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Biology NEET 2023 > XI: Chapter 21- Neural control > Flashcards

XI: Chapter 21- Neural control Flashcards

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1
Q

Ganglion first appeared in which phylum?

A

Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

Brain like structure first which appeared in which organisms?

A

Insects

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3
Q

How does the antiport in sodium potassium pump work?

A

Influx of 2 K+ for outflux of every 3 Na+

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4
Q

In resting stage the axolemma is permeable to which ion and impermeable to which ?

A

Impermeable to Na+ and permeable to K+

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5
Q

What is the relative charge on the outside of the axolemma in resting state?

A

Positive

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6
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of axolemma?

A

-70mV

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7
Q

In depolarised stage, what is the axolemma membrane potential?

A

+30 to +45 mV

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8
Q

How long does it take for the sodium channels opened in depolarised stage to close during impulse generation in an axon?

A

1 ms

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9
Q

What happens to the sodium and potassium channels in the repolarised stage of axolemma?

A

Sodium channels close, potassium channels open

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10
Q

What is the axolemma membrane potential during hyperpolarisation?

A

-90 mV

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11
Q

Polarised stage of axolemma is maintained by

A

Sodium potassium pump

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12
Q

Depolarised stage of axolemma is caused by

A

Sodium channel opening

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13
Q

Repolarised stage of axolemma is caused by

A

Potassium channel opening

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14
Q

What is absolute refractory period of an axon?

A

Nerve does not generate new impulse irrespective of the strength of stimulus. (3-4 ms)

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15
Q

What is the relative refractory period of an axon?

A

Impulse can be generated by giving higher stimulus

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16
Q

What is threshold stimulus?

A

-55mV

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17
Q

Conduction of impulse is bidirectional in a myelinated neuron. True/false?

A

False. It is unidirectional.

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18
Q

What happens to the speed of conduction of impulse if the diameter of nerve fibre increases?

A

Velocity also increases

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19
Q

WHich is the most common type of synapse based on the parts of neurons involved?

A

Axo-dendritic synapse

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20
Q

Which synapse-electrical or chemical has narrow synaptic cleft?

A

Electrical

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21
Q

Which synapse-electrical or chemical has synaptic vesicles?

A

chemical

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22
Q

Which synapse-electrical or chemical is common?

A

Chemical

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23
Q

Which ion is involved in transmission of a chemical synapse?

A

Calcium ions

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24
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Open sodium channels to cause depolarisation of axolemma. Impulse is carried forward

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25
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is acetyl choline?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

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26
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is epinephrin?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

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27
Q

How do inhibitory neurotransmitters function?

A

Cause chlorine channels to open => hyperpolarisation of axolemma => impulse is blocked

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28
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

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29
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is serotonin?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

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30
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is dopamine?

A

Can function as both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter

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31
Q

If nodes of Ranvier become absent on axons then what will happen to the impulse conduction?

A

Impulse conduction will stop

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32
Q

What are the parts of motor nervous system?

A

Somatic and autonomous nervous system`

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33
Q

What tissue is present in meninges?

A

Connective tissue

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34
Q

How many meninges are present in fishes?

A

1

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35
Q

How many meninges are present in amphibians?

A

2

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36
Q

How many meninges are present in humans?

A

3

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37
Q

How many meninges are present in reptiles?

A

2

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38
Q

How many meninges are present in birds?

A

2

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39
Q

Name the meninges of mammals in the inside to outside order.

A

Piamater
Arachnoid mater
Duramater

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40
Q

Which is the thinnest meninx of mammalian brain?

A

Piamater

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41
Q

Vili are present in which meninx of mammalian brain?

A

Arachnoid mater

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42
Q

Subarachanoid space is present between which two meninx?

A

Between arachanoid mater and piamater

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43
Q

Subdural space is present between which two meninx?

A

Between duramater and arachanoid mater

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44
Q

What is present in subarachanoid space?

A

CSF

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45
Q

What is present in subdural space?

A

Serous fluid

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46
Q

Where is epidural space present?

A

Between duramater and vertebrae of spinal cord

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47
Q

What is epidural space made of?

A

Adipose tissue

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48
Q

What is the pH of cerebro spinal fluid?

