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Biology NEET 2023 > XI: Chapter 16- Digestion and absorption > Flashcards

XI: Chapter 16- Digestion and absorption Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the calorific value of carbohydrates?

A

4.1 kcal/g

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2
Q

What is the calorific value of proteins?

A

5.65 kcal/g

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3
Q

What is the calorific value of fat?

A

9.4 kcal/g

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4
Q

What is the physiological value of carbohydrates?

A

4 kcal/g

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5
Q

What is the physiological value of proteins?

A

4 kcal/g

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6
Q

What is the physiological value of fats?

A

9 kcal/g

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7
Q

Which is the principal cation of interstitial fluid?

A

Na+

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8
Q

Which is the principal cation of cytoplasm?

A

K+

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9
Q

Marasmus is caused due to the deficiency of

A

Protein and calories

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10
Q

Marasmus affects children of age

A

Less than a year

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11
Q

Kwashiorkar is caused due to the deficiency of

A

Proteins

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12
Q

Kwashiorkar affects children of age

A

1 to 5

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13
Q

Odema is caused in which malnutrition diease?

A

Kwashiorkar

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14
Q

Which was the first extracted vitamin?

A

B1 - thiamine

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15
Q

Which vitamins are stored by liver?

A

A, D, E, K, vit B12

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16
Q

Which vitamins act as antioxidants?

A

A,C,E

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17
Q

What acts as a suppressor of vitB1?

A

Raw fish (thiaminase enzyme)

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18
Q

What acts as a suppressor of vit-B7?

A

Raw egg

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19
Q

What acts as a suppressor of vit K?

A

Dicoumoural (from spoilt hay)

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20
Q

Which vitamins are synthesised by symbiotic bacteria of the gut?

A

Vit-K, B1, B2, B12

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21
Q

Maintenance of skin and mucous membrane is the function of which vitamin?

A

Vit-A, vit-B2

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22
Q

Nytalopia is caused by the deficiency of

A

Vit-A

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23
Q

Which vitamin is called calciferol?

A

Vit-D

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24
Q

Vitamin D is synthesised from

A

cholesterol

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25
Q

Which vitamin helps in absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the intestine?

A

Vit-D

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26
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults?

A

Vit-D

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27
Q

Vitamin- E is called

A

Tocopherol

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28
Q

Which vitamin is called beauty vitamin?

A

Vit-E

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29
Q

Which vitamin is called sterility vitamin?

A

Vit-E

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30
Q

Vit-E is obtained from

A

Vegetable oil, wheat grain

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31
Q

Which vitamin is required for maintaining reproductive structures?

A

Vit-E

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32
Q

Which vitamin is called phylloquinone?

A

Vit-K

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33
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin causes slow and delayed clotting?

A

Vit-K

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34
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin causes haemorrhage?

A

Vit-K

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35
Q

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of collagen?

A

Vit-C

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36
Q

Which vitamin helps in absorption of Fe?

A

Vit-C

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37
Q

Vitamin B1 is also called

A

Thiamine

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38
Q

Which vitamin maintains nerve and muscle structure?

A

Vit-B1

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39
Q

Alcohol decreases the functioning of which vitamin?

A

Vit-B1

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40
Q

Beri beri is caused by the deficiency of

A

vit-B1

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41
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is caused by the deficiency of

A

vit-B1

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42
Q

Riboflavin is the other name of

A

Vit-B2

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43
Q

Which vitamin acts as FMN, FAD,etc?

A

Vit-B2

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44
Q

Cheilosis is caused by the deficiency of

A

Vit-B2

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45
Q

Keratitis is caused by the deficiency of

A

Vit-B2

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46
Q

Vitamin B3 is also called

A

Niacin

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47
Q

Which vitamin is found in NADP?

A

Niacin/vit B3

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48
Q

Pellagra is caused by

A

the deficiency of vitamin B3

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49
Q

Pellagra is characterised by

A

Dermatitis
Diarrhoea
Dimentia
Death

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50
Q

Pantothenic acid is the other name for

A

vit-B5

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51
Q

Which vitamin acts as coenzymeA?

