familial disease and associated risk, divisions of pathology and autopsy and biopsy Flashcards
disorder in which the body’s own immune system
starts to attack body tissues.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
attach in Rheumatoid Arthritis is..
not only directed at the joint but to
many other parts of the body.
a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the
human immune system becomes hyperactive and
attacks healthy tissues.
Lupus Erythematosus
The symptoms of Lupus Erythematosus can affect many different body systems including..
joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs.
The most common and most severe form of Lupus Erythematosus
Systematic Lupus Erythematosus
chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypercortisolism,
hypoadrenalism, primary adrenal insufficiency
Addisons Disease
Enlarged thyroid, irritability, muscle weakness,
sleeping problems, fast heartbeat, poor tolerance of
heat.
Graves Disease
The classic finding of exophthalmos and lid retraction
Graves Disease
Petechiae, or small bruise-like markings is a blood
disorder that results in blood clots forming in small
blood vessels throughout the body.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
result of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
results in a low platelet count, low red blood cells
due to their breakdown, and often kidney, heart, and
brain dysfunction.
a common long-term inflammatory disease
of the airways of the lungs.
Asthma
asthma is characterized by
It is characterized by
variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow
obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms
a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.
Down Syndrome
Also known as Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome is typically associated with..
typically associated with physical
growth delays, characteristic facial features
caused by the presence of mutations in both copies of
the gene for the CFTR protein.
Cystic Fibrosis
CF is inherited in..
autosomal recessive manner
organs affected by cystic fibrosis
sinuses, lungs, skin, liver, pancreas, intestines and reproductive organs.
an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.
haemophilia
an inherited disorder that increases the levels of phenylalanine in the blood
Phenylketonuria
it is due to defective hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)
PKU
an inborn error of metabolism that is associated with decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine
PKU
if PKU is untreated, it can lead to:
Intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems and mental disorders.
in PKU..
the enzyme phenyl alanine hydroxylase converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine
genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve
cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Tay-Sachs Disease
common form of Tay-Sachs Disease
Infantile Tay-Sachs Disease
becomes apparent around three to six months of
age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or
crawl.
Infantile Tay-Sachs Disease
in the age of four, people w/ tay-sach’s will experience:
seizures, hearing loss, and
inability to move, with death usually occurring by the
age of four
caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene on
chromosome 15,
tay-sach’s disease
codes for a subunit of the
hexosaminidase enzyme known as hexosaminidase A.
HEXA gene
the manner of inheritance of tay-sachs
It is inherited from a person’s parents in an autosomal
recessive manner.
Tay–Sachs disease is a type of..
GM2 gangliosidosis and sphingolipidosis
signs/symptoms of tay-sach’s
Loss of learned skills
Loss of smile, crawl, grab
Blindness, Deafness, paralysis
Dementia
Unable to swallow
Muscle atrophy
Cherry-red spot in the back of their eyes
a virus that attacks the body’s immune system.
HIV
HIV stands for
human immunodeficiency virus
division of anatomic pathology
General and Systemic Pathology
General Pathology explores and explains the development of basic pathologic mechanisms:
o Introduction to pathology
o Inflammation, repair and regeneration,
o Cell injury, degenerations and infiltrations
o Hemodynamic (circulatory) disorders.
o Granulomatous inflammations.
o Growth disorders and neoplasia.
o Environmental and Nutritional pathology
o Pediatric Pathology
The pathologic mechanisms discussed in the Systemic
Pathology are related to various organ systems:
✓ Cardiovascular System
✓ Respiratory System
✓ Alimentary System
✓ Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas
✓ Urinary System
✓ Genital System
✓ Lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue
✓ Central nervous system
✓ Orthopedic system
✓ Dermatopathology
subdivisions of pathology
Clinical Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Forensic Pathology and Autopsy and Experimental Pathology
includes: Hematology, microbiology, immunology,
toxicology, chemical pathology and genetics
Clinical Pathology
includes: histopathology and cytopathology
Anatomic Pathology
Techniques in Pathology
o Anatomic Pathology
o Biochemical techniques
o Hematological techniques
o Medical microbiology
o Serology
o Flowcytometry
involved in anatomic pathology techniques:
✓ Light Microscopy
✓ Immunohistochemistry & immunofluorescence
✓ Electron microscopy
✓ Molecular pathology
external examination of dead body without incisions, fluids can be collected with the help of needle.
Post Mortem
post mortem origin of word
post “after”, mortem “death”
Detailed scrutiny of both external and internal contents
of dead body after opening its cavities including further
examination such as histology, biochemistry and
toxicology of collected material.