A

7.3

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49
Q

Cerebro spinal fluid is formed by the filteration of

A

Blood

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50
Q

Are RBCs present in CSF?

A

No

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51
Q

What part of brain forms CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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52
Q

CSF is withdrawn from which lumbar in lumbar puncture method of diagnosis?

A

L3 -L4

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53
Q

Spinal anasthesia is administered through which vertebrae?

A

L3-L4

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54
Q

How much CSF is produced everyday?

A

500ml

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55
Q

What are the cavities of brain called?

A

Ventricles

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56
Q

How many ventricles are present in brain?

A

4

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57
Q

What are the two lateral ventricles of brain called?

A

Paracoel

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58
Q

Where are the paracoel present?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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59
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle of brain present and what is it called?

A

Present in medulla and called metacoel

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60
Q

The fourth and third ventricle of brain communicate through

A

Iter’s canal/aqueduct of sylvius

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61
Q

The lateral ventricles of the brain communicated with the third ventricle through

A

Foramen of monero

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62
Q

CSF from fourth ventricle of brain enter subarachnoid space through

A

2 lateral foramen of Luschka

1 median foramen of Magendie

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63
Q

What type of axons are present in the grey matter?

A

Non-myellinated neurons

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64
Q

What type of axons are present in the white matter?

A

Myelinated neurons

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65
Q

How are the white and grey matter arranged in brain?

A

Grey matter surrounds white matter

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66
Q

How are the white and grey matter arranged in spinal cord?

A

White matter surrounds grey matter

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67
Q

What is rhombencephalon?

A

Hind brain

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68
Q

What is prosencephalon?

A

Forebrain

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69
Q

What are the parts of forebrain?

A

Olfactory lobes, cerebrum, diencephalon

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70
Q

What are the parts of midbrain?

A

Optic lobes, cerebral peduncles

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71
Q

What are the parts of hind brain?

A

Pons varolii, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

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72
Q

How many olfactory lobes are present in forebrain?

A

1 pair

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73
Q

On which surface of brain are the olfactory lobes located?

A

Ventral surfaces

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74
Q

What is the largest part of the forebrain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres/cerebrum

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75
Q

The medulla of cerebral hemisphere is formed by

A

White matter

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76
Q

What is the thickest portion of cortex of cerebrum?

A

Neopallium

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77
Q

Name the fissures present in the cerebrum?

A

Central fissure
Parieto occipital fissure
Lateral/sylvian fissure

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78
Q

Central fissure of brain divides

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

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79
Q

Sylvian fissure of brain divides

A

frontal and parietal lobe from temporal lobe

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80
Q

Name the lobes of the brain.

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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81
Q

In which lobes are the sensory area of cerebrum located?

A

Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

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82
Q

In which lobes are the motor area of cerebrum located?

A

Frontal lobe

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83
Q

In which lobes are the association area of cerebrum located?

A

in all lobes

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84
Q

Which centre of brain controls involuntary muscles? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present?

A

Premotor centre in frontal lobe

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85
Q

Brocha’s speech centre is located in which lobe of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe

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86
Q

Intellectual centre of brain is located in which lobe?

A

Frontal lobe

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87
Q

Which centre of brain is responsible for sensation of pain, pressure, heat, cold or activity like reading? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present?

A

Somesthesia centre present in parietal lobe

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88
Q

Gustatory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum?

A

Parietal lobe

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89
Q

Centre of vision is present in which lobe of cerebrum?

A

Occipital lobe

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90
Q

Olfactory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum?

A

Temporal lobe

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91
Q

Which centre of brain is responsible for understanding language? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present?

A

Wernicke’s area, temporal lobe

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92
Q

Auditory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum?

A

Temporal lobe

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93
Q

The posterior part of forebrain is called

A

Diencephalon

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94
Q

Pineal gland is present on

A

Epithalamus (roof of Diencephalon)

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95
Q

Which part of brain is also called gatekeeper of cerebrum?

A

Thalamus

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96
Q

Hypothalamus connects to pitutary gland by

A

Infundibulum

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97
Q

What does the posterior surface of hypothalamus have?