A

vit-B5

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52
Q

Which vitamin is required for the proper functioning of adrenal gland?

A

Vit-B5

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53
Q

Burning feet syndrome is caused by the deficiency of

A

vit B5

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54
Q

What is the other name of vitB6?

A

Pyrodoxin

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55
Q

Morning sickness is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin?

A

Vit B6

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56
Q

Which vitamin is also called biotin?

A

Vit-B7

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57
Q

Vit-H is the other name for

A

Vit-B7

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58
Q

Dermatitis is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin?

A

Vit-B7

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59
Q

Which vitamin maintains lipid metabolism?

A

Vit-B7

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60
Q

Which vitamin is also called folic acid?

A

Vit-B9

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61
Q

Which vitamin functions as growth factor?

A

Vit-B9

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62
Q

Which vitamin is required for haemopoiesis?

A

Vit-B9 (follic acid)

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63
Q

Which vitamin is required for the maintenance of mucous membrane of oral cavity and GIT?

A

Vit-B9

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64
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin causes ulcers in mouth?

A

Vit-B9

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65
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin causes pernicious anaemia?

A

Vit-B12

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66
Q

Which vitamin has cobalt in it?

A

Vit-B12

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67
Q

Which vitamin is known as castle’s extrinsic factor?

A

VitB12

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68
Q

Which vitamin is required for the maturation of RBC?

A

Vit-B12, vit-B9

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69
Q

Which part of the alimentary canal are ectodermal?

A

Mouth upto hard palate and anal canal and anus

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70
Q

Which part of alimentary canal are endodermal in origin?

A

soft palate upto rectum

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71
Q

Which part of alimentary canal are mesodermal in origin?

A

None

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72
Q

Hard palate is made of which bones?

A

Palatine and maxila

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73
Q

What are the transverse ridges of palate called?

A

Palatine rugae

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74
Q

What is the uvula?

A

a fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate which hangs above the throat.

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75
Q

What is the function of uvula?

A

Closes internal nares during swallowing

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76
Q

What is known as the police of the buccal cavity?

A

Uvula

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77
Q

What surrounds the uvula?

A

Lymphoid tissue

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78
Q

Posterior end of the tongue is attached to

A

Hyoid bone

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79
Q

Tongue is attached to the floor of the buccal cavity by

A

Frenulum linguae

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80
Q

What divides the tongue into anterior and posterior region?

A

Sulcus terminalis

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81
Q

Which are the largest papillae on the tongue?

A

Circumvalate

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82
Q

Which papillae are the minimum in number on the tongue?

A

Circumvalate

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83
Q

Which are the smallest papillae on tongue?

A

Filiform

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84
Q

Which papillae are the maximum in number on the tongue?

A

Filiform

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85
Q

Which papillae of tongue don’t have taste buds on them?

A

Filiform

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86
Q

Which papillae are present on the side of the tongue?

A

Fungiform

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87
Q

Which germ layer does enamel originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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88
Q

Enamel of teeth covers the

A

Crown

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89
Q

What cells secrete the enamel?

A

Ameloblast cell

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90
Q

Which is the living part of the teeth?

A

Pulp cavity

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91
Q

Which germ layer does the living part of teeth originate from?

A

Mesoderm

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92
Q

What cells are present in pulp cavity of tooth?

A

Odontoblast cell

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93
Q

What forms the main bulk of tooth?

A

Dentine

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94
Q

Dentine is secreted by

A

Odontoblast cells

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95
Q

Homodont dentition is found in

A

Fishes and amphibians

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96
Q

Which are the nibbling teeth?

A

Incisors

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97
Q

Elephant tusk is a modified

A

Incisor

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98
Q

Which type of teeth are absent in rabbits?

A

Incisors

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99
Q

How many teeth are present in children?

A

20

100
Q

Which is the wisdom teeth?

A

3rd molar

101
Q

What are the teeth attached to the side of the jaw called?

