XI: Chapter 6- Anatomy of flowering plants Flashcards
Who is the father of plant anatomy?
N. Grew
What is epiblema?
Epidermis in root
How many layers are present in plant epidermis?
Single layered
What type of cells are present in epidermis of plant?
Parenchymatous cells
Cuticle is absent in the epidermis of which plant part?
Root
What is the difference between gaurd cells of monocots and dicots?
Dicot- bean shaped
Monocot- dumbbell shaped
Describe the cell wall of gaurd cell.
Inner walls of gaurd cell are thick while the outer walls are thin.
Piliferous layer is found in which part of a plant?
Root
How many cells does a plant root hair have?
Unicellular
How many cells does a trichome have?
Multicellular
How many cells are present in scales of plant epidermis?
Multicellular
What are fuzzy fibres of cotton made of?
Aerial hair (epidermal appendage)
What are stinging hair in plants?
Hollow with siliceous tip, contain poison
Which tissue system forms the major part of any plant system?
Cortex
Which layer in plant tissue system acts as a heat screen?
Hypodermis
How many layers are present in hypodermis of dicots?
3-4
How many layers are present in hypodermis of monocots?
2-3
Which cells are present in plant cortex?
Parenchymatous cells
What is the main function of cortex of plants?
Storage of food
Which layer is called biological checkpost in plants?
Root endodermis
How many layers thick is endodermis of plant tissues?
Single layered
Which layer in tissue system of stem is called starch sheath?
Endodermis
Where do lateral branches arise from in roots?
Pericycle
Pith/medulla is absent in
Monocot stem
Radial vascular bundles are present in
Roots
Conjoint vascular bundles are present in
Stems and leaves
What do you mean by bicollateral vascular bundle?
Xylem is surrounded by phloem on both sides.
Give an example of a plant having bicollateral vascular bundles.
Stem of cucrbitaceae
What is meant by hadrocentric vascular bundles?
Xylem and phloem are concentrically present, xylem being surrounded by phloem
What is meant by amphicribal vascular bundle?
Xylem and phloem are concentrically present, xylem being surrounded by phloem
What is meant by leptocentric vascular bundles?
Xylem and phloem are present concentrically, phloem being surrounded by xylem.
What is meant by amphivasal vascular bundle?
Xylem and phloem are present concentrically, phloem being surrounded by xylem.
What kind of vascular bundles do stems of gymnosperms have?
Conjoint open vascular bundles
What produces meristematic tissue (plants)?
Promeristem of the embryo
What is the shape of vegetative shoot meristem?
Conical/dome shaped
Who gave the tunica-corpus theory?
Schmidt
According to tunica corpus theory, how many layers are present in the tunica?
Single layered
According to the tunica corpus theory, what does the tunica form?
Tunica gives rise to protoderm which gives rise to epidermis.
A/t the tunica corpus theory, how do the tunica cells divide”?
Anticlinally
According to tunica corpus theory, how many layers are present in the corpus?
Many layers
According to tunica corpus theory, how do the corpus cells divide?
Periclinally
According to tunica corpus theory, what does the corpus form?
Ground tissue and procambium
Who gave the histogen theory?
Hanstien
How many types of tissues form the vegetative shoot apex?
Three- dermatogen, pleurone and periblem
What does the dermatogen form in plants?
Epidermis
What does the periblem form in plants?
Hypodermis, cortex and endodermis
What does the pleurone form in plants?
Vascular bundles, pith, pith rays
What are the intercalary meristems derived from?
Apical meristem
Which tissue help fallen stems of plants to become erect?
Intercalary meristem
What is the fate of intercalary meristem?
Gets fully used up in the formation of permanent tissue.
Which is the most abundant simple permanent tissue?
Parenchyma
Does parenchymatous tissue have intercellular spaces?
Yes
What is the cell wall of parenchymatous cell made of?
Cellulose
Do parencymatous cells have thin cell wall or thick?
Thin
What are prosenchyma?
Fibre like parenchymatous cells
What is the function of idioblast cells in plants?
Possess inclusion bodies having tannins, oils, crystals
What do the cell walls of collenchymatous cells possess?
Cellulose with thickening made of hemicellulose and pectin
Are intercellular spaces present in collenchyma?
No
Which cells form the living mechanical tissue is plants?
Collenchymatous cells
Can collenchymatous cells perform photosynthesis?
Yes
Which kind of thickenings are present in collenchyma with thickenings on tangential walls of the rectangular cellls?
Lamellate thickenings
Angular thickenings are found in which plants?
Tomato stem
Lamellate thickenings are found in which plants?
Stem of sunflower
Lacunate thickenings are found in which plants?
Cucurbit stem
What are sclerenchymatous cells with thick walls and pointed ends called?