A

Mammillary bodies

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98
Q

Hunger, thirst and satiety centre is present in

A

Hypothalamus

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99
Q

Thermoregulation is the function of

A

Hypothalamus

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100
Q

Limbic systems surrounds

A

Corpus callosum and thalamus

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101
Q

Limbic system includes

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, mammillary body and hippocampus nuclei

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102
Q

What is corpora quadrigemina?

A

4 optic lobes of mammalian brain

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103
Q

What are the four optic lobes?

A

2 superior colliculi

2 inferior colliculi

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104
Q

Which optic lobes are related to visual relex?

A

2 superior colliculi

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105
Q

Which optic lobes are related to auditory reflex?

A

2 inferior colliculi

106
Q

Basal ganglia is

A

Subcortical nuclei at base of brain

107
Q

Which is the largest nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Corpus striatum

108
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of basal ganglia?

A

Dopamine

109
Q

What has the subconcious control over the contraction of voluntary skeletal muscles?

A

Basal ganglia

110
Q

What surrounds the aqueduct of sylvius?

A

Mid brain

111
Q

What connects cerebrum to cerebellum?

A

Pons varolli

112
Q

Peristalsis is controlled by which part of brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

113
Q

Brain stem constitutes

A

Mid brain, medulla oblongata, pons

114
Q

What is called the gateway to consiousness?

A

Reticular activating system

115
Q

What is arbor vitae?

A

White matter in form of tree branching in cerebellum

116
Q

What is crura cerebri?

A

Nerve tract of midbrain

117
Q

Which part of brain converts short term memory to long term memory?

A

Hippocampus

118
Q

What is the location of spinal cord?

A

Inside neural canal between vertebrae

119
Q

What are the two swellings in spinal cord?

A

Cervical and lumbar

120
Q

What is conus medullaris?

A

Posterior neural end of spinal cord

121
Q

What is filum terminade?

A

Non nervours posterior extension of spinal cord

122
Q

What is the tail like collection of roots of spinal nerves at posterior end called?

A

Cauda equina

123
Q

Which cells line the central canal of spinal cord?

A

Ependymal cells

124
Q

Which part of brain controls emotions?

A

Amygdala

125
Q

Filum terminade is made of

A

Piamater

126
Q

How many spinal nerves are present in humans? Give the spinal formula

A

31

C8 T12 L5 S5 Cd1

127
Q

What type of nerves are spinal nerves?

A

Mixed nerves

128
Q

Dorsal root of spinal cord arises from

A

Dorsal horn

129
Q

Ventral root of spinal cord arises from

A

Ventral horn

130
Q

Which fibres are present in the dorsal root of spinal cord?

A

Sensory fibres

131
Q

Which nerve fibres are present in the ventral root of spinal cord?

A

Motor nerve fibres

132
Q

Dorsal root ganglion cell bodies are present in

A

Dorsal root of spinal cord

133
Q

Ventral root ganglion cell bodies are present in

A

Grey matter of spinal cord

134
Q

How many cranial nerves are present in amphibians?

A

10

135
Q

How many cranial nerves are present in reptiles?

A

12

136
Q

How many cranial nerves are present in birds?

A

12

137
Q

Name all 12 cranial nerves in order

A 
Olfactory nerve I
Optic nerve II
Occulomotor nerve III
Trochlear nerve IV
Trigeminal nerve V
Abducens nerve VI
Facial nerve VII
Auditory nerve VIII
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Vagus nerve X
Spinal accessory nerve XI
Hypoglossal nerve XII
138
Q

Which is the I (first) cranial nerve?

A

Olfactory nerve

139
Q

Which is the II cranial nerve?

A

Optic nerve

140
Q

Which is the III cranial nerve?

A

Occulomotor nerve

141
Q

Which is the IV cranial nerve?

A

Trochlear nerve

142
Q

Which is the V cranial nerve?

A

Trigeminal nerve

143
Q

Which is the VI cranial nerve?

A

Abducens nerve

144
Q

Which is the VII cranial nerve?

A

Facial nerve

145
Q

Which is the VIII cranial nerve?

A

Auditory nerve

146
Q

Which is the IX cranial nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

147
Q

Which is the X cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

148
Q

Which is the XI cranial nerve?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

149
Q

Which is the XII cranial nerve?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

150
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory nerves?