A

Pleurodont

102
Q

Pleurodont teeth are present in

A

Reptiles

103
Q

Acrodont teeth are found in

A

Amphibians and fishes

104
Q

Which part of pharynx receives the eustachian tube?

A

Nasopharynx

105
Q

Which part of pharynx have gullet and glottis?

A

Laryngopharynx

106
Q

What is waldayer’s ring?

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue in pharynx

107
Q

Which salivary gland is located below ear lobe?

A

Parotid salivary gland

108
Q

Which salivary gland is located at an angle of jaw?

A

Submaxillary gland

109
Q

Which salivary gland is located below tongue?

A

Sublingual gland

110
Q

What is the contribution to the total amount of saliva by each salivary gland?

A

Submaxillary gland- 70%
Parotid gland- 25%
Sublingual gland- 5%

111
Q

Which is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid

112
Q

Which is the smallest salivary gland?

A

Sublingual

113
Q

Stenson’s duct opens into

A

2nd molar

114
Q

Stenson’s duct is the duct of

A

Parotid salivary gland

115
Q

Whorton’s duct is the duct of

A

Sub maxillary gland

116
Q

Whorton’s duct opens into

A

Lower incisors

117
Q

Duct of rivinus is the duct of

A

Sublingual salivary gland

118
Q

Which is the largest salivary duct?

A

Whortons duct

119
Q

WHich is the smallest salivary duct?

A

Duct of rivinus

120
Q

Which duct of salivary gland opens beneath tongue?

A

Duct of rivinus

121
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

6.8

122
Q

The visceral peritonium of alimentary canal is also called

A

Serosa

123
Q

In which part of the alimentary canal, only connective tissue is present in the outer most layer?

A

Oesophagus, ascending and descending colon, rectum

124
Q

How is muscularis externa of stomach different from that of other parts of the alimentary canal?

A

Muscularis externa of stomach has oblique muscle layer in addition to external longitudinal and inner circular muscles.

125
Q

Which is the thickest layer of the wall of alimentary canal?

A

Muscularis externa

126
Q

Where is aurebachis/myentric nerve plexus located?

A

Between longitudinal and circular muscle layer of alimentary canal

127
Q

What is the function of myenteric nerve plexus?

A

It regulates peristalsis

128
Q

What is the submucosa of wall of alimentary canal made of?

A

Loose aereolar connective tissue

129
Q

Brunner’s glands are present in

A

Sub mucosa of duodenum wall

130
Q

How many layers does the mucosa of wall of alimentary canal have?

A

3

131
Q

Where are payer’s patches located?

A

In lamina propria of mucosa of wall of ileum

132
Q

What are the temporary destensible longitudinal mucosal folds in stomach called?

A

Rugae

133
Q

What are Kerkring’s folds?

A

Permanent circular folds of mucosa in intestine

134
Q

What is the difference between villi of jejunum, ileum and duodenum?

A

Jejunum, ileum- Long and pointed

Duodenum- Short and blunt

135
Q

What is the outermost layer of the wall of alimentary canal in parts where only connective tissue is found, called?

A

Tunica adventitia

136
Q

How are skeletal and smooth muscles distributed in the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3rd- Skeletal muscles
Middle 1/3rd- Skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3rd- smooth

137
Q

Which is the widest part of alimentary canal?

A

Stomach

138
Q

For how many hours is food stored in stomach?

A

4 to 5

139
Q

Which part of alimentary canal has the thickest wall?

A

Stomach

140
Q

Gastric glands are present in

A

Mucosa of stomach

141
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucus and bicarbonate ions

142
Q

What are chief cells of stomach also called

A

Peptic cells

143
Q

What is the function of peptic cells?

A

Secrete pepsinogen, prorenin and mild gastric lipase

144
Q

What are the other names of oxyntic cells?

A

Parietal cells, zymogen cells

145
Q

What is the function of oxyntic cells?

A

Secrete HCl and castle’s intrinsic factor

146
Q

G-cells of stomach release

A

Gastrin hormone

147
Q

Argentaffin cells of stomach release

A

Serotonin

148
Q

Which is the smallest part of small intestine?

