WBC Flashcards by Sharmaine Madjid

Is the orderly production of mature granulocytes (N,E,B)

GRANULOCYTE PRODUCTION

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days of maturation sequence

about 14 days

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normal range of wbc in full term infant

10,000-25,000/uL of blood

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normal range of wbc in infants up to 1 yr of age

6,000-16,000/uL of blood

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normal range of wbc in adults

4,000-11,000/uL of blood

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detection of changes in. numbers of circulating WBCs

differential wbc count

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what does differential wbc count indicates

indicates infection, poisoning, leukemia, chemotherapy, parasites or allergy reaction

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normal wbc counts

N = 60-70%
L = 20-25%
M = 3-8%
E = 2-4%
B = <1%

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wbc counts is up if..

N = bacterial infection
L = viral infection
M = fungal/viral infection
E = parasitic or allergy reaction
B = allergy or hypothyroid

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normal values of WBC count

5,000-10,000/cu mm or 5-10 x 10^9/L

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differential count normal valaues

N = 50-70% (segmenter 50-65% ; stab 0-5%)
L = 20-40%
M = 2-6%
E = 0-3%
B = 0-1%

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15-20um in size
round/slightly oval shape
fine chromatin
2-5 nucleoli
basophilic cytoplasm staining
none cytoplasm granules
4:1 N/C ratio

myeloblast

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15-21 um in size
oval/round shape
slightly coarse chromatin
2-3 nucleoli
basophilic cytoplasm staining
primary granules
3:1 to 2:1 N/C ratio

promyelocyte

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12-18 um in size
oval/round
coarse and condense chromatin
no nucleoli
basophilic acidophilic cytoplasm
secondary granules
1:1 N/C ratio

myelocyte

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10-15 um in size
kidney/indented shape
coarse and clumped
no nucleoli
beigle/salmon cytoplasm staining
many cytoplasm granules
1:1 N/C ratio

Metamyelocyte/juvenile

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9-15 um in size
elongated/band (C/s) in shape
coarse and clumped chromatin
no nucleoli
beige/salmon cytoplasm staining
faint granules
1:1/1:2 N/C ratio

band/stab/staff

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9-15 in size
2–5 lobes in shape
highly condensed
no nucleoli
beige/salmon cytoplasm staining
pink-rose violet granules
1:2 N/C ratio

neutrophil

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9-15 um in size
2 lobes in shape
condensed chromatin
no nucleoli
beige/salmon
reddish-orange granules
1:2 N/C ratio

eosinophil

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10-16 um in size
unsegmented/ bi lobed shaped
condensed chromatin
none
beige/salmon
dark purple/blue black granules
1:2 N/C ratio

basophil

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1st recognizable in granulocytic series

Myeloblast-

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first appearance of primary granules

promyelocyte

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first appearnce of secondary granules

Myelocyte

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youngest stage

metamyelocyte/juvenile

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Youngest cell to appear in peripheral blood

Band/stab/staff

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mature granulocytes

Neutrphil, Eosinophil, Basophil

secondary or specific granules in neutrophil

Aminopeptidase, collagenase, muramidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, basic proteins, plasminogen activator, Alkaline phosphatase

Larger granules;major basic proteins in Eosinophil

Acid hydrolase, peroxidase, phospholipase, cathepsin, Eosinophilic, Cationic CHON, Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin.

Smaller Granules in eosinophil

Arylsulfatase, Peroxidase, Acid phosphatase

secondary or specific granules in basophil

Histamine, Heparin, Peroxidase, Eosinophilic Chemotactic Factor A

Granules: pink-rose violet granules

neutrophil/pmn

Mature neutrophil, ratio of primary to secondary granules is

2-3:1

____ together with ____ and ___ kills bacteria

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) together with Hydrogen peroxide and halide kills bacteria

Present in primary and 2ndary granules degrades glycopeptides & hydrolyzes carbohydrates of the bacterial cell wall

Lyzozyme or Muramidase

Fe binding glycoproptein competes with bacteria for Fe (possibly inhibiting growth) and may promote PMN adherence to endothelial cells

Lactoferrin

neutrophil life span

9-10 days

where neutrophil production and maturation takes place

bone marrow

mitotic pool is consists of..

myeloblast, promyelocyte & myelocyte

maturing pool is consists of..

metamyelocyte

storage pool is consists of..

metamyelocyte, bands and segmented PMN’s

50% of PMNs circulating freely

circulating pool

in marginating pool, 50% of PMNs..