A

I, II, VIII

151
Q

Which cranial nerves are motor nerves?

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

152
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed nerves?

A

V, VII, IX, X

153
Q

Which is the longest cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

154
Q

Which is the shortest cranial nerve?

A

Abducens nerve

155
Q

Which is the largest cranial nerve?

A

Trigeminal nerve

156
Q

Which is the thinnest cranial nerve?

A

Trochlear nerve

157
Q

What is the function of occulomotor nerve?

A

Movement of superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique muscles

158
Q

Where does the occulomotor nerve originate?

A

Midbrain

159
Q

What is the function of trochlear nerve?

A

Eye rotation- superior oblique muscle

160
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve originate?

A

Midbrain

161
Q

What is the function of trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensations from conjunctiva, eyelids, lacrimal glands, cheeks, upper and lower lips, jaw movement

162
Q

What are the three major branches of trigeminal nerve?

A

the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2) and the mandibular nerve (V3)

163
Q

Which cranial nerve is called dentist’s nerve?

A

Trigeminal nerve

164
Q

Abducens nerve arises from

A

Pons

165
Q

What is the function of abducens nerve?

A

Eye rotation, lateral rectus

166
Q

Facial nerve arises from

A

Pons

167
Q

Auditory nerve arises from

A

Pons

168
Q

Glassopharyngeal nerve arises from

A

Medulla

169
Q

Vagus nerve arises from

A

Medulla

170
Q

Which nerve is responsible for speech, swallowing, peristalsis, heart rate, etc?

A

Vagus nerve

171
Q

Which nerve controls the muscle of tongue?

A

HYpoglossal nerve

172
Q

Spinal accessory nerve arises from

A

Medulla

173
Q

Hypoglossal nerve arises from

A

Medulla

174
Q

Which scientists conducted bell dog experiment?

A

Ivan pavlov

175
Q

Which part of autonomous nervous system works under stress?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

176
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenaline

177
Q

How many sympathetic ganglion are present in the body?

A

21

3 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 saccral

178
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetyl choline

179
Q

Which part of autonomous nervous system has thoraco lumbar outflow?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

180
Q

Which part of autonomous nervous system has cranio-sacral outflow?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

181
Q

Where is sympathetic nervous system located?

A

Near spinal cord

182
Q

Where is parasympathetic nervous system located?

A

Near organs

183
Q

The pre ganglionic fibre is shorter in which- sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

184
Q

The post ganglionic fibre is shorter in which-sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

185
Q

Out of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, which works on mode of conserving energy?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

186
Q

Which nervous system makes the pupil of eye dilate?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

187
Q

Which nervous system increases salivation?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

188
Q

Which nervous system increase blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

189
Q

Which nervous system causes dilation of bronchi and trachea?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

190
Q

Which nervous system causes contraction of anal sphinctre?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

191
Q

Basket nerve endings are present at

A

Root of hair follicles

192
Q

Merkel’s disc is located in

A

Epidermis

193
Q

Merkel’s disc senses

A

Touch

194
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are present in

A

Dermis

195
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles sense

A

Deep touch

196
Q

Pacinian corpuscle are present in

A

Deep dermis

197
Q

Pacinian corpuscles sense

A

Pressure

198
Q

Which thermoreceptors sense warmth?

A

Caloreceptors

199
Q

Which thermoreceptors sense cold?

A

Frigidoreceptor

200
Q

Which muscle of eye helps in upward movement?

A

Superior rectus

201
Q

Which muscle of eye helps in inward movement?

A

Medial rectus

202
Q

Which muscle of eye helps in outward movement?

A

Lateral rectus

203
Q

Name the glands present in eyelids.

A

Meibomian gland
Gland of Zeis
Gland of Moll

204
Q

Which is the first refractive surface of eye?

A

Cornea

205
Q

Is cornea supplied with blood vessels?

A

No

206
Q

cornea receive glucose from

A

Aqueous humour

207
Q

Which layer provides nourishment to retina?

A

Choroid

208
Q

Is choroid supplied with blood vessel?

A

Yes

209
Q

Which forms the second refractory surface of eye?

A

Lens

210
Q

Aqueous chamber of eye is present between

A

Cornea and lens

211
Q

Aqueous chamber of eye drains into venous circulation through which structure?

