XI: Chapter 2- Biological Classification Flashcards
1
Q
Who was the earliest to give a scientific bases for classification?
A
Aritotle
2
Q
Aristotle’s classification was based on
A
morphological characters
3
Q
Aristotle divided plants into
A
trees, shrubs and herbs
4
Q
Aristotle divided animals into
A
Animals with red blood- enaima
Animals without red blood- anaima
5
Q
Two Kindgom classification was given by
A
C. Linnaeus
6
Q
Three kingdom classification was given by
A
Ernst Haeckel
7
Q
Four kingdom classification was given by
A
Copeland
8
Q
Five kindgom classification was given by
A
R.H. Whittaker
9
Q
Six kingdom classification was given by
A
Carl Woese
10
Q
Five kingdom classification was given in the year
A
1969
11
Q
What criterion of classification were used by R.H. Whittaker in his five kingdom classification?
A
1) Cell structure
2) body organization
3) Mode of nutrition
4) Mode of reproduction
5) Phylogenetic relationships
12
Q
What is the main basis of classification in five kingdom classification?
A
Nutrition
13
Q
Holophytic nutrition is found in
A
Plants
14
Q
Holozoic nutrition is found in
A
Animals
15
Q
Which group (kingdom) shows the most extensive metabolic diversity?
A
Bacteria (Monera)
16
Q
What type of nutrition is found in majority of the bacteria?
A
Heterotropic
17
Q
Which bacteria oxidise various inorganic compounds to nitrates, nitrites and ammonia for ATP production?
A
Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
18
Q
Which microbes play a great role in recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur?
A
Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
19
Q
Thick walled, non motile spores released under unfavourable conditions by cyanobacteria are called
A
Akinetes
20
Q
Thin walled, non motile spores released under unfavourable conditions are called?
A
Aplanospores
21
Q
Motile asexual spores released by cyanobacteria like Nostoc
A
Hormogonia
22
Q
Which carbohydrate polymer is found in both monerans and animals?
A
Glycogen
23
Q
Which kingdom forms a link between fungi, plants and animals?
A
Protista
24
Q
What does the process of sexual reproduction in protists involve?
A
Cell fusion and zygote formation
25
In which environments are chrysophytes found?
Freshwater and marine
26
Which are the chief producers of the oceans?
Diatoms
27
Where are the two flagella of dinoflagellates located?
One lies longitudinally and other lies transversally in the furrow between the wall plates
28
In which environments are dinoflagellates found?
Marine
29
What is the body of euglenoids coverd with?
Pellicle (no cell wall)
30
In which environments are euglenoids found?
Freshwater- stagnant water
31
During favourable conditions, slime moulds form
An aggregation called plasmodium
32
What is the plant like characteristic of spores of slime moulds?
True cell wall
33
How are the spores of slime moulds dispersed?
By air currents.
34
What is the mode of nutrition of protozoans?
Heterotrophic
35
Which organisms are believed to be primitive relatives of animals?
Protozoans
36
In which habitats are amoeboid protozoans found?
fresh water, sea water or moist soil
37
Which compound is present on the shells of marine protozoans?
Silica
38
Name the asexual spores found in fungi.
Conidia, sporangiospore and zoospores
39
Name the sexual spores found in fungi
Oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
40
What is the basis of classification of fungi?
Morphology of mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies
41
Which class of fungi are found in aquatic habitats?
Phycomycetes
42
Which class of fungi has aseptate and coenocytic mycelium?
Phycomycetes
43
Name the endogenous spores of phycomycetes.
Zoospores and aplanospores
44
Which fungi is known as bread mould?
Rhizopus (phycomycete)
45
Parasite of mustard
Albugo (Phycomycete)
46
Sac fungi are known as
Ascomycetes
47
Are conidia produced exogenously or endogenously?
Exogenously
48
Are ascospores produced exogenously or endogenously?