50% PMN adhere to the vessel walls or are sequestered in the capillaries.

Responds to parasitic and helminthic infection and allergy

Eosinophil

the concentration of eosinophil is normally hight at

night or afternoon

granules of eosinophil

reddish-orange w/ affinity for eosin (acidic)

rich protein that plays a major role in killing parasites

arginine

2 major function of eosinophil

- Defense against helminthic parasites - Has role in allergic reactions by lessening hypersensitivity reactions through the release of an amine oxidase, w/c neutralizes histamine.

neutralized histamine

amine oxidase

Formed from disintegration of eosinophils

charcot-leyden crystal

charcot-leyden crystal is made up of

lysophospholipase

lysophoslipase is found in

cytoplasm of eosinophils

charcot-leyden crystal is seen in:

Allergic asthma (nasal mucus) Pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates (pleural fluid) Parasitic infection (stool)

Respond to allergic or hypersensitivity reactions

Basophil

granules of basophil

water-soluble blue black specific granules with affinity to methylene blue

basophil function

Involved in hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergic asthma and delayed-onset allergy reactions

10-18 um in size Coarse chromatin Round/oval w/ 1-2 nucleoli No granules Appears smooth Moderate –dark blue

lymphoblast

Same size as lymphoblast or smaller More clumped chrom Round/oval w/1-2 nucleoli Non-granular Mod. –dark blue

pro-lymphocyte

8-10 um in size Dense chromatin round/oval Nucleoli not visible Thin rim around nucleus Robin’s egg blue

mature small lymphocyte

10-12 um in size Chrom not as dense as small lymphocyte More abundant Pale-mod. blue

mature medium lymphocyte

12-16 um in size Round/oval Nucleoli not visible Abundant Clear, very pale blue

mature large lymphocyte

3 types of lymphocytes

T- lymphocytes B- lymphocytes Null lymphocytes

cellular-mediated immunity

t-lymphocytes

percent of t-lymphocytes

60-80%

t-lymphocytes is long lived for __ years

4-10 years

humoral-mediated immunity

b-lymphocytes

percent of b-lymphocytes

10-20%

b-lymphocytes is ___ lived

short lived

tumor host defense

null lymphocytes

percent of null lymphocytes

10% lymphoid population

18-25 um in size Eccentric (off center) Basophilic Abundant Non granular

plasmablast

15-25 um in size eccentric intensely basophilic

proplasmacyte

8-20 um in size Eccentric Exhibits cartwheel appearance Deeply basophilic Mod. Abundant Large, well-defined hof/perinuclear halo Non granular

plasmacyte/plasma cell

15-20 um in size Round w/ folding & clefting 1-2 nucleoli Basophilic Non-granular 4:1 to 3:1

monoblast

14-18 um in size Oval, indented or folded Blue-gray cytoplasm 3:1-2:1

promonocyte

14-20 um in size (largest cell) Round, kidney-shaped,maybe folded, showing brain like convolutions No nucleoli visible Blue-gray cytoplasm Many fine azurophilic granules appearing as ground glass (frosted) 2:1-1:1

monocyte

The tissue component of the monocyte system

macrophage

macrophages is larger than monocytes and measures

15 to 80 um

macrophages have ____ cell membrane, often with

Have irregular cell membrane, often with blebs and psuedopodia

shape of nucleus of macrophages

Oblong/indented nucleus

Functions of Monocytes and Macrophages

Defense against microorganisms Role in antigen-induced blast transformation of lymphocytes Destruction of aged blood cells, denatured plasma proteins and lipids W/heme oxidase activity w/c enables tissue macrophage to break down RBC Hb and recycle it

monocyte secrete ______ that activates helper cell

lymphokine activating factor

a high number of wbcs is called

leukocytosis

leukocytosis is may be due to

Anemia Certain drugs or medications Cigarette smoking Infections (bacteria) Inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis or allergy) Leukemia Sever mental or physical stress Tissue damage (burns)

drugs that may lower WBC count

Antibiotics Anticonvulsants Anti thyroid drugs Arsenicals Captoprill Chemotherapy drugs Chlorpromazine Clozapine Histamine-2 blockers Sulfonamides Terbinafine Ticlopidine

drugs that may increase WBC counts

Beta adrenergic agonists (albuterol) Corticosteroids Epinephrine Granulocyte colony stimulating actor Heparin Lithium