XI: Chapter 21- Neural control Flashcards
1
Q
Ganglion first appeared in which phylum?
A
Platyhelminthes
2
Q
Brain like structure first which appeared in which organisms?
A
Insects
3
Q
How does the antiport in sodium potassium pump work?
A
Influx of 2 K+ for outflux of every 3 Na+
4
Q
In resting stage the axolemma is permeable to which ion and impermeable to which ?
A
Impermeable to Na+ and permeable to K+
5
Q
What is the relative charge on the outside of the axolemma in resting state?
A
Positive
6
Q
What is the resting membrane potential of axolemma?
A
-70mV
7
Q
In depolarised stage, what is the axolemma membrane potential?
A
+30 to +45 mV
8
Q
How long does it take for the sodium channels opened in depolarised stage to close during impulse generation in an axon?
A
1 ms
9
Q
What happens to the sodium and potassium channels in the repolarised stage of axolemma?
A
Sodium channels close, potassium channels open
10
Q
What is the axolemma membrane potential during hyperpolarisation?
A
-90 mV
11
Q
Polarised stage of axolemma is maintained by
A
Sodium potassium pump
12
Q
Depolarised stage of axolemma is caused by
A
Sodium channel opening
13
Q
Repolarised stage of axolemma is caused by
A
Potassium channel opening
14
Q
What is absolute refractory period of an axon?
A
Nerve does not generate new impulse irrespective of the strength of stimulus. (3-4 ms)
15
Q
What is the relative refractory period of an axon?
A
Impulse can be generated by giving higher stimulus
16
Q
What is threshold stimulus?
A
-55mV
17
Q
Conduction of impulse is bidirectional in a myelinated neuron. True/false?
A
False. It is unidirectional.
18
Q
What happens to the speed of conduction of impulse if the diameter of nerve fibre increases?
A
Velocity also increases
19
Q
WHich is the most common type of synapse based on the parts of neurons involved?
A
Axo-dendritic synapse
20
Q
Which synapse-electrical or chemical has narrow synaptic cleft?
A
Electrical
21
Q
Which synapse-electrical or chemical has synaptic vesicles?
A
chemical
22
Q
Which synapse-electrical or chemical is common?
A
Chemical
23
Q
Which ion is involved in transmission of a chemical synapse?
A
Calcium ions
24
Q
What are excitatory neurotransmitter?
A
Open sodium channels to cause depolarisation of axolemma. Impulse is carried forward
25
What kind of neurotransmitter is acetyl choline?
Excitatory neurotransmitter
26
What kind of neurotransmitter is epinephrin?
Excitatory neurotransmitter
27
How do inhibitory neurotransmitters function?
Cause chlorine channels to open => hyperpolarisation of axolemma => impulse is blocked
28
What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA?
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
29
What kind of neurotransmitter is serotonin?
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
30
What kind of neurotransmitter is dopamine?
Can function as both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter
31
If nodes of Ranvier become absent on axons then what will happen to the impulse conduction?
Impulse conduction will stop
32
What are the parts of motor nervous system?
Somatic and autonomous nervous system`
33
What tissue is present in meninges?
Connective tissue
34
How many meninges are present in fishes?
1
35
How many meninges are present in amphibians?
2
36
How many meninges are present in humans?
3
37
How many meninges are present in reptiles?
2
38
How many meninges are present in birds?
2
39
Name the meninges of mammals in the inside to outside order.
Piamater
Arachnoid mater
Duramater
40
Which is the thinnest meninx of mammalian brain?
Piamater
41
Vili are present in which meninx of mammalian brain?
Arachnoid mater
42
Subarachanoid space is present between which two meninx?
Between arachanoid mater and piamater
43
Subdural space is present between which two meninx?
Between duramater and arachanoid mater
44
What is present in subarachanoid space?
CSF
45
What is present in subdural space?
Serous fluid
46
Where is epidural space present?
Between duramater and vertebrae of spinal cord
47
What is epidural space made of?
Adipose tissue
48
What is the pH of cerebro spinal fluid?
7.3
49
Cerebro spinal fluid is formed by the filteration of
Blood
50
Are RBCs present in CSF?
No
51
What part of brain forms CSF?
Choroid plexus
52
CSF is withdrawn from which lumbar in lumbar puncture method of diagnosis?
L3 -L4
53
Spinal anasthesia is administered through which vertebrae?
L3-L4
54
How much CSF is produced everyday?
500ml
55
What are the cavities of brain called?
Ventricles
56
How many ventricles are present in brain?
4
57
What are the two lateral ventricles of brain called?
Paracoel
58
Where are the paracoel present?
Cerebral hemispheres
59
Where is the fourth ventricle of brain present and what is it called?