Fibres
What are sclerechymatous cells with highly thickened walls and narrow lumen called?
Sclereids
What type of sclerenchymatous cells are found in seed coat of legumes?
Sclereids
Stone cells are found in which plants?
Grit of apple, pear
Macrosclereids are found in which plant?
Epidermal covering of legume seeds
Osteosclereids are found in which plant?
Epidermal covering of legume seeds
Astroscelreids are found in which plant?
Tea leaves
Which part of a plant is called wood?
Xylem
What is the conducting part of xylem called?
Hadrome
Who gave the term hadrome?
Haberlandt
What is the length of a tracheid?
5 to 6 mm
Are tracheids living?
No
Which element forms the major part of gymnosperm xylem?
Tracheids
What is the characteristic feature of angiosperm xylem?
Presence of vessels
What are xylem fibres made of ?
Sclerenchyma
Which xylem element helps in radial conduction of water?
Ray parenchymatous cells
Exarch condition is found in
Roots
Endarch condition is found in
Stem
What is also called bast in plants?
Phloem
What is the conducting part of phloem called?
Leptome
Do seive tube elements have cytoplasm?
Yes
What are called the RBC’s of plant kingdom?
Seive tube elements
Do seive tube elements ever possess a nucleus?
Yes. Young seive tube elements possess a nucleus.
What type of cells are companion cells?
Parenchymatous cells
How are companion cells and seive tube elements connected?
Through pits in their common longitudinal walls.
Phloem parenchyma is absent in which plants?
Monocots
What are jute, flax and hemp fibres?
Phloem fibres
What are trichoblast cells in plants?
Cells which have root hair
What happens when root hair of plants die?
Epiblema becomes suberised
Barrel shaped endodermal cells are present in
Dicot roots
Single layered pericycle is present in which dicot root?
Sunflower
Multilayered pericycle is present in which dicot root?
Mulberry
What is the shape of xylem in dicot roots?
Star shaped
How many vascular bundles are present in a dicot root?
2 to 4
Which monocot root has single layered pericycle?
Maize
Which monocot root has multilayered pericycle?
Smilax
How many vascular bundles are present in maize?
20 to 30
How many vascular bundles are present in Pandanus?
100+
What is the hypodermis of dicot stem made of ?
Collenchymatous cells
Are intercellular spaces present in endodermis of dicots?
No
What is the pericycle of dicot stem made of?
Sclerenchyma
What is the characteristic feature of vascular bundles of dicot stem?
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Does pith have intercellular spaces in dicot stem?
yes
Only the lower epidermis is covered by cuticle in dicot leaf. True/False?
False. Both lower and upper epidermis are covered by cuticle in dicot leaves.
Which type of mesophyll cells lack intercellular spaces in dicot leaves?
Pallisade parenchyma
Which cells surround the vascular bundles in dicot leaves?
Bundle sheath cells
On which surface of leaf are bulliform cells present in grasses?
Adaxial surface
What forms bulliform cells?
Epidermal cells
What is stele in plants?
Pericycle+ xylem+ phloem+ pith+ pith rays
Which is the outermost layer of stele?
Pericycle
Eustele is present in
Dicot root, monocot root and dicot stem
Atactostele is present in
Monocot stem
Vascular cambium is formed between
Secondary xylem and secondary phloem
What is the science of estimating the age of trees called?
Dendrochronology
Which is formed on the innerside in an annual ring?
Spring wood
Which part of annual ring is narrower?
Autumn wood
Which part of annual ring is thicker?
Spring wood
Which part of annual ring is darker?
Autumn wood
Which part of annual ring has lower density?
Spring wood
Fibres are abundant in which part of annual ring?
Autumn wood
Tracheary elements are thickened in which part of annual ring?
Autumn wood
What is alburnum?
Sap wood
What is duramen?
Heart wood
WHat is lighter in colour: sapwood or heartwood?
sapwood
Tracheary elements are plugged by tyloses in heartwood or sapwood?
Heartwood
What is lighter in weight- sapwood/heartwood?
Sapwood
What is soft wood?
Gymnosperm wood
What is non porous wood?
Gymnosperm wood
Are xylem fibres abundant in softwood or hardwood?
Hard wood
What are tyloses?
Ingrowth of adjacent parenchymatous cells into xylem vessels.
Heartwood is absent in which dicot?
Poplar and willow
Which meristem occurs between mature tissues?
Intercalary meristem
Name a cylindrical meristem.
Lateral meristem
Examples of lateral meristems are
Fascicular and interfascicular meristem
Which simple tissue is found in patches in plants?
Collenchyma
What are the two main functions of xylem?
Conduction of water and minerals, providing mechanical support to plants
The thickenings of cell walls of tracheids are even. True/false?
False. They vary in form.