Endogenously
49
Ascospores are produced in
Asci of ascocarps
50
Claviceps belongs to the class
Ascomycetes
51
Neurospora belongs to class
Ascomycetes
52
Morels and truffels belong to class
Ascomycetes
53
Aspergillus belongs to class
Ascomycetes
54
Bracket fungi belong to class
Basidiomycetes
55
In which class of fungi are asexual spores not found?
Basidiomycetes
56
Sex organs are absent in which class of Fungi?
Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes
57
How does plasmogamy occur in Basidiomycetes?
By fusion of vegetative cells of two different strains
58
How many basidiospores are produced as a result of karyogamy and meiosis in basidium?
4
59
Are basidiospores produced exogenously or endogenously on the basidium?
Exogenously
60
Once of perfect stages are discovered in deuteromycetes they are moved to which classes?
Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes
61
How do deuteromycetes reproduce?
Conidia
62
What is the main role of deuteromycetes?
As decomposers of litter and in mineral cycling
63
Alternaria belongs to which class of fungi?
Deuteromycetes
64
Trichoderma belongs to which class of fungi?
Deuteromycetes
65
Colletotrichum belongs to which class of fungi?
Deuteromycetes
66
What does 'virus' mean?
Venom or poison
67
Who gave the term virus?
Pasteur
68
Who recognised the microbes infecting tobacco in mosaic disease of tobacco?
DJ Ivanowski
69
Who called viruses 'contagium vivium fluidum' ?
M.W. Beijernek
70
Who demonstrated that the extract of the tobacco plant infected with mosaic disease could infect other healthy plants?
Beijernek
71
Who crystallised viruses?
Stanley
72
Can a virus have both DNA and RNA?
No
73
What is the genetic material of plant infecting viruses?
Single stranded RNA
74
What is the genetic material of animal infecting viruses?
Single or double stranded RNA, or double stranded DNA
75
What is the genetic materials of bacteriophages?
Double stranded DNA
76
What symptoms does a virus infected plant show?
Leaf rolling and curling, mosaic formation, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth
77
Who discovered viroids?
T.O. Diener
78
Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by
Viroids
79
What are viroids?
Low molecular weight Free RNA
80
What do viroids lack which all viruses have?
Protein coat
81
What kind of infections to prions cause?
Neurological diseases
82
Prions have size similar to
Viruses
83
What is a prion?
Abnormally folded protein
84
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is caused by
Prion
85
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is also known as
Mad cow disease
86
Cr-Jakob disease is cause by
Prions
87
What is the analogue of mad cow disease in humans
Cr- Jakob disease
88
Pliny's classification of plants is based on
Stem
89
Which kingdoms were included in the three kingdom classification?
Protista, Animalia, Plantae
90
Which kingdoms were included in the four kingdom classification?
Monera, Protista, Animalia, Plantae
91
What was Carl Woese studying which made him develop the six kingdom classification?
16s r-RNA gene
92
Who gave the three domains of life?
Carl Woese
93
Chromosomes are absent in
Monerans
94
Why can archaebacteria survive in harsh conditions?
Due to absence of peptidglycans
95
Which group of monerons have introns?
Archaebacteria
96
In archaebacteria, membrane lipids are linked to
Esters
97
In eubacteria, membrane lipids are linked to
Ether
98
L glycerol phosphate is found in the membrane lipids of which monerans?
Archaebacteria
99
D glycerol phosphate is found in the membrane lipids of which monerans?
Eubacteria
100
Thermoacidophils oxidise sulphur to
Sulphuric acid
101
In anaerobic conditions, thermoacidophiles reduce sulphur to
Hydrogen sulphide
102
In the presence of light halophytes developa purple membrane made of
Bacteriorhodopsin
103
What is the mode of nutrition of halophytes?
Heterotrophic
104
Bacteria in streptococcus are arranged in a
Chain
105
Bacteria is staphylococcus are arranged
like grape vines
106
Sarcinae of bacteria is
3- dimensional arrangement of bacteria
107
How many flagella do vibiro bacterias have?
One
108
What is the shape of caulobacter?
Stalked
109
What is the shape of Rhodomicrobium?