A

Duodenum

149
Q

Which is the widest part of small intestine?

A

Duodenum

150
Q

What is the length of duodenum?

A

25 cm

151
Q

Which part of small intestine receives hepato-pancreatic duct?

A

Duodenum

152
Q

Which part of small intestine is the main site for digestion?

A

Duodenum

153
Q

Which is the longest part of small intestine?

A

Ileum (3.5 m)

154
Q

Maximum absorption occurs in which part of small intestine?

A

Jejunum

155
Q

What is the length of jejunum?

A

2.5 m

156
Q

Where does absorption of vitB12 and bile salts occur?

A

Ileum

157
Q

Where are crypts of Lieberkuhm

A

In mucosa of small intestine

158
Q

What is the difference between the secretions of brunner’s glands and crypts of lieberkuhm?

A

Brunner’s glands- no enzymes in secretion

Crypts of liberkuhn- enzymes in secretion

159
Q

Where are enterochromaffin cells located?

A

Crypts of liberkuhn

160
Q

What do Paneth cells secrete?

A

Lysozyme and defensin protein

161
Q

Succus entericus is

A

Intestinal juice

162
Q

How many parts does the colon have?

A

4

ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid

163
Q

How many sphinctres does the anus have?

A

2

164
Q

Liver is located in the upper left part of abdominal cavity just below diaphragm. True/false.

A

False

*upper right part

165
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

2

166
Q

Which lobe of liver is bigger?

A

Right lobe (5/6th part of liver)

167
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of liver?

A

Hepatic lobule

168
Q

Hepatic lobule is covered by

A

Glisson’s capsule

169
Q

Glisson’s capsule is made of

A

Fibrous connective tissue

170
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Contains branches of the hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein and bile ducts

171
Q

What connects the right and left lobe of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

172
Q

What is glyconeogenesis?

A

Proteins/amino acids/fats —> glycogen

173
Q

Which organ produces bile?

A

Liver

174
Q

What is the pH of bile?

A

8.2 to 8.6

175
Q

Which enzymes are present in bile?

A

None

176
Q

What is also known as pseudo digestive juice?

A

Bile

177
Q

Bilrubin and biliverdin are formed from

A

Haemoglobin

178
Q

WHich organic salts are found in bile?

A

Sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate

179
Q

What activates lipases in the intestine?

A

Bile

180
Q

Which cells break down old RBCs?

A

Kupffer cells

181
Q

What makes urine yellow?

A

Urobilin

182
Q

What makes excreta brown?

A

Sterocobilins

183
Q

Jaundice is caused by

A

Mixing of bilirubin with blood

184
Q

To which lobe of liver is the gall bladder attached?

A

Quadrate lobe of liver

185
Q

Cystic duct is the duct of

A

Gall bladder

186
Q

Gall stones are caused due to

A

Precipitation of cholesterol in gall bladder

187
Q

Which is the main pancreatic duct?

A

Duct of wirsung

188
Q

Duct of wirsung and bile duct join to form

A

Hepatopancreatic duct

189
Q

Which is the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

Duct of santorini

190
Q

Duct of santorini opens into

A

Duodenum

191
Q

What is the pH of pancreatic juice?

A

8.0

192
Q

Which sphinctre is present between bile duct and duct of wirsung?

A

Sphinctre of boyden

193
Q

Which sphinctre is present between hepatopancreatic duct and duodenum?

A

Sphinctre of oddi

194
Q

Ampulla of vater is formed by the union of

A

Hepato pancreatic duct and duodenum

195
Q

Which ion is the activator of salivary amylase?

A

Chlorine ion

196
Q

How many enzymes are present in the pancreatic juice? Name them.

A 
Six-
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase
Pancreatic steapsin/lipase
Pancreatic amylase
Nucleases
197
Q

Intestinal juice is secreted by

A

Brunner’s glands and crypts of liberkuhn

secretions of goblet cells and brushbordered cells of mucosa

198
Q

How many enzyme are present in intestinal juice?