Present in medulla and called metacoel
60
The fourth and third ventricle of brain communicate through
Iter's canal/aqueduct of sylvius
61
The lateral ventricles of the brain communicated with the third ventricle through
Foramen of monero
62
CSF from fourth ventricle of brain enter subarachnoid space through
2 lateral foramen of Luschka
| 1 median foramen of Magendie
63
What type of axons are present in the grey matter?
Non-myellinated neurons
64
What type of axons are present in the white matter?
Myelinated neurons
65
How are the white and grey matter arranged in brain?
Grey matter surrounds white matter
66
How are the white and grey matter arranged in spinal cord?
White matter surrounds grey matter
67
What is rhombencephalon?
Hind brain
68
What is prosencephalon?
Forebrain
69
What are the parts of forebrain?
Olfactory lobes, cerebrum, diencephalon
70
What are the parts of midbrain?
Optic lobes, cerebral peduncles
71
What are the parts of hind brain?
Pons varolii, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
72
How many olfactory lobes are present in forebrain?
1 pair
73
On which surface of brain are the olfactory lobes located?
Ventral surfaces
74
What is the largest part of the forebrain?
Cerebral hemispheres/cerebrum
75
The medulla of cerebral hemisphere is formed by
White matter
76
What is the thickest portion of cortex of cerebrum?
Neopallium
77
Name the fissures present in the cerebrum?
Central fissure
Parieto occipital fissure
Lateral/sylvian fissure
78
Central fissure of brain divides
Frontal and parietal lobes
79
Sylvian fissure of brain divides
frontal and parietal lobe from temporal lobe
80
Name the lobes of the brain.
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
81
In which lobes are the sensory area of cerebrum located?
Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
82
In which lobes are the motor area of cerebrum located?
Frontal lobe
83
In which lobes are the association area of cerebrum located?
in all lobes
84
Which centre of brain controls involuntary muscles? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present?
Premotor centre in frontal lobe
85
Brocha's speech centre is located in which lobe of the cerebrum?
Frontal lobe
86
Intellectual centre of brain is located in which lobe?
Frontal lobe
87
Which centre of brain is responsible for sensation of pain, pressure, heat, cold or activity like reading? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present?
Somesthesia centre present in parietal lobe
88
Gustatory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum?
Parietal lobe
89
Centre of vision is present in which lobe of cerebrum?
Occipital lobe
90
Olfactory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum?
Temporal lobe
91
Which centre of brain is responsible for understanding language? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present?
Wernicke's area, temporal lobe
92
Auditory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum?
Temporal lobe
93
The posterior part of forebrain is called
Diencephalon
94
Pineal gland is present on
Epithalamus (roof of Diencephalon)
95
Which part of brain is also called gatekeeper of cerebrum?
Thalamus
96
Hypothalamus connects to pitutary gland by
Infundibulum
97
What does the posterior surface of hypothalamus have?
Mammillary bodies
98
Hunger, thirst and satiety centre is present in
Hypothalamus
99
Thermoregulation is the function of
Hypothalamus
100
Limbic systems surrounds
Corpus callosum and thalamus
101
Limbic system includes
Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, mammillary body and hippocampus nuclei
102
What is corpora quadrigemina?
4 optic lobes of mammalian brain
103
What are the four optic lobes?
2 superior colliculi
| 2 inferior colliculi
104
Which optic lobes are related to visual relex?
2 superior colliculi
105
Which optic lobes are related to auditory reflex?
2 inferior colliculi
106
Basal ganglia is
Subcortical nuclei at base of brain
107
Which is the largest nuclei of the basal ganglia?
Corpus striatum
108
What is the neurotransmitter of basal ganglia?
Dopamine
109
What has the subconcious control over the contraction of voluntary skeletal muscles?
Basal ganglia
110
What surrounds the aqueduct of sylvius?
Mid brain
111
What connects cerebrum to cerebellum?
Pons varolli
112
Peristalsis is controlled by which part of brain?
Medulla oblongata
113
Brain stem constitutes
Mid brain, medulla oblongata, pons
114
What is called the gateway to consiousness?
Reticular activating system
115
What is arbor vitae?
White matter in form of tree branching in cerebellum
116
What is crura cerebri?
Nerve tract of midbrain
117
Which part of brain converts short term memory to long term memory?
Hippocampus
118
What is the location of spinal cord?
Inside neural canal between vertebrae
119
What are the two swellings in spinal cord?
Cervical and lumbar
120
What is conus medullaris?
Posterior neural end of spinal cord
121
What is filum terminade?
Non nervours posterior extension of spinal cord
122
What is the tail like collection of roots of spinal nerves at posterior end called?
Cauda equina
123
Which cells line the central canal of spinal cord?
Ependymal cells
124
Which part of brain controls emotions?