A

Canal of schleim

212
Q

How mant sublayers does retina have? Name them

A 
4
Pigment layer
Photosensitive layer
Bipolar neuron layer
Retinal ganglionic layer
213
Q

Horizontal cells in eye are present between

A

Photosensitive cells and bipolar neuron layer

214
Q

Amacrine cells in eye are present between

A

Bipolar neuron and ganglionic layer

215
Q

Which cells are more abundant- rods or cones?

A

Rods

216
Q

Which pigment is present in rods?

A

Rhodoposin

217
Q

Which cells of eye provide scotopic vision?

A

Rod cells

218
Q

Which pigment is present in cones?

A

Iodopsin

219
Q

Visual purple is the other name for

A

Rhodopsin

220
Q

Visual violet is the other name of

A

Iodopsin

221
Q

Rhodopsin is made of

A

Retinal + opsin

222
Q

What is macula lutea?

A

Area on retina just opposite to lens where only cones are present

223
Q

In which part of retina is the sharpest image formed?

A

Macula lutea

224
Q

What is fovea centralis?

A

Depression in macula lutea

225
Q

Myopia is also known as

A

Near sightedness

226
Q

Myopia is caused by

A

Increasing converging power of lens or decreased size of eyeball

227
Q

Myopia can be corrected by using which lens?

A

Concave lens

228
Q

Hypermetropia is also called

A

Far sightedness

229
Q

Hypermetropia is caused due to

A

Decreasing convergence of lens or smaller eyeball

230
Q

Hypermetropia is corrected by which lens?

A

Convex lens

231
Q

Ear ossicles are present in which part of ear?

A

Middle ear

232
Q

Which part of external ear has ceruminous glands?

A

External auditory meatus

233
Q

Tympanum is made of which tissue?

A

Connective tissue

234
Q

Tympanic cavity is filled with which fluid?

A

Air

235
Q

Stapes connects to

A

Incus and oval window

236
Q

Which joint is present between malleus and incus?

A

Saddle joint

237
Q

Which joint is present between malleus and incus?

A

Saddle joint

238
Q

Which joint is present between incus and stapes/

A

Ball and socket joint

239
Q

Eustachian tube extends from inner ear to pharynx. True/false?

A

False

Eustachian tube extends from middle ear to pharynx.

240
Q

What is the function of vestibular apparatus of ear?

A

Maintaining body balance

241
Q

What is the sensitive structure of utriculus and saculus?

A

Macule (2)

242
Q

What is the sensitive structure of semicircular canals?

A

Cristae

243
Q

Scala vestibuli is filled with

A

Perilymph

244
Q

Scala media of cochlea is filled with

A

Endolymph

245
Q

Scala tympani is filled with

A

Perilymph

246
Q

Which part of cochlea is connected to the oval window?

A

Scala vestibuli

247
Q

Which part of cochlea contains organ of corti?

A

Scala media

248
Q

Which part of cochlea is connected to round window?

A

Scala tympani

249
Q

What are otolith crystals?

A

Calcareous crystals on top of gelatinous layer in macula. Responsible for maintenance of static pressure.

250
Q

What is responsible for dynamic equilibrium of body?

A

Semicircular canal

251
Q

Otolith crystals are found in which part of ear?

A

Macula

252
Q

Organ of corti is present on which membrane of cochlea?

A

Basilar membrane

253
Q

What is the function of somatic nervous system?

A

Transfers impulse from skeletal muscles to CNS

254
Q

What is the function of autonomous nervous system?

A

Transfers impulse from CNS to involuntary muscles

255
Q

What is the layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere called?

A

Cerebral cortex

256
Q

Cerebellum has fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of brain. True/false?

A

False.

Cerebellum has very convoluted surface while pons has fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of brain.

257
Q

What is the external layer of eye composed of and what is it called?

A

Dense connective tissue, sclera

258
Q

What is the colour of choroid?

A

Blue

259
Q

How does choroid vary over the eyeball?

A

Thin over the posterior two thirds but becomes thick around anterior region to form the ciliary body

260
Q

Tectorial membrane is a thin elastic membrane, true or false?

A

True

Biology NEET 2023 (39 decks)

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