XI: Chapter 16- Digestion and absorption Flashcards
What is the calorific value of carbohydrates?
4.1 kcal/g
What is the calorific value of proteins?
5.65 kcal/g
What is the calorific value of fat?
9.4 kcal/g
What is the physiological value of carbohydrates?
4 kcal/g
What is the physiological value of proteins?
4 kcal/g
What is the physiological value of fats?
9 kcal/g
Which is the principal cation of interstitial fluid?
Na+
Which is the principal cation of cytoplasm?
K+
Marasmus is caused due to the deficiency of
Protein and calories
Marasmus affects children of age
Less than a year
Kwashiorkar is caused due to the deficiency of
Proteins
Kwashiorkar affects children of age
1 to 5
Odema is caused in which malnutrition diease?
Kwashiorkar
Which was the first extracted vitamin?
B1 - thiamine
Which vitamins are stored by liver?
A, D, E, K, vit B12
Which vitamins act as antioxidants?
A,C,E
What acts as a suppressor of vitB1?
Raw fish (thiaminase enzyme)
What acts as a suppressor of vit-B7?
Raw egg
What acts as a suppressor of vit K?
Dicoumoural (from spoilt hay)
Which vitamins are synthesised by symbiotic bacteria of the gut?
Vit-K, B1, B2, B12
Maintenance of skin and mucous membrane is the function of which vitamin?
Vit-A, vit-B2
Nytalopia is caused by the deficiency of
Vit-A
Which vitamin is called calciferol?
Vit-D
Vitamin D is synthesised from
cholesterol
Which vitamin helps in absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the intestine?
Vit-D
Deficiency of which vitamin causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults?
Vit-D
Vitamin- E is called
Tocopherol
Which vitamin is called beauty vitamin?
Vit-E
Which vitamin is called sterility vitamin?
Vit-E
Vit-E is obtained from
Vegetable oil, wheat grain
Which vitamin is required for maintaining reproductive structures?
Vit-E
Which vitamin is called phylloquinone?
Vit-K
Deficiency of which vitamin causes slow and delayed clotting?
Vit-K
Deficiency of which vitamin causes haemorrhage?
Vit-K
Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of collagen?
Vit-C
Which vitamin helps in absorption of Fe?
Vit-C
Vitamin B1 is also called
Thiamine
Which vitamin maintains nerve and muscle structure?
Vit-B1
Alcohol decreases the functioning of which vitamin?
Vit-B1
Beri beri is caused by the deficiency of
vit-B1
Wernicke’s encephalopathy is caused by the deficiency of
vit-B1
Riboflavin is the other name of
Vit-B2
Which vitamin acts as FMN, FAD,etc?
Vit-B2
Cheilosis is caused by the deficiency of
Vit-B2
Keratitis is caused by the deficiency of
Vit-B2
Vitamin B3 is also called
Niacin
Which vitamin is found in NADP?
Niacin/vit B3
Pellagra is caused by
the deficiency of vitamin B3
Pellagra is characterised by
Dermatitis
Diarrhoea
Dimentia
Death
Pantothenic acid is the other name for
vit-B5
Which vitamin acts as coenzymeA?
vit-B5
Which vitamin is required for the proper functioning of adrenal gland?
Vit-B5
Burning feet syndrome is caused by the deficiency of
vit B5
What is the other name of vitB6?
Pyrodoxin
Morning sickness is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin?
Vit B6
Which vitamin is also called biotin?
Vit-B7
Vit-H is the other name for
Vit-B7
Dermatitis is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin?
Vit-B7
Which vitamin maintains lipid metabolism?
Vit-B7
Which vitamin is also called folic acid?
Vit-B9
Which vitamin functions as growth factor?
Vit-B9
Which vitamin is required for haemopoiesis?
Vit-B9 (follic acid)
Which vitamin is required for the maintenance of mucous membrane of oral cavity and GIT?
Vit-B9
Deficiency of which vitamin causes ulcers in mouth?
Vit-B9
Deficiency of which vitamin causes pernicious anaemia?
