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Biology NEET 2023 > XI: Chapter 19- Excretory products and their elimination > Flashcards

XI: Chapter 19- Excretory products and their elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the excretory product of tadpole of frog?

A

Ammonia

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2
Q

On which surface is the kidney covered by peritoneum?

A

Ventral surface

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3
Q

Which kidney is situated lower than the other?

A

Right is lower than left

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4
Q

What is the outermost covering of kidney?

A

Renal fascia

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5
Q

What is the innermost covering of kidney?

A

Renal capsule

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6
Q

Renal capsule is made of

A

White fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

Hilum is present on which surface of kidney?

A

COncave surface

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8
Q

Renal artery enters into kidney through

A

Hilum

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9
Q

How many minor and major calyx are present in kidney?

A

10-12 minor calyx, 2-3 major calyx

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10
Q

What is the cortex tissue between medullary pyramids called?

A

Columns of bertini

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11
Q

The tip of the renal pyramid of kidney is called?

A

Renal papillae

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12
Q

What prevents the backflow of urine from urinary bladder to ureter?

A

Oblique openings of ureter

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13
Q

What is the smooth involuntary muscle of urinary bladder called?

A

Detrussar muscle

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14
Q

Where does the glomerulus of nephron lie?

A

Cortex of kidney

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15
Q

PCT and DCT of nephron lie in which part of kidney?

A

Cortex

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16
Q

Which cells are present in the inner layer of bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocyte

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17
Q

The descending limb of loop of henle is permeable to

A

water

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18
Q

What is the difference between the thickness of the upper and lower ascending limb of loop of henle?

A 
Upper= thick
Lower= thin
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19
Q

Many collecting ducts of nephrons join to form

A

Duct of Bellini

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20
Q

Duct of bellini opens into renal pelvis through

A

Renal papillae

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21
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus+bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

How many of the total nephrons are juxtamedullary?

A

15%

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23
Q

Vasa recta is absent in which nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

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24
Q

Capillary network around tubules is formed by

A

efferent arteriole

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25
Q

Vasa recta is formed by

A

Capillary network

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26
Q

What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure of the blood flowing in glomerulus. Promotes filteration (60-70mmHG)

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27
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure?

A

Exerted by filtrate in capsule, it resists filterartion (10-18mmHg)

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28
Q

Net filteration pressure in glomerulus?

A

10-12mmHg

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29
Q

What is renal plasma flow?

A

Volume of plasma flow to both the kidneys per minute (650 ml/min)

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30
Q

Glomerular filteration rate is

A

125 ml/min

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31
Q

What is the constitution of the glomerular filterate?

A

Same as plasma but plasma proteins are absent

32
Q

Where does maximum absorption from glomerular filterate occur?

A

PCT

33
Q

Where is glucose absorbed from glomerular filterate?

A

PCT

34
Q

How is NaCl absorbed in the thin part of ascending limb of loop of henle?

A

Passively

35
Q

How is NaCl absorbed in the thick part of ascending limb of loop of henle?

A

Actively

36
Q

What is the function of vasopressin?

A

Increases reabsorption of water from DCT and collecting duct

37
Q

What is the role of aldosterone?

A

Increases reabsorption of Na+ in exchange with K+

38
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

6

39
Q

How much urea do humans excrete in a day?

A

28 g

40
Q

What is the renal threshold of glucose?

A

180mg/100ml of blood

41
Q

What is the tonicity of urine as compared to plasma?

A

Hypertonic

42
Q

What are the counter current multiplier of nephron?

A

Loop of henle

43
Q

What are the counter current exchanger of nephron?

A

Vasa recta

44
Q

Between which values does the osmolarity of along medullary interstitium vary?

A

300 mOsmol/l to 1200 mOsmol/l

45
Q

Which vertebrate is an osmoconformer?

A

Hagfish

46
Q

Name the three types of cells found in juxta glomerular apparatus.

A

Maculla densa
Juxta glomelular cells
Mesangial cells

47
Q

Renin is secreted by

A

jUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

48
Q

Angiotensinogen is secreted by

A

Liver

49
Q

What catalyses the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1?

A

Renin

50
Q

What catalyses conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

51
Q

What is the effect of Angiotensin II on muscles?

A

Causes constriction of muscles- vasoconstriction

52
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to release

A

Aldosterone

53
Q

What is the role of atrialnatriuretic factor?

A

Vasodilator, inhibits juxtaglomerular apparatus

54
Q

Where does the ornithine cycle take place?

A

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

55
Q

How many ATP are required in the urea cycle?

A

3

56
Q

List all the molecules in order formed in the urea cycle.

A 
Carbomyl phosphate
citrulline
arginosuccinic acid
arginine
ornithine
57
Q

In urea cycle arginine breaks to form

A

urea and ornithine

58
Q

Maximum urea is found in which vein?

A

Hepatic vein

59
Q

Minimum urea is found in which vein?

A

Renal vein

60
Q

What are the substances which increase urine output called?

A

Diuretics

61
Q

What is the effect of cold weather on urine synthesis?

A

Increases urine output

62
Q

Accumulation of uric acid in joints is linked to a disease called

A

Gout

63
Q

Diabetes insipidus is caused due to

A

Reduced ADH

64
Q

What is the tonicity of bowman’s capsule and PCT with respect to plasma?

A

Isotonic

65
Q

What is the tonicity of DCT with respect to plasma?

A

Hypotonic

66
Q

Mesonephric kidney is found in

A

Fishes, amphibians, embryonic stage of amniotes

67
Q

Metanephric kidney is found in

A

All amniotes

68
Q

Which type of excretory structures are associated with osmoregulation?

A

Protonephric

69
Q

On which level of vertebrae are kidneys located?

A

Last thoracic and third lumbar

70
Q

Which wall of abdominal cavity are kidneys located?

A

Inner dorsal wall

71
Q

Which ions are secreted by PCT into the filterate?

A

H+ K+ NH3+

72
Q

Which ions are absorbed by the PCT from the filterate?

A

HCO3-

73
Q

The gradient along the medulllary interstitium of kidney is due to

A

NaCl and urea

74
Q

What acts as a check on renin-angiotensin mechanism?

A

Aldosterone

75
Q

Presence of glucose and ketone in urine is indicative of

A

Diabetes mellitus

Biology NEET 2023 (39 decks)

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