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familial disease and associated risk, divisions of pathology and autopsy and biopsy Flashcards

1
Q

disorder in which the body’s own immune system
starts to attack body tissues.

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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2
Q

attach in Rheumatoid Arthritis is..

A

not only directed at the joint but to
many other parts of the body.

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3
Q

a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the
human immune system becomes hyperactive and
attacks healthy tissues.

A

Lupus Erythematosus

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4
Q

The symptoms of Lupus Erythematosus can affect many different body systems including..

A

joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs.

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5
Q

The most common and most severe form of Lupus Erythematosus

A

Systematic Lupus Erythematosus

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6
Q

chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypercortisolism,
hypoadrenalism, primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Addisons Disease

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7
Q

Enlarged thyroid, irritability, muscle weakness,
sleeping problems, fast heartbeat, poor tolerance of
heat.

A

Graves Disease

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8
Q

The classic finding of exophthalmos and lid retraction

A

Graves Disease

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9
Q

Petechiae, or small bruise-like markings is a blood
disorder that results in blood clots forming in small
blood vessels throughout the body.

A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

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10
Q

result of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

results in a low platelet count, low red blood cells
due to their breakdown, and often kidney, heart, and
brain dysfunction.

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11
Q

a common long-term inflammatory disease
of the airways of the lungs.

A

Asthma

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12
Q

asthma is characterized by

A

It is characterized by
variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow
obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms

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13
Q

a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.

A

Down Syndrome

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14
Q

Also known as Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

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15
Q

Down Syndrome is typically associated with..

A

typically associated with physical
growth delays, characteristic facial features

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16
Q

caused by the presence of mutations in both copies of
the gene for the CFTR protein.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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17
Q

CF is inherited in..

A

autosomal recessive manner

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18
Q

organs affected by cystic fibrosis

A

sinuses, lungs, skin, liver, pancreas, intestines and reproductive organs.

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19
Q

an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.

A

haemophilia

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20
Q

an inherited disorder that increases the levels of phenylalanine in the blood

A

Phenylketonuria

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21
Q

it is due to defective hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

A

PKU

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22
Q

an inborn error of metabolism that is associated with decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine

A

PKU

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23
Q

if PKU is untreated, it can lead to:

A

Intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems and mental disorders.

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24
Q

in PKU..

A

the enzyme phenyl alanine hydroxylase converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine

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25
genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Tay-Sachs Disease
26
common form of Tay-Sachs Disease
Infantile Tay-Sachs Disease
27
becomes apparent around three to six months of age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl.
Infantile Tay-Sachs Disease
28
in the age of four, people w/ tay-sach's will experience:
seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move, with death usually occurring by the age of four
29
caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15,
tay-sach's disease
30
codes for a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme known as hexosaminidase A.
HEXA gene
31
the manner of inheritance of tay-sachs
It is inherited from a person's parents in an autosomal recessive manner.
32
Tay–Sachs disease is a type of..
GM2 gangliosidosis and sphingolipidosis
33
signs/symptoms of tay-sach's
Loss of learned skills Loss of smile, crawl, grab Blindness, Deafness, paralysis Dementia Unable to swallow Muscle atrophy Cherry-red spot in the back of their eyes
34
a virus that attacks the body's immune system.
HIV
35
HIV stands for
human immunodeficiency virus
36
division of anatomic pathology
General and Systemic Pathology
37
General Pathology explores and explains the development of basic pathologic mechanisms:
o Introduction to pathology o Inflammation, repair and regeneration, o Cell injury, degenerations and infiltrations o Hemodynamic (circulatory) disorders. o Granulomatous inflammations. o Growth disorders and neoplasia. o Environmental and Nutritional pathology o Pediatric Pathology
38
The pathologic mechanisms discussed in the Systemic Pathology are related to various organ systems:
✓ Cardiovascular System ✓ Respiratory System ✓ Alimentary System ✓ Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas ✓ Urinary System ✓ Genital System ✓ Lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue ✓ Central nervous system ✓ Orthopedic system ✓ Dermatopathology
39
subdivisions of pathology
Clinical Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Forensic Pathology and Autopsy and Experimental Pathology
40
includes: Hematology, microbiology, immunology, toxicology, chemical pathology and genetics
Clinical Pathology
41
includes: histopathology and cytopathology
Anatomic Pathology
42
Techniques in Pathology
o Anatomic Pathology o Biochemical techniques o Hematological techniques o Medical microbiology o Serology o Flowcytometry
43
involved in anatomic pathology techniques:
✓ Light Microscopy ✓ Immunohistochemistry & immunofluorescence ✓ Electron microscopy ✓ Molecular pathology
44
external examination of dead body without incisions, fluids can be collected with the help of needle.
Post Mortem
45
post mortem origin of word
post "after", mortem "death"
46
Detailed scrutiny of both external and internal contents of dead body after opening its cavities including further examination such as histology, biochemistry and toxicology of collected material.
Autopsy
47
An examination and dissection of a dead body to determine cause of death or the changes produced by disease.
post mortemm
48
An examination, or autopsy, an examination of a corpse in order to determine cause of death.
post mortem
49
a neurological research method.
post mortem studies
50
objectives of autopsy
o To find out the cause of death o To ascertain whether death is natural or unnatural o Whether death is homicidal, suicidal or accidental o To ascertain time passed since death o To establish the identity of the body o Whether still-birth or live-birth of newly born infant
51
rules of post-mortem
o Written order from a Police Officer o Daytime o Place: hospital o Where the dead body lies o Identity of the deceased to be established o 3 great cavities opened (cranial, thoracic and abdominal) o Writing Post-Mortem report on the spot
52
contents of post-mortem report
o Name of the deceased o Identification o Place, date and time of Post-Mortem o External examination o Internal examination o Viscera and samples collected for analysis o Opinion as to cause manner
53
instruments commonly used in autopsy
- surgical blade/knife - scissors - probe - dissecting forceps - cartilage knife - rib shears - chisel - hammer - saw - bone forceps - skull elevator - brain knife - scalpel - knife - measuring jug - weighing machine - magnifying lens - trays (steel)
54
instruments used in autopsy
- surgical hand gloves - sewing material - preservative - labelling/sealing material
55
external exam of unknown body for identification
o Race, sex, age o Tattoo marks o Teeth o Distribution of hair o Occupational characteristics o Body should be photographed o Finger prints taken
56
external exam to ascertain time passed since death
o Rectal temperature o Hypostasis o Rigor mortis o Stage of Putrefaction o Ova of flies and maggots
57
Carried on a patient who dies in a hospital during course treatment and is Performed by a pathologist with consent of relatives.
Medical/Academic Autopsy
58
objective of medical/academic autopsy
✓ To determine the cause of death ✓ To confirm or establish the clinical diagnosis ✓ To evaluate the effects of treatment given during life.
59
It is undertaken on alleged cases of suicide to know about the mental status of deceased at the time of death.
Psychological Autopsy
60
Psych Autopsy is performed to know about:
✓ Background of the person ✓ His habits, mental status, personality, character ✓ Relation to others
61
Sources of collection of information in Psych Autopsy
✓ Family members, friends, professional colleagues, teachers and physicians ✓ NOT the police
62
Examination of external surfaces of corpse by inspection without giving incision for systemic examination.
PostMortem Exam
63
It is a postmortem examination without compromising the integrity of the body, even without collection of samples.
Virtual Autopsy
64
Due to some reasons or diseases, the autopsy of dead body is not possible then by the help of radiological examinations we can detect the cause of death.
Virtual Autopsy
65
methods of virtual autopsy
X-rays, ultrasound, CT scan MRI.
66
Essential examination of dead body, to rule out or establish foul play in death and is performed in pursuance of law to establish the cause and manner of death and also to establish or rule out foul play.
Medico-Legal Autopsy
67
In a criminal charge of homicide ✓ Positive identification of victim ✓ Proof of death by criminal act of accused.
Corpus Delecti
68
Post Mortem changes
✓ Algor Mortis (Body cooling) ✓ Rigor Mortis ✓ Livor Mortis (Hypostasis, Post Mortem Lividity, Post Mortem Suggillations) ✓ Post Mortem Decomposition (Putrefaction) ✓ Adipocere ✓ Mummification ✓ Maceration`
69
the removal of tissue for the purpose of diagnostic examination.
biopsy
70
types of biopsy:
o Oral cytology o Aspiration biopsy o Incisional biopsy o Excisional biopsy o Needle biopsy
71
Developed as a diagnostic screening procedure to monitor large tissue areas for dysplastic changes
Oral Cytology
72
Most frequently used to screen for uterine cervix malignancy
Oral Cytology
73
Oral Cytology may be helpful with monitoring..
post radiation change, herpes, pemphigus
74
Is the use of a needle and syringe to penetrate a lesion for aspiration of its contents.
Aspiration Biopsy
75
indications of Aspiration Biopsy
✓ Determine the presents fluids within a lesion ✓ To a certain type of fluid within a lesion ✓ When exploration of an intraosseous is indicated.
76
Biopsy that samples only a particular portion or representative part of a lesion.
Incisional Biopsy
77
If a lesion is large or has different characteristics in various locations more than one area may need to be sampled.
Incisional Biopsy
78
Implies complete removal of the lesion.
Excisional Biopsy
79
Indication of Excisional Biopsy
✓ Should be employed with small lesions. Less than 1cm ✓ The lesion on clinical exam appear benign. ✓ When complete excision with a margin of normal tissue is possible without mutilation.
80
Direct handling of the lesion will expose it to crush injury resulting in alteration the cellular architecture.
Handling of the Tissue Specimen
81
in Specimen care..
The specimen should be immediately placed in 10% formalin solution, and should be completely immersed.

mt (54 decks)

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