Vit-B12
Which vitamin has cobalt in it?
Vit-B12
Which vitamin is known as castle’s extrinsic factor?
VitB12
Which vitamin is required for the maturation of RBC?
Vit-B12, vit-B9
Which part of the alimentary canal are ectodermal?
Mouth upto hard palate and anal canal and anus
Which part of alimentary canal are endodermal in origin?
soft palate upto rectum
Which part of alimentary canal are mesodermal in origin?
None
Hard palate is made of which bones?
Palatine and maxila
What are the transverse ridges of palate called?
Palatine rugae
What is the uvula?
a fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate which hangs above the throat.
What is the function of uvula?
Closes internal nares during swallowing
What is known as the police of the buccal cavity?
Uvula
What surrounds the uvula?
Lymphoid tissue
Posterior end of the tongue is attached to
Hyoid bone
Tongue is attached to the floor of the buccal cavity by
Frenulum linguae
What divides the tongue into anterior and posterior region?
Sulcus terminalis
Which are the largest papillae on the tongue?
Circumvalate
Which papillae are the minimum in number on the tongue?
Circumvalate
Which are the smallest papillae on tongue?
Filiform
Which papillae are the maximum in number on the tongue?
Filiform
Which papillae of tongue don’t have taste buds on them?
Filiform
Which papillae are present on the side of the tongue?
Fungiform
Which germ layer does enamel originate from?
Ectoderm
Enamel of teeth covers the
Crown
What cells secrete the enamel?
Ameloblast cell
Which is the living part of the teeth?
Pulp cavity
Which germ layer does the living part of teeth originate from?
Mesoderm
What cells are present in pulp cavity of tooth?
Odontoblast cell
What forms the main bulk of tooth?
Dentine
Dentine is secreted by
Odontoblast cells
Homodont dentition is found in
Fishes and amphibians
Which are the nibbling teeth?
Incisors
Elephant tusk is a modified
Incisor
Which type of teeth are absent in rabbits?
Incisors
How many teeth are present in children?
20
Which is the wisdom teeth?
3rd molar
What are the teeth attached to the side of the jaw called?
Pleurodont
Pleurodont teeth are present in
Reptiles
Acrodont teeth are found in
Amphibians and fishes
Which part of pharynx receives the eustachian tube?
Nasopharynx
Which part of pharynx have gullet and glottis?
Laryngopharynx
What is waldayer’s ring?
Ring of lymphoid tissue in pharynx
Which salivary gland is located below ear lobe?
Parotid salivary gland
Which salivary gland is located at an angle of jaw?
Submaxillary gland
Which salivary gland is located below tongue?
Sublingual gland
What is the contribution to the total amount of saliva by each salivary gland?
Submaxillary gland- 70%
Parotid gland- 25%
Sublingual gland- 5%
Which is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid
Which is the smallest salivary gland?
Sublingual
Stenson’s duct opens into
2nd molar
Stenson’s duct is the duct of
Parotid salivary gland
Whorton’s duct is the duct of
Sub maxillary gland
Whorton’s duct opens into
Lower incisors
Duct of rivinus is the duct of
Sublingual salivary gland
Which is the largest salivary duct?
Whortons duct
WHich is the smallest salivary duct?
Duct of rivinus
Which duct of salivary gland opens beneath tongue?
Duct of rivinus
What is the pH of saliva?
6.8
The visceral peritonium of alimentary canal is also called
Serosa
In which part of the alimentary canal, only connective tissue is present in the outer most layer?
Oesophagus, ascending and descending colon, rectum
How is muscularis externa of stomach different from that of other parts of the alimentary canal?
Muscularis externa of stomach has oblique muscle layer in addition to external longitudinal and inner circular muscles.
Which is the thickest layer of the wall of alimentary canal?
Muscularis externa
Where is aurebachis/myentric nerve plexus located?
Between longitudinal and circular muscle layer of alimentary canal
What is the function of myenteric nerve plexus?
