WBC Flashcards
Is the orderly production of mature granulocytes (N,E,B)
GRANULOCYTE PRODUCTION
days of maturation sequence
about 14 days
normal range of wbc in full term infant
10,000-25,000/uL of blood
normal range of wbc in infants up to 1 yr of age
6,000-16,000/uL of blood
normal range of wbc in adults
4,000-11,000/uL of blood
detection of changes in. numbers of circulating WBCs
differential wbc count
what does differential wbc count indicates
indicates infection, poisoning, leukemia, chemotherapy, parasites or allergy reaction
normal wbc counts
N = 60-70%
L = 20-25%
M = 3-8%
E = 2-4%
B = <1%
wbc counts is up if..
N = bacterial infection
L = viral infection
M = fungal/viral infection
E = parasitic or allergy reaction
B = allergy or hypothyroid
normal values of WBC count
5,000-10,000/cu mm or 5-10 x 10^9/L
differential count normal valaues
N = 50-70% (segmenter 50-65% ; stab 0-5%)
L = 20-40%
M = 2-6%
E = 0-3%
B = 0-1%
15-20um in size
round/slightly oval shape
fine chromatin
2-5 nucleoli
basophilic cytoplasm staining
none cytoplasm granules
4:1 N/C ratio
myeloblast
15-21 um in size
oval/round shape
slightly coarse chromatin
2-3 nucleoli
basophilic cytoplasm staining
primary granules
3:1 to 2:1 N/C ratio
promyelocyte
12-18 um in size
oval/round
coarse and condense chromatin
no nucleoli
basophilic acidophilic cytoplasm
secondary granules
1:1 N/C ratio
myelocyte
10-15 um in size
kidney/indented shape
coarse and clumped
no nucleoli
beigle/salmon cytoplasm staining
many cytoplasm granules
1:1 N/C ratio
Metamyelocyte/juvenile
9-15 um in size
elongated/band (C/s) in shape
coarse and clumped chromatin
no nucleoli
beige/salmon cytoplasm staining
faint granules
1:1/1:2 N/C ratio
band/stab/staff
9-15 in size
2–5 lobes in shape
highly condensed
no nucleoli
beige/salmon cytoplasm staining
pink-rose violet granules
1:2 N/C ratio
neutrophil
9-15 um in size
2 lobes in shape
condensed chromatin
no nucleoli
beige/salmon
reddish-orange granules
1:2 N/C ratio
eosinophil
10-16 um in size
unsegmented/ bi lobed shaped
condensed chromatin
none
beige/salmon
dark purple/blue black granules
1:2 N/C ratio
basophil
1st recognizable in granulocytic series
Myeloblast-
first appearance of primary granules
promyelocyte
first appearnce of secondary granules
Myelocyte
youngest stage
metamyelocyte/juvenile
Youngest cell to appear in peripheral blood
Band/stab/staff
mature granulocytes
Neutrphil, Eosinophil, Basophil
secondary or specific granules in neutrophil
Aminopeptidase, collagenase, muramidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, basic proteins, plasminogen activator, Alkaline phosphatase
Larger granules;major basic proteins in Eosinophil
Acid hydrolase, peroxidase, phospholipase, cathepsin, Eosinophilic, Cationic CHON, Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin.
Smaller Granules in eosinophil
Arylsulfatase, Peroxidase, Acid phosphatase
secondary or specific granules in basophil
Histamine, Heparin, Peroxidase, Eosinophilic Chemotactic Factor A
Granules: pink-rose violet granules
neutrophil/pmn
Mature neutrophil, ratio of primary to secondary granules is
2-3:1
____ together with ____ and ___ kills bacteria
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) together with Hydrogen peroxide and halide kills bacteria
Present in primary and 2ndary granules degrades glycopeptides & hydrolyzes carbohydrates of the bacterial cell wall
Lyzozyme or Muramidase
Fe binding glycoproptein competes with bacteria for Fe (possibly inhibiting growth) and may promote PMN adherence to endothelial cells
Lactoferrin
neutrophil life span
9-10 days
where neutrophil production and maturation takes place
bone marrow
mitotic pool is consists of..
myeloblast, promyelocyte & myelocyte
maturing pool is consists of..
metamyelocyte
storage pool is consists of..
metamyelocyte, bands and segmented PMN’s
50% of PMNs circulating freely
circulating pool
in marginating pool, 50% of PMNs..
50% PMN adhere to the vessel walls or are sequestered in the capillaries.