Amygdala
125
Filum terminade is made of
Piamater
126
How many spinal nerves are present in humans? Give the spinal formula
31
| C8 T12 L5 S5 Cd1
127
What type of nerves are spinal nerves?
Mixed nerves
128
Dorsal root of spinal cord arises from
Dorsal horn
129
Ventral root of spinal cord arises from
Ventral horn
130
Which fibres are present in the dorsal root of spinal cord?
Sensory fibres
131
Which nerve fibres are present in the ventral root of spinal cord?
Motor nerve fibres
132
Dorsal root ganglion cell bodies are present in
Dorsal root of spinal cord
133
Ventral root ganglion cell bodies are present in
Grey matter of spinal cord
134
How many cranial nerves are present in amphibians?
10
135
How many cranial nerves are present in reptiles?
12
136
How many cranial nerves are present in birds?
12
137
Name all 12 cranial nerves in order
```
Olfactory nerve I
Optic nerve II
Occulomotor nerve III
Trochlear nerve IV
Trigeminal nerve V
Abducens nerve VI
Facial nerve VII
Auditory nerve VIII
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Vagus nerve X
Spinal accessory nerve XI
Hypoglossal nerve XII
```
138
Which is the I (first) cranial nerve?
Olfactory nerve
139
Which is the II cranial nerve?
Optic nerve
140
Which is the III cranial nerve?
Occulomotor nerve
141
Which is the IV cranial nerve?
Trochlear nerve
142
Which is the V cranial nerve?
Trigeminal nerve
143
Which is the VI cranial nerve?
Abducens nerve
144
Which is the VII cranial nerve?
Facial nerve
145
Which is the VIII cranial nerve?
Auditory nerve
146
Which is the IX cranial nerve?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
147
Which is the X cranial nerve?
Vagus nerve
148
Which is the XI cranial nerve?
Spinal accessory nerve
149
Which is the XII cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal nerve
150
Which cranial nerves are sensory nerves?
I, II, VIII
151
Which cranial nerves are motor nerves?
III, IV, VI, XI, XII
152
Which cranial nerves are mixed nerves?
V, VII, IX, X
153
Which is the longest cranial nerve?
Vagus nerve
154
Which is the shortest cranial nerve?
Abducens nerve
155
Which is the largest cranial nerve?
Trigeminal nerve
156
Which is the thinnest cranial nerve?
Trochlear nerve
157
What is the function of occulomotor nerve?
Movement of superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique muscles
158
Where does the occulomotor nerve originate?
Midbrain
159
What is the function of trochlear nerve?
Eye rotation- superior oblique muscle
160
Where does the trochlear nerve originate?
Midbrain
161
What is the function of trigeminal nerve?
Sensations from conjunctiva, eyelids, lacrimal glands, cheeks, upper and lower lips, jaw movement
162
What are the three major branches of trigeminal nerve?
the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2) and the mandibular nerve (V3)
163
Which cranial nerve is called dentist's nerve?
Trigeminal nerve
164
Abducens nerve arises from
Pons
165
What is the function of abducens nerve?
Eye rotation, lateral rectus
166
Facial nerve arises from
Pons
167
Auditory nerve arises from
Pons
168
Glassopharyngeal nerve arises from
Medulla
169
Vagus nerve arises from
Medulla
170
Which nerve is responsible for speech, swallowing, peristalsis, heart rate, etc?
Vagus nerve
171
Which nerve controls the muscle of tongue?
HYpoglossal nerve
172
Spinal accessory nerve arises from
Medulla
173
Hypoglossal nerve arises from
Medulla
174
Which scientists conducted bell dog experiment?
Ivan pavlov
175
Which part of autonomous nervous system works under stress?
Sympathetic nervous system
176
What is the neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenaline
177
How many sympathetic ganglion are present in the body?
21
| 3 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 saccral
178
What is the neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetyl choline
179
Which part of autonomous nervous system has thoraco lumbar outflow?
Sympathetic nervous system
180
Which part of autonomous nervous system has cranio-sacral outflow?
Parasympathetic nervous system
181
Where is sympathetic nervous system located?
Near spinal cord
182
Where is parasympathetic nervous system located?
Near organs
183
The pre ganglionic fibre is shorter in which- sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system
184
The post ganglionic fibre is shorter in which-sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
185
Out of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, which works on mode of conserving energy?
Parasympathetic nervous system
186
Which nervous system makes the pupil of eye dilate?
Sympathetic nervous system
187
Which nervous system increases salivation?
Parasympathetic nervous system
188
Which nervous system increase blood pressure?
Sympathetic nervous system
189
Which nervous system causes dilation of bronchi and trachea?
Sympathetic nervous system
190
Which nervous system causes contraction of anal sphinctre?
