neurons
WHich type of neurons are present in retina’s rod and cone cells?
Bipolar neurons
Which type of neurons are found in olfactory epithelium?
Bipolar neurons
Which are the most abundant glial cells?
Astrocytes
What is the function of astrocytes in humans?
Repair of nervous tissuse, formation of blood brain barrier
Which glial cells form a blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
Which gleal cells are mesodermal in origin?
Microglia
Which cells secrete CSF?
Ependymal cells
Which is the asian cockroach?
Blatta orientalis
What is the length of Periplanata americana?
4-5cm
Can Blata orientalis fly?
No, both males and femals cannot fly though males have wings.
Does Blata orientalis have arolium pads?
No
How are sclerites joint in Periplanata americana?
By arthroidal membrane
What are the dorsal sclerites called?
Tergite
What are ventral sclerites called?
Sternite
What are lateral sclerites called?
Pleurite
How many segments does the head of cockroach have in embryo and in adult?
Embryo- 6
Adult- 1
How many segments does the thorax of cockroach have in embryo and in adults?
Embryo and adults- 3
How many segments does the abdomen of cockroach have in embryo and adults?
Embryo-11
Adults- 10
What is the forewing of cockroack commonly called?
Elytra/tegmina
Anal styles are present in
Male cockroach
Anal cerci are present in
Male and female cockroach
What is the shape of the head of cockroach?
Triangular
The head of cockroach is hypognathous. True or false?
True
How many chitin plates cover the head of cockroach?
6
Which is the largest chitin plate in the head of cockroach?
Frons
Name the 6 chitin plates in the head of cockroach.
Epicranial plates- 2
Frons- 1
Gena- 2
Clypeus-1
Do male or female cockroaches have longer antennae?
Male cockroaches have longer antennae.
Can the simple eyes of cockroach form images?
No
How many ommatidia are present in compound eyes of cockroach?
2000 ommatidia
Which is the upper lip of cockroaches?
Labrum
Which is the lower lip of cockroaches?
Labium
Which are the cheeks of cockroaches?
Maxilla
What is the function of maxilla in cockroaches?
Prevents the falling of food from mouth
Which segment of thorax of a cockroach is the largest?
Prothorax
Name the segments of the leg of cockroach.
Coxa Trochanter Femur Tibia Tarsus (5 sub segments)
What is the last tarsomere of leg of cockroach called?
Pretarsus
Which tarsus forms the claws in cockroach?
Pretarsus
Which is also known as the metathoracic wing of cockroach?
Flying/hind wing
How many sclerites does each segment of abdomen of cockroach have?
Four
How many tergites does the abdomen of cockroach have?
10 in males and females
How many sternite does the abdomen of cockroach have?
Males-9
Females- 7
Where are stink glands present in cockroaches?
5th and 6th abdominal segment
Which structures act as nostrils of cockroach?
Spiracles
Which segments form the genital pouch in female cockroaches?
7th, 8th and 9th sternite
Which is the long boat shaped sternite in female cockroaches?
7th sternite
Which segments form the genital pouch in male cockroaches?
9th and 10th tergite and 9th sternite
Where does anal cerci arise from in cockroach?
Last tergite
What is the function of anal cerci in cockroach?
They perceive sound.
Where do anal style arise from in cockroach?
9th sternite
Are phallomeres present in male or female cockroach?
Both
Where is the genital aperture in male cockroaches located?
Just below anus (between 10th tergite and 9th sternite)
What is called stomodium in cockroaches?
Foregut
What is called mesenterone in cockroaches?
Midgut
What is called hindgut in cockroaches?
Proctodeum
80% of digestion of food occurs in which part of cockroach?
Crop
20% of digestion of food occurs in which part of cockroach?
Midgut
Which is the longest part of alimentary canal of cockroach?
Colon
Hepatic caecae arise from
Junction of foregut and midgut
How many hepatic caeae are present in cockroaches?
6 to 8
What is the function of hepatic caecae?
Secretion of digestive juices
Where are malpighian tubules located in cockroach?
At the junction of midgut and hindgut
How many malpighian tubules are present in cockroaches?
100-150
How many spiracles are present in cockroaches?
10 (2 in thorax and 8 in abdomen)
On which structures are spiracles located?
Pleurons
Are valves present in spiracles?
Yes
What prevent trachea from collapsing in cockroaches?
Chitin rings
Which muscles undergo rhythmic contraction and relaxation to bring about respiration in cockroaches?
Tergo-sternal muscles
Which sinus of cockroach contains heart?
Pericardial sinus
Which sinus of cockroach contains gut?
Perivisceral sinus
Which sinus of cockroach contains nerve cord?
Perineural sinus
What divides pericardial and perivisceral sinus in cockroach?
Dorsal diaphragm
What divides perivisceral and perineural sinus in cockroach?
Ventral diaphragm
How many heart chambers does a cockroach have?
13
How many pairs of allary muscles are present between two chambers of heart of cockroach?
12 pairs
What is the function of allary muscles of heart of cockroach?
Their contraction is responsible for blood circulation.
What is the anterior aorta of cockroach?
It is the continuation of the 1st chamber of heart.
Where do the mapighian tubules collect metabolic waste from?
Haemocoel
Where is potassium urate converted into uric acid in cockroaches?