It regulates peristalsis
What is the submucosa of wall of alimentary canal made of?
Loose aereolar connective tissue
Brunner’s glands are present in
Sub mucosa of duodenum wall
How many layers does the mucosa of wall of alimentary canal have?
3
Where are payer’s patches located?
In lamina propria of mucosa of wall of ileum
What are the temporary destensible longitudinal mucosal folds in stomach called?
Rugae
What are Kerkring’s folds?
Permanent circular folds of mucosa in intestine
What is the difference between villi of jejunum, ileum and duodenum?
Jejunum, ileum- Long and pointed
Duodenum- Short and blunt
What is the outermost layer of the wall of alimentary canal in parts where only connective tissue is found, called?
Tunica adventitia
How are skeletal and smooth muscles distributed in the oesophagus?
Upper 1/3rd- Skeletal muscles
Middle 1/3rd- Skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3rd- smooth
Which is the widest part of alimentary canal?
Stomach
For how many hours is food stored in stomach?
4 to 5
Which part of alimentary canal has the thickest wall?
Stomach
Gastric glands are present in
Mucosa of stomach
What is the function of goblet cells?
Secrete mucus and bicarbonate ions
What are chief cells of stomach also called
Peptic cells
What is the function of peptic cells?
Secrete pepsinogen, prorenin and mild gastric lipase
What are the other names of oxyntic cells?
Parietal cells, zymogen cells
What is the function of oxyntic cells?
Secrete HCl and castle’s intrinsic factor
G-cells of stomach release
Gastrin hormone
Argentaffin cells of stomach release
Serotonin
Which is the smallest part of small intestine?
Duodenum
Which is the widest part of small intestine?
Duodenum
What is the length of duodenum?
25 cm
Which part of small intestine receives hepato-pancreatic duct?
Duodenum
Which part of small intestine is the main site for digestion?
Duodenum
Which is the longest part of small intestine?
Ileum (3.5 m)
Maximum absorption occurs in which part of small intestine?
Jejunum
What is the length of jejunum?
2.5 m
Where does absorption of vitB12 and bile salts occur?
Ileum
Where are crypts of Lieberkuhm
In mucosa of small intestine
What is the difference between the secretions of brunner’s glands and crypts of lieberkuhm?
Brunner’s glands- no enzymes in secretion
Crypts of liberkuhn- enzymes in secretion
Where are enterochromaffin cells located?
Crypts of liberkuhn
What do Paneth cells secrete?
Lysozyme and defensin protein
Succus entericus is
Intestinal juice
How many parts does the colon have?
4
ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid
How many sphinctres does the anus have?
2
Liver is located in the upper left part of abdominal cavity just below diaphragm. True/false.
False
*upper right part
How many lobes does the liver have?
2
Which lobe of liver is bigger?
Right lobe (5/6th part of liver)
What is the structural and functional unit of liver?
Hepatic lobule
Hepatic lobule is covered by
Glisson’s capsule
Glisson’s capsule is made of
Fibrous connective tissue
What is the portal triad?
Contains branches of the hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein and bile ducts
What connects the right and left lobe of the liver?
Falciform ligament
What is glyconeogenesis?
Proteins/amino acids/fats —> glycogen
Which organ produces bile?
Liver
What is the pH of bile?
8.2 to 8.6
Which enzymes are present in bile?
None
What is also known as pseudo digestive juice?
Bile
Bilrubin and biliverdin are formed from
Haemoglobin
WHich organic salts are found in bile?
Sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate
What activates lipases in the intestine?
Bile
Which cells break down old RBCs?
Kupffer cells
What makes urine yellow?
Urobilin
What makes excreta brown?
Sterocobilins
Jaundice is caused by
Mixing of bilirubin with blood
To which lobe of liver is the gall bladder attached?
Quadrate lobe of liver
Cystic duct is the duct of
Gall bladder
Gall stones are caused due to
Precipitation of cholesterol in gall bladder
Which is the main pancreatic duct?
Duct of wirsung
Duct of wirsung and bile duct join to form
Hepatopancreatic duct
Which is the accessory pancreatic duct?