Sympathetic nervous system
191
Basket nerve endings are present at
Root of hair follicles
192
Merkel's disc is located in
Epidermis
193
Merkel's disc senses
Touch
194
Meissner's corpuscles are present in
Dermis
195
Meissner's corpuscles sense
Deep touch
196
Pacinian corpuscle are present in
Deep dermis
197
Pacinian corpuscles sense
Pressure
198
Which thermoreceptors sense warmth?
Caloreceptors
199
Which thermoreceptors sense cold?
Frigidoreceptor
200
Which muscle of eye helps in upward movement?
Superior rectus
201
Which muscle of eye helps in inward movement?
Medial rectus
202
Which muscle of eye helps in outward movement?
Lateral rectus
203
Name the glands present in eyelids.
Meibomian gland
Gland of Zeis
Gland of Moll
204
Which is the first refractive surface of eye?
Cornea
205
Is cornea supplied with blood vessels?
No
206
cornea receive glucose from
Aqueous humour
207
Which layer provides nourishment to retina?
Choroid
208
Is choroid supplied with blood vessel?
Yes
209
Which forms the second refractory surface of eye?
Lens
210
Aqueous chamber of eye is present between
Cornea and lens
211
Aqueous chamber of eye drains into venous circulation through which structure?
Canal of schleim
212
How mant sublayers does retina have? Name them
```
4
Pigment layer
Photosensitive layer
Bipolar neuron layer
Retinal ganglionic layer
```
213
Horizontal cells in eye are present between
Photosensitive cells and bipolar neuron layer
214
Amacrine cells in eye are present between
Bipolar neuron and ganglionic layer
215
Which cells are more abundant- rods or cones?
Rods
216
Which pigment is present in rods?
Rhodoposin
217
Which cells of eye provide scotopic vision?
Rod cells
218
Which pigment is present in cones?
Iodopsin
219
Visual purple is the other name for
Rhodopsin
220
Visual violet is the other name of
Iodopsin
221
Rhodopsin is made of
Retinal + opsin
222
What is macula lutea?
Area on retina just opposite to lens where only cones are present
223
In which part of retina is the sharpest image formed?
Macula lutea
224
What is fovea centralis?
Depression in macula lutea
225
Myopia is also known as
Near sightedness
226
Myopia is caused by
Increasing converging power of lens or decreased size of eyeball
227
Myopia can be corrected by using which lens?
Concave lens
228
Hypermetropia is also called
Far sightedness
229
Hypermetropia is caused due to
Decreasing convergence of lens or smaller eyeball
230
Hypermetropia is corrected by which lens?
Convex lens
231
Ear ossicles are present in which part of ear?
Middle ear
232
Which part of external ear has ceruminous glands?
External auditory meatus
233
Tympanum is made of which tissue?
Connective tissue
234
Tympanic cavity is filled with which fluid?
Air
235
Stapes connects to
Incus and oval window
236
Which joint is present between malleus and incus?
Saddle joint
237
Which joint is present between malleus and incus?
Saddle joint
238
Which joint is present between incus and stapes/
Ball and socket joint
239
Eustachian tube extends from inner ear to pharynx. True/false?
False
| Eustachian tube extends from middle ear to pharynx.
240
What is the function of vestibular apparatus of ear?
Maintaining body balance
241
What is the sensitive structure of utriculus and saculus?
Macule (2)
242
What is the sensitive structure of semicircular canals?
Cristae
243
Scala vestibuli is filled with
Perilymph
244
Scala media of cochlea is filled with
Endolymph
245
Scala tympani is filled with
Perilymph
246
Which part of cochlea is connected to the oval window?
Scala vestibuli
247
Which part of cochlea contains organ of corti?
Scala media
248
Which part of cochlea is connected to round window?
Scala tympani
249
What are otolith crystals?
Calcareous crystals on top of gelatinous layer in macula. Responsible for maintenance of static pressure.
250
What is responsible for dynamic equilibrium of body?
Semicircular canal
251
Otolith crystals are found in which part of ear?
Macula
252
Organ of corti is present on which membrane of cochlea?
Basilar membrane
253
What is the function of somatic nervous system?
Transfers impulse from skeletal muscles to CNS
254
What is the function of autonomous nervous system?
Transfers impulse from CNS to involuntary muscles
255
What is the layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere called?
Cerebral cortex
256
Cerebellum has fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of brain. True/false?
False.
| Cerebellum has very convoluted surface while pons has fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of brain.
257
What is the external layer of eye composed of and what is it called?
Dense connective tissue, sclera
258
What is the colour of choroid?
Blue
259
How does choroid vary over the eyeball?
Thin over the posterior two thirds but becomes thick around anterior region to form the ciliary body
260
Tectorial membrane is a thin elastic membrane, true or false?
True