Responds to parasitic and helminthic infection and allergy
Eosinophil
the concentration of eosinophil is normally hight at
night or afternoon
granules of eosinophil
reddish-orange w/ affinity for eosin (acidic)
rich protein that plays a major role in killing parasites
arginine
2 major function of eosinophil
- Defense against helminthic parasites
- Has role in allergic reactions by lessening hypersensitivity reactions through the release of an amine oxidase, w/c neutralizes histamine.
neutralized histamine
amine oxidase
Formed from disintegration of eosinophils
charcot-leyden crystal
charcot-leyden crystal is made up of
lysophospholipase
lysophoslipase is found in
cytoplasm of eosinophils
charcot-leyden crystal is seen in:
Allergic asthma (nasal mucus)
Pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates (pleural fluid)
Parasitic infection (stool)
Respond to allergic or hypersensitivity reactions
Basophil
granules of basophil
water-soluble blue black specific granules with affinity to methylene blue
basophil function
Involved in hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergic asthma and delayed-onset allergy reactions
10-18 um in size
Coarse chromatin
Round/oval
w/ 1-2 nucleoli
No granules
Appears smooth
Moderate –dark blue
lymphoblast
Same size as lymphoblast or smaller
More clumped chrom
Round/oval
w/1-2 nucleoli
Non-granular
Mod. –dark blue
pro-lymphocyte
8-10 um in size
Dense chromatin
round/oval
Nucleoli not visible
Thin rim around nucleus
Robin’s egg blue
mature small lymphocyte
10-12 um in size
Chrom not as dense as small lymphocyte
More abundant
Pale-mod. blue
mature medium lymphocyte
12-16 um in size
Round/oval
Nucleoli not visible
Abundant
Clear, very pale blue
mature large lymphocyte
3 types of lymphocytes
T- lymphocytes
B- lymphocytes
Null lymphocytes
cellular-mediated immunity
t-lymphocytes
percent of t-lymphocytes
60-80%
t-lymphocytes is long lived for __ years
4-10 years
humoral-mediated immunity
b-lymphocytes
percent of b-lymphocytes
10-20%
b-lymphocytes is ___ lived
short lived
tumor host defense
null lymphocytes
percent of null lymphocytes
10% lymphoid population
18-25 um in size
Eccentric (off center)
Basophilic
Abundant
Non granular
plasmablast
15-25 um in size
eccentric
intensely basophilic
proplasmacyte
8-20 um in size
Eccentric
Exhibits cartwheel appearance
Deeply basophilic
Mod. Abundant
Large, well-defined hof/perinuclear halo
Non granular
plasmacyte/plasma cell
15-20 um in size
Round w/ folding & clefting
1-2 nucleoli
Basophilic
Non-granular
4:1 to 3:1
monoblast
14-18 um in size
Oval, indented or folded
Blue-gray cytoplasm
3:1-2:1
promonocyte
14-20 um in size (largest cell)
Round, kidney-shaped,maybe folded, showing brain like convolutions
No nucleoli visible
Blue-gray cytoplasm
Many fine azurophilic granules appearing as ground glass (frosted)
2:1-1:1
monocyte
The tissue component of the monocyte system
macrophage
macrophages is larger than monocytes and measures
15 to 80 um
macrophages have ____ cell membrane, often with
Have irregular cell membrane, often with blebs and psuedopodia
shape of nucleus of macrophages
Oblong/indented nucleus
Functions of Monocytes and Macrophages
Defense against microorganisms
Role in antigen-induced blast transformation of lymphocytes
Destruction of aged blood cells, denatured plasma proteins and lipids
W/heme oxidase activity w/c enables tissue macrophage to break down RBC Hb and recycle it
monocyte secrete ______ that activates helper cell
lymphokine activating factor
a high number of wbcs is called
leukocytosis
leukocytosis is may be due to
Anemia
Certain drugs or medications
Cigarette smoking
Infections (bacteria)
Inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis or allergy)
Leukemia
Sever mental or physical stress
Tissue damage (burns)
drugs that may lower WBC count
Antibiotics
Anticonvulsants
Anti thyroid drugs
Arsenicals
Captoprill
Chemotherapy drugs
Chlorpromazine
Clozapine
Histamine-2 blockers
Sulfonamides
Terbinafine
Ticlopidine
drugs that may increase WBC counts
Beta adrenergic agonists (albuterol)
Corticosteroids
Epinephrine
Granulocyte colony stimulating actor
Heparin
Lithium