Autopsy
An examination and dissection of a dead body to
determine cause of death or the changes produced by
disease.
post mortemm
An examination, or autopsy, an examination of a
corpse in order to determine cause of death.
post mortem
a neurological research method.
post mortem studies
objectives of autopsy
o To find out the cause of death
o To ascertain whether death is natural or unnatural
o Whether death is homicidal, suicidal or accidental
o To ascertain time passed since death
o To establish the identity of the body
o Whether still-birth or live-birth of newly born infant
rules of post-mortem
o Written order from a Police Officer
o Daytime
o Place: hospital
o Where the dead body lies
o Identity of the deceased to be established
o 3 great cavities opened (cranial, thoracic and
abdominal)
o Writing Post-Mortem report on the spot
contents of post-mortem report
o Name of the deceased
o Identification
o Place, date and time of Post-Mortem
o External examination
o Internal examination
o Viscera and samples collected for analysis
o Opinion as to cause manner
instruments commonly used in autopsy
- surgical blade/knife
- scissors
- probe
- dissecting forceps
- cartilage knife
- rib shears
- chisel
- hammer
- saw
- bone forceps
- skull elevator
- brain knife
- scalpel
- knife
- measuring jug
- weighing machine
- magnifying lens
- trays (steel)
instruments used in autopsy
- surgical hand gloves
- sewing material
- preservative
- labelling/sealing material
external exam of unknown body for identification
o Race, sex, age
o Tattoo marks
o Teeth
o Distribution of hair
o Occupational characteristics
o Body should be photographed
o Finger prints taken
external exam to ascertain time passed since death
o Rectal temperature
o Hypostasis
o Rigor mortis
o Stage of Putrefaction
o Ova of flies and maggots
Carried on a patient who dies in a hospital during
course treatment and is Performed by a pathologist with consent of relatives.
Medical/Academic Autopsy
objective of medical/academic autopsy
✓ To determine the cause of death
✓ To confirm or establish the clinical diagnosis
✓ To evaluate the effects of treatment given
during life.
It is undertaken on alleged cases of suicide to
know about the mental status of deceased at the
time of death.
Psychological Autopsy
Psych Autopsy is performed to know about:
✓ Background of the person
✓ His habits, mental status, personality,
character
✓ Relation to others
Sources of collection of information in Psych Autopsy
✓ Family members, friends, professional colleagues, teachers and physicians
✓ NOT the police
Examination of external surfaces of corpse by
inspection without giving incision for systemic
examination.
PostMortem Exam
It is a postmortem examination without
compromising the integrity of the body, even
without collection of samples.
Virtual Autopsy
Due to some reasons or diseases, the
autopsy of dead body is not possible then by
the help of radiological examinations we can
detect the cause of death.
Virtual Autopsy
methods of virtual autopsy
X-rays, ultrasound, CT scan MRI.
Essential examination of dead body, to rule
out or establish foul play in death and is performed in pursuance of law to establish the cause and manner of death and also to establish or rule out foul play.
Medico-Legal Autopsy
In a criminal charge of homicide
✓ Positive identification of victim
✓ Proof of death by criminal act of accused.
Corpus Delecti
Post Mortem changes
✓ Algor Mortis (Body cooling)
✓ Rigor Mortis
✓ Livor Mortis (Hypostasis, Post Mortem Lividity, Post
Mortem Suggillations)
✓ Post Mortem Decomposition (Putrefaction)
✓ Adipocere
✓ Mummification
✓ Maceration`
the removal of tissue for the purpose of diagnostic
examination.
biopsy
types of biopsy:
o Oral cytology
o Aspiration biopsy
o Incisional biopsy
o Excisional biopsy
o Needle biopsy
Developed as a diagnostic screening procedure to
monitor large tissue areas for dysplastic changes
Oral Cytology
Most frequently used to screen for uterine cervix
malignancy
Oral Cytology
Oral Cytology may be helpful with monitoring..
post radiation change, herpes, pemphigus
Is the use of a needle and syringe to penetrate a lesion
for aspiration of its contents.
Aspiration Biopsy
indications of Aspiration Biopsy
✓ Determine the presents fluids within a lesion
✓ To a certain type of fluid within a lesion
✓ When exploration of an intraosseous is
indicated.
Biopsy that samples only a particular portion or
representative part of a lesion.
Incisional Biopsy
If a lesion is large or has different characteristics in
various locations more than one area may need to be
sampled.
Incisional Biopsy
Implies complete removal of the lesion.
Excisional Biopsy
Indication of Excisional Biopsy
✓ Should be employed with small lesions. Less
than 1cm
✓ The lesion on clinical exam appear benign.
✓ When complete excision with a margin of
normal tissue is possible without mutilation.
Direct handling of the lesion will expose it to crush
injury resulting in alteration the cellular architecture.
Handling of the Tissue Specimen
in Specimen care..
The specimen should be immediately placed in 10%
formalin solution, and should be completely immersed.