A

10

199
Q

Enterokinase is present in which secretions?

A

Intestinal juice

200
Q

What type of peptidase is pepsin?

A

Endopeptidase

201
Q

What type of peptidases are trypsin and chymostrypsin

A

Endopeptidase

202
Q

What type of peptidase is aminopeptidase?

A

Exopeptidase

203
Q

In the mouth and stomach starch is decomposed into

A

Maltose + isomaltose + limit dextrins

204
Q

____% of proteins are digested in stomach

A

50%

205
Q

What activates trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen?

A

Enterokinase

206
Q

Which enzyme digests proteoses and peptones?

A

Carboxypeptidase

207
Q

Fat digestion starts in

A

Stomach

208
Q

What percentage of total fat globules are digested by panceratic lipase?

A

80%

209
Q

What percentage of total fat globules are digested by intestinal lipase?

A

20%

210
Q

What kind of transport is used to absorb glucose?

A

Secondary active transport

211
Q

What kind of transport is used to absorb fructose?

A

Facilitated diffusion

212
Q

What kind of transport is used to absorb amino acids?

A

Maximum by active transport, some by facilitated diffusion

213
Q

What is chyle?

A

Milky white alkaline digested food of small intestine

214
Q

Where is aspirin/paracetamol absorbed in GIT?

A

Gastric mucosa

215
Q

Where are iron and calcium absorbed in GIT?

A

Duodenum

216
Q

Corticosteroid drugs are absorobed in which part of GIT?

A

Colon

217
Q

What is the role of gastrin?

A

Increase gastric secretions

218
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide is secreted by

A

Duodenum

219
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide targets

A

Stomach

220
Q

Duocrinin is secreted by

A

Duodenum

221
Q

Duocrinin targets

A

Duodenum

222
Q

What is the function of duocrinin?

A

Stimulates brunner’s gland to release succus entericus

223
Q

Enterocrinin is secreted by

A

Small intestine

224
Q

Enterocrinin targets

A

Small intestine

225
Q

What is the function of enterocrinin?

A

Enterocrinin stimulates crypts of liberkuhn to secrete succus entericus.

226
Q

Which was the first discovered hormone of humans?

A

Secretin

227
Q

Secretin is secreted by

A

S-cells of duodenum

228
Q

Secretin targets

A

Pancreas, liver and stomach

229
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

Increases secretion of bile, bicarbonate ions, decreases gastric motility

230
Q

Cholicystokinin-pancreozymin is secreted by

A

Small intestine

231
Q

CCK-PZ targets

A

Gall bladder and pancreas

232
Q

What is the function of CCK-PZ

A

Cholicystokinin-pancreozymin increases enzyme secretions of pancreas and causes contractions of gall bladder.

233
Q

Glottis is the opening of

A

Wind pipe

234
Q

The oesophagus is a thin, long tube extending posteriorly through the neck, thorax and diphragm. True/false.

A

True

235
Q

What is the shape of the duodenum?

A

C-shaped

236
Q

The appendix hosts some symbiotic bacteria. True/false.

A

False, the caecum bears some symbiotic bacteria.

237
Q

Hepatic cells in liver are arranged in form of

A

cords

238
Q

Gall bladder is a thick muscular sac. True/false.

A

False. Gall bladder is a thin muscular sac.

239
Q

Pancreas is located between the limbs of duodenum. True/false.

A

True

240
Q

Which electrolytes are present in the oral cavity?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-

241
Q

Bile contains cholesterol. True/false?

A

TRue

242
Q

The final steps of digestion occur very close to which cells?

A

Mucosal epithelium cells

243
Q

Small molecules like glucose and amino acids are absorbed by the process of

A

Facilitated diffusion

244
Q

Absorption of alcohol takes place in

A

Stomach

245
Q

Which is the most common ailment due to bacterial infection?

A

Inflammation of intestinal tract

246
Q

In constipation, faeces is retained in

A

Colon

Biology NEET 2023 (39 decks)

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