Budded
110
What is the shape of beggiatoa?
Filamentous
111
Cilia orginate from
Basal body
112
Cilia is made of which protein?
Flagellin
113
Amphitrichous bacteria have
Single flagella at both ends
114
Lophotrichous bacteria have
Tuft of flagella at one end
115
Cephalotrichous bacteria have
Tufts of flagella at both end
116
Which stain is used in Gram's staining?
Crystal violet
117
Which have thicker walls- gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive (20-80 nm)
118
Teichoic acid is present in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive
119
Exotoxins are released by
Gram positive bacteria
120
Endotoxins are released by
Gram negative bacteria
121
Mucopolypeptides are more in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive bacteria
122
Mesosomes are more prominent in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive
123
How many rings are present in the basal body of gram positive bacteria?
2- s and m
124
How many rings are present in basal body of gram negative bacteria?
4 - s, m, p and l
125
Can a bacteria survive without a cell wall?
Yes
126
What is a bacteria without a cell wall called?
Listerform
127
Peptidoglycans are co-polymers of
N- Acetyl glycosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid
128
Which cellular component is similar in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Cell membrane
129
What is an episome?
Nucleoid + Plasmid (in a prokaryote)
130
Which bacterias posses chromatophores?
Photosynthetic bacteria
131
What do chromatophores contain?
Bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriophytin
132
Gas vacuoles are present in
Blue-green algae, Purple photosynthetic bacteria, and Green photosynthetic bacteria
133
What is the function of gas vacuoles?
Protection from UV rays, help to float
134
What are metchromatic granules present in bacteria?
Fe, S, volutin and magnetite granules
135
What is the funtion of mesosomes?
Respiration, replication
136
What is blapheroplast?
Basal body
137
How are pili/fimbriae different from cilia/flagella?
Pili/fimbriae do not arise from basal body and do no help in locomotion while cilia/flagella do.
138
What are pili/fimbriae made of?
Pilin
139
PIli are found in which bacteria?
Gram positive
140
Fimbriae are found in which bacteria?
Gram positive and gram negative
141
Where are pili found on a bacteria?
At the apex
142
Where are fimbriae found on bacteria?
All over the body
143
Thick walled endospores are formed in which bacteria?
Rod shaped bacteria
144
Endospores are resistant to toxic chemicals due to
Dipicolinic acid
145
What is meromixis?
Primitive sexual reproduction/ Parasexual hybridisation
146
How is gentic material transferred from one strain to another in transformation?
Simple diffusion
147
How is gentic material transferred from one strain to another in transduction?
Through bacteriophage
148
Conjugation was first discovered in which bacteria?
E. coli
149
Clostridium pefringes causes
Mild food poisoning
150
Which bacteria cause denitrification?
Pseudomonas denitrificans
151
Rocky mountain spotted fever is caused by
Rickettsia rickettsii
152
Chancroid is caused by
Haemophilous ducrei
153
Streptomycin is produced by the bacteria
Streptomyces griseus
154
Chloramphenicol is produced by
Streptomycin venezula
155
Vitamin B12 is produced by the bacteria
Propionibacterium
156
Which bacteria is used in curing of tea leaves?
Bacillus megatherium
157
Which bacteria is used in retting of fibres?
Clostridium
158
Which are the smallest living cells known?
Mycoplasma
159
Which organisms are known as jokers of plant kingdom?
Mycoplasma
160
Which organisms are known as pleomorphic organisms?
Mycoplasma
161
Based on the type of respiration, mycoplasma are
Facultative anaerobes
162
Is flagella present in diatoms?
Yes, in sperms
163
What is frustule?
The cell wall of diatoms
164
Food reserve in diatoms is
Chrysolaminarin (Beta 1,3 glucan) and leucosin
165
What happens to cell wall during cell division in diatom?
The two new cells retain half the old cell wall and synthesis the other half new.
166
What division to dinoflagellates belong?
Pyrophyta
167
What is cell wall made of in dinoflagellates?