Malpighian tubules
Nephrocytes in cockroaches are attached to
Heart wall
Uricose gland in cockroach are present in which sexes?
Males
Which organs of cockroach store uric acid for a long time?
Fat body, nephrocytes and uricose glands
What are the components of the nervous system of a cockroach?
Nerve ring and a nerve cord
Which part of nervous system of cockroach acts as brain?
Supra oesophagial ganglion
Where does the nerve cord of cockroach arise from?
Supra oesophagial ganglion
How many ganglion does the nerve cord of cockroach have?
3 thoracic and 6 abdominal
What type of nerves- sensory, motor or mixed, are present in cockroaches?
Mixed nerves
Which are the olfactory receptors of cockroaches?
Antennae
What are the thigmoreceptors of cockroach?
Antennae
Where do endocrine gland of cockroch release their secretions?
Haemocoel
What does the prothoracic gland of cockroach produce?
Ecdysane/moulting hormone
What is the function of ecdysane hormone?
Helps in moulting of cockroach
In which stage of cockroach is ecdysane hormone found?
Nymphal stage
What hormone does corpora allata secrete in cockroaches?
Juvenile/neotinin hormone and gonadotrophin hormone
What is the function of juvenile hormone?
It keeps cockroach in nymphal stage for a while
Which hormone does the corpora cardiaca produce in cockroach?
Growth hormone
What is the function of corpora cardiaca in cockroaces?
It controls heart beats in adults
Where are testis located in a cockroach?
4th to 6th abdominal segment
Where do sperms mature in male cockroaches?
Seminal vesicles
How many parts does the mushroom gland have in cockroaches?
Two- Small inner tubes- utricular brevoris
large outer tubes- utricular majoris
What is the function of utricular brevoris in cockroaches?
Provides nutrition to sperms
What is the function of utricular majoris in cockroaches?
Produces 1st layer of spermatophore
What is the shape of phallic gland?
Club shaped
What is the other name of conglobate gland?
Phallic gland
What is the function of phallic gland?
Produces the third layer of spermatophore
What is the other name of gonapophysis?
Phallomeres
What are phallomeres?
CHitinous structures, help in copulation
What is the pseudopenis in cockroaches?
Left phallomere
What form hooks in male cockroaches?
Right and ventral phallomeres
In which segment are ovaries located in cockroaches?
2nd-6th abdominal segments
How many ovarioles are present in each ovary in a cockroach?
8
How many eggs are produced in an ovary in a cockroach?
One egg per ovariole (ie, 8 eggs)
How many spermatheca are present in a cockroach?
1 pair
How many collaterial glands are present in a cockroach?
1 pair
What is the function of collaterial gland?
Secrete wall of ootheca
How many chitinous plates are present in female gonapophysis in a cockroach?
3 chitinous plates
How many eggs are present in ootheca in a cockroach?
16 fertilized eggs
How many moulting happen in a nymph?
13
What is instar in reference to a cockroach?
Nymphal stages
How many ootheca does a female cockroach produce in its lifetime?
9 to 10
How long does it take for a nymph to form an adult?
one year
Which tissue is involved in forming a diffusion boundary?
Simple squamous epithelium
Ciliated epithelium is actually which epithelium?
Simple columnar/cuboidal epithelium with cilia
Which epithelium covers the moist surface of buccal cavity?
Compound epithelium
Where are chondrocytes located in cartilage?
In small cavities within matrix
Which connective tissue is present in outer ear joints?
Cartilage
Where are osteocytes present in bones?
In lacunae
What allows cardiac muscle to contract as a unit?
Intercalated disc
What type of tissues are present in the heart?
Epithelial, connective, muscular and neural
What is the difference between the term ‘morphology’ used for plants compared to that used for animals?
Morphology of plants and microbes- study of external structure only
Morphology of animals- study of external structure of organisms and their organs
From where do the antennae of cockroach arise?
From the membranous sockets in front of eyes
The first pair of wings in cockroach arise from
Mesothorax
The second pair of wings in cockroach arise from
Metathorax
Which organ of cockroach is also called proventriculus?
Gizzard
Gizzard has an outer layer of thin longitudinal muscles and inner layer of thick cuticle forming chitin plates. State whether the statement is true or false in reference to cockroach.
False. The outer layer of gizzard has thick circular muscles while the inner layer of gizzard has thin cuticle forming chitin plates`.
Where are the teeth of cockroach located?
In gizzard
What are the components of haemolymph of cockroach?
Plasma and haemocytes
Where is the heart of cockroach located?
Along mid-dorsal line of thorax and abdomen
What regulates the opening and closing of spiracles of cockroach?
Sphinctres
How does the exchange of gases occur at tracheoles of cockroach?
By diffusion
What lines the mapighian tubules of cockroach?
Glandular and ciliated cells
What supplies nerves to antennae and compound eyes of cockroaches?
Supra oesophagial ganglion
Male gonopore of cockroach is ventral to
The anus
Where is the mushroom gland of cockroach located?
6th to 7th segment of abdomen
What represents the male external genitalia of cockroach?
Phallomeres
Phallomeres surround the
Male gonapophores
What forms the vagina in cockroach?
Oviduct of each ovary combine to form a single median oviduct which is called vagina.
What is the size of an ootheca of cockroach?
3/8” (8mm)