Duct of santorini
Duct of santorini opens into
Duodenum
What is the pH of pancreatic juice?
8.0
Which sphinctre is present between bile duct and duct of wirsung?
Sphinctre of boyden
Which sphinctre is present between hepatopancreatic duct and duodenum?
Sphinctre of oddi
Ampulla of vater is formed by the union of
Hepato pancreatic duct and duodenum
Which ion is the activator of salivary amylase?
Chlorine ion
How many enzymes are present in the pancreatic juice? Name them.
Six- Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase Pancreatic steapsin/lipase Pancreatic amylase Nucleases
Intestinal juice is secreted by
Brunner’s glands and crypts of liberkuhn
secretions of goblet cells and brushbordered cells of mucosa
How many enzyme are present in intestinal juice?
10
Enterokinase is present in which secretions?
Intestinal juice
What type of peptidase is pepsin?
Endopeptidase
What type of peptidases are trypsin and chymostrypsin
Endopeptidase
What type of peptidase is aminopeptidase?
Exopeptidase
In the mouth and stomach starch is decomposed into
Maltose + isomaltose + limit dextrins
____% of proteins are digested in stomach
50%
What activates trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen?
Enterokinase
Which enzyme digests proteoses and peptones?
Carboxypeptidase
Fat digestion starts in
Stomach
What percentage of total fat globules are digested by panceratic lipase?
80%
What percentage of total fat globules are digested by intestinal lipase?
20%
What kind of transport is used to absorb glucose?
Secondary active transport
What kind of transport is used to absorb fructose?
Facilitated diffusion
What kind of transport is used to absorb amino acids?
Maximum by active transport, some by facilitated diffusion
What is chyle?
Milky white alkaline digested food of small intestine
Where is aspirin/paracetamol absorbed in GIT?
Gastric mucosa
Where are iron and calcium absorbed in GIT?
Duodenum
Corticosteroid drugs are absorobed in which part of GIT?
Colon
What is the role of gastrin?
Increase gastric secretions
Gastric inhibitory peptide is secreted by
Duodenum
Gastric inhibitory peptide targets
Stomach
Duocrinin is secreted by
Duodenum
Duocrinin targets
Duodenum
What is the function of duocrinin?
Stimulates brunner’s gland to release succus entericus
Enterocrinin is secreted by
Small intestine
Enterocrinin targets
Small intestine
What is the function of enterocrinin?
Enterocrinin stimulates crypts of liberkuhn to secrete succus entericus.
Which was the first discovered hormone of humans?
Secretin
Secretin is secreted by
S-cells of duodenum
Secretin targets
Pancreas, liver and stomach
What is the function of secretin?
Increases secretion of bile, bicarbonate ions, decreases gastric motility
Cholicystokinin-pancreozymin is secreted by
Small intestine
CCK-PZ targets
Gall bladder and pancreas
What is the function of CCK-PZ
Cholicystokinin-pancreozymin increases enzyme secretions of pancreas and causes contractions of gall bladder.
Glottis is the opening of
Wind pipe
The oesophagus is a thin, long tube extending posteriorly through the neck, thorax and diphragm. True/false.
True
What is the shape of the duodenum?
C-shaped
The appendix hosts some symbiotic bacteria. True/false.
False, the caecum bears some symbiotic bacteria.
Hepatic cells in liver are arranged in form of
cords
Gall bladder is a thick muscular sac. True/false.
False. Gall bladder is a thin muscular sac.
Pancreas is located between the limbs of duodenum. True/false.
True
Which electrolytes are present in the oral cavity?
Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
Bile contains cholesterol. True/false?
TRue
The final steps of digestion occur very close to which cells?
Mucosal epithelium cells
Small molecules like glucose and amino acids are absorbed by the process of
Facilitated diffusion
Absorption of alcohol takes place in
Stomach
Which is the most common ailment due to bacterial infection?
Inflammation of intestinal tract
In constipation, faeces is retained in
Colon