Cellulose
168
Which group of protists are also called 'Armoured protists'?
Dinoflagellates
169
What is the food reserve in dinoflagellates?
Carbohydrates and oil
170
What pigments are present in dinoflagellates?
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, alpha carotene, and xanthophyll
171
What pigments are present in diatoms?
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, beta carotene and diadinoxanthin
172
What is pusule?
Non contractile vacuole found in dinoflagellates
173
What is the function of pusule?
Osmoregulation and buoyancy
174
What is the cell wall of dinoflagellates called?
Theca/lorica
175
Sexual reproduction is absent in all except one genus of dinoflagellates, which is?
Noctiluca
176
What makes noctiluca glow in dark?
Luciferin protein
177
Which organism is called the fire algae or night light?
Noctiluca
178
Which toxin is released by gonyalaux in its surrounding environment that kills fishes?
Saxtoxin
179
From where do the flagella of euglena arise?
Cell gullet
180
Reserve food material in euglena is?
Paramylum starch (apha 1,3 glucan)
181
What pigments are found in euglena?
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, beta carotene and xanthophyll
182
Which flagella of euglena helpsin locomotion?
Longer flagella
183
What is the mode of reproduction in euglena?
Asexual reproduction- longitudinall binary fission
184
Which slime moulds are called acellular slime moulds?
Myxogastria
185
What are swarm cells?
Gametes of myxogastria
186
Who gave the term protista?
Goldfuss
187
What is the excretory product of protozoans?
Ammonia
188
What happens to the contractile vacuole of a freshwater protozoan if it is transferred from freshwater to marine water?
Contractile vacuole disappears
189
What happens if a marine protozoan is transferred to freshwater?
New contractile vacuole is formed
190
What happens when parasytic protozoan is transferred to freshwater?
It dies. (No new contractile vacuole is formed)
191
What are the locomotory appendages in class mastigophora?
Flagella
192
What is the mode of reproduction in flagellated protozoans?
Asexual reproduction (longitudinal binary fission)
193
Which protist is considered as the connecting link between unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Proterospongia
194
Which protozoan is a symbiont of termite's gut?
Trichonympha
195
What is acts as a vector for leishmania?
Sandfly (phlebotomus)
196
What is the infective stage of leishmania?
Promastigote/leptomonad
197
What causes kala azar (dum dum fever)?
Leishmania donovani
198
What causes cuntaneous leishmaniasis/delhi boils?
Leishmania tropica
199
What causes espundia disease ( naso oral leishmaniasis)?
Leishmania brasiliensis
200
What is the infective stage of trypanosoma?
Metacyclic stage
201
African sleeping sickness is caused by
Trypanosoma bruce gambiense
202
What acts as a vector for sleeping sickness?
Tse-tse fly
203
Chagas disease/ American trypanosomiasis is caused by
Trypansoma cruzi
204
What acts as a vector for chagas disease?
Triatoma (kissing) bug
205
Pellicle is absent in which protozoans?
Sarcodina/Amoeboid protozoans
206
What is the function of pseudopodia?
Feeding, locomotion
207
Name the orders in sarcodina class.
Lobosa, heliozoa, foraminera, radiolaria
208
Which type of pseudopodia are present in order lobosa?
Lobopodia
209
Amoeba belongs to the order
Lobosa
210
What is the habitat of amoeba?
Fresh water
211
Sol-gel theory of amoeboid movement was given by
Hyman, Pantin and Mast
212
Is Entamoeba histolytica a monogenetic or a digenetic parasite?
Monogenetic parasite
213
What is the infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica?
Tetranucleate cyst stage
214
Which organism cause pyorrhia?
Entamoeba gingivalis with oral bacteria
215
Entamoeba coli is a
Commensal of human gut
216
Which type of pseudopodia are present in order Heliozoa of Sarcodina?
Axopodia
217
What is the other name of actinophrys?
Sun animalcule (amoeboid protozoan)
218
What is the shell of order Foraminifera of class sarcodina made of?