Tracheids are connected with each through interperforations in their walls. True/false?
False. Vessels are connected with each through interperforations in their walls.
Name the lignified tracheary element with wide cavity.
Vessels
Do xylem fibres have septa?
Xylem fibres maybe septate or aseptate.
Which cells in xylem are living?
Xylem parenchyma
In which form are food materials stored in xylem parenchyma?
Starch or fat
What is meant by endarch xylem?
Protoxylem lies towards the centre of the pit and metaxylem towards the periphery.
How are companion cells and seive tube elements connected?
Through pit fields in their common longitudinal walls.
What is the function of companion cells?
The companion cells help in maintaining pressure gradients in the seive tube elements.
What is the shape of the cells present in phloem parenchyma?
Elongated, tapering cylindrical cells which have dense cytoplasm and a nucleus
What does phloem parenchyma store?
Food material, resin and mucilage
What does xylem parenchyma store
Food material and tannins
Phloem fibres are generally absent in primary phloem but present in secondary phloem. True/ false?
True
Which type of phloem has wider seive tubes and which has narrower seive tubes?
Protophloem has narrow seive tubes while metaphloem has wider seive tubes.
Stomata forms a part of which tissue system?
Epidermal tissue system
What is the function of trichomes?
Trichomes help in preventing water loss due to transpiration.
Are intercellular spaces present in cortex?
Yes
Which walls of root endodermis has deposition of suberin?
Tangential and radial walls
What type cells are present in dicot root pericycle?
Parenchymatous cells
Where does the initiation of vascular cambium during secondary growth take place in dicot roots?
Pericycle
What is the difference between the walls of parenchymatous cells present in cortex and pericycle of dicot root?
Cortex- thin walled parenchymatous cells
Pericycle- thick walled parenchymatous cells
Which cells are present in the conjuctive tissue in plants?
Parenchymatous cells
What does the epidermis of dicot stem bear?
Trichomes and a few stomata
Which is the innermost layer of cortex in plants?
Endodermis
How many layers is the cortex of a dicot stem divided into?
Three layers- hypodermis
Cortical layers
Endodermis
What provides mechanical support to young dicot stems?
Hypodermis
What type of cells are present in the cortical layers of dicot stems?
Rounded, thin walled parenchymatous cells with conspicuous intercellular spaces
How is pericycle distributed in dicot stems?
Pericycle is present as semi lunar patches of sclerenchyma.
Where are the medullary rays located in dicot stem?
Medullary rays are located between vascular bundles
What is the hypodermis of monocot stem made of?
Sclerenchymatous cells
What are the scattered vascular bundles of a monocot stem surrounded by?
Sclerenchymatous cells
Which cells are present in the ground tissue of monocot stems?
Parenchymatous cells
What is the difference between peripheral vascular bundles and central vascular bundles in a monocot stem?
Peripheral vascular bundles are smaller than central vascular bundles.
Where are water containing cavities present in a monocot stem?
Inside the vascular bundles
How are the palisade parenchyma located in a dorsiventral leaf?
Adaxially
How are bulliform cells different from adaxial epidermal cells?
Bulliform cells are large, empty and colourless.
Bulliform cells develop from
Adaxial epidermal cells
What difference is brought about in the vascular bundles in monocot and dicot leaves because of the veination?
Vascular bundles in a dicot leaf vary in size because of the varying size of veins in reticulate veination.
Vascular bundles of a monocot leaf are almost similar in size (except midrib vascular bundles) because of similar sized veins in parallel veination.
Which type of cambium is present in young dicot stems?
Intrafascicular cambium
Which develops first-intrafascicular cambium or interfascicular cambium?
Intrafascicular cambium
What develops into interfascicular cambium in stems?
Cells of medullary rays
On which side is the cambium more active in stems?
Inner side
Secondary medullary rays develop from
Cambium
What type of cells are present in the phellogen?
Narrow, thin walled and rectangular cells
WHat is also known as secondary cortex in plants?
Phelloderm
What type of cells are present in secondary cortex?
Parenchymatous cells
What forms lenticels?
Ruptured epidermal cells
What does the root vascular cambium originate from?
Tissue located just below phloem tissue, a portion of tissue of pericycle, just above the protoxylem
How are schizogenous cavities formed between cells?
By the separation of cell wall at point of contact
How are lysogenous cavities formed between cells?
By dissolution of some cells
How are schizolysogenous cavities formed between cells?
First start as schizogenous and later become lysogenous.
Which are the most common type of intercellular cavities in plants?
Schizogenous cavities
Dicot stems may bear trichomes and many stomata. True or false?
False.
Dicot stems may bear trichomes and few stomata.
Which layer of dicot stem provides mechanical support to young stems?
Hypodermis (made of collenchyma )