Calcareous shell
219
In what habitat are Foraminiferans and Radiolarians found?
Marine
220
What is ocean ooze?
Foraminifera and Radiolaria
| Used as indicator of petroleum reserves.
221
What is the shell of Radiolarians made of?
Silica
222
Trichocyst is found in which protozoan class?
Ciliated protists
223
What is the function of trichocyst?
Offence and defence, also help in anchoring usually found in dinoflagellates
224
What is the mode of sexual reproduction in ciliated protists?
Conjugation
225
All the cilia in paramecium are similar. True/False? (with explanation)
False. A caudal tuft of longer cilia is present in paramecium.
226
How many contractile vacuoles are found in paramecium?
Two
227
How many nucleus are found Paramecium aurelia?
1 macro, 2 micro
228
How many nucleus are found in Paramecium caudatum?
1 macro and 1 micro
229
Which protozoans are the commensals of frog's gut?
Opalina and Nyctotherus (ciliated protozoans)
230
Which is the only ciliated protozan that is parasitic to humans?
Balantidium coli
231
How do sporozoans move?
Through wriggling movement
232
What type of sexual reproduction is found in sporozoans?
Syngamy
233
Sexual cycle of Plasmodium occurs in
Mosquito
234
Where does fertilization of gametes of Plasmodium occur?
In the gut of mosquito
235
The ookinete's cyst wall is secreted by
Partially by the stomach wall and partially by the ookinete itself
236
What causes the symptoms of malaria?
Plasmodium converts haemoglobin into haemozoin which is a toxic compound and it cause the malarial fever.
237
What is the incubation period of P. vivax?
14 days
238
What is the incubation period of P. falciparum?
12 days
239
What is the incubation period of P. Malariae?
28 days
240
Which is the most poinsonous fungi?
Amanta muscoids
241
Rhizopus belongs to class
Zygomycetes of phycomycetes
242
What are conidia produced on?
Sterigmata on surface conidiophores
243
Which fungi are called egg fungi?
Phycomycetes
244
Which fungi are called algal fungi?
Phycomycetes
245
Which fungi are called gill fungi?
Basidiomycetes
246
Fruiting bodies are formed in which classes of fungi?
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
247
What is the cell wall of phycomycetes made of?
Cellulose
248
Which organism is blue mould?
Penicillium
249
Which organism is brown mould?
Aspergillus
250
Which organism is pink mould?
Neurospora
251
Which organism is called the weed of the laboratory?
Aspergillus
252
What are lichoperdon?
Puff balls
253
Which organism caused the famine of Bengal (1943)?
Helminthosporium oryzae- cause brown leaf spot of rice
254
Camembert cheeze is made using the fungi
Penicillium camemberti
255
Which part of lichen performs sexual reproduction?
Mycobiont
256
What is the female sex organ in lichens called?
Caropgonium
257
What is the shape of apothecium in lichens?
Plate shaped
258
What is the shape of perithecium in lichens?
Flask shaped
259
Give two example of fruticose lichen.
Usnea and cladonia
260
Given an example of crustose lichen.
Graphis
261
Give an example of foliose lichen.
Parmelia
262
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is found in
Orchids
263
What is a virion?
A virus present in an abiotic environment is called a virion.
264
Who is considered as the father of virology?
Stanley
265
Which is fastest mutable virus?
Influenza virus
266
Where do the carbohydrates and lipid of envelope of a virus come from?
Host cell
267
In which viruses is an envelope found?
Retrovirus and bacteriophages
268
How many copies of ss-RNA are present in HIV?
Two
269
Generalized transduction is the result of which bacteriophagial cycle?
Lytic cycle
270
Specialized transduction is the result of which bacteriophagial cycle?
Lysogenic cycle
271
The sporangia of terrestrial oomycetes produce
Non-flagellated conidia and aplanospores
272
How are oospores formed in oomycetes?
By fusion of gametes
273
The sporangia of aquatic oomycetes produce
Zoospores
274
The sporangium of zygomycetes produces
Meiospores
