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taxonomy - metabolism microbio Flashcards

1
Q

Formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming of living things, based on the similarities and differences in the genotype and phenotype of organisms.

A

taxonomy

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2
Q

3 distinct areas of taxonomy

A

classification, nomenclature and identification

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3
Q

Organization of microorganisms that have similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups.

A

classification

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4
Q

classification of bacteria and archaebacteria

A

domain

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5
Q

classification composed of similay phyla; similarities of DNA and RNA

A

kingdom

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6
Q

classification composed of similar classes

A

phylum

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7
Q

classification composed of similar orders

A

class

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8
Q

classification composed of similar families

A

order

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9
Q

classification of similar genera

A

family

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10
Q

classification composed of various species with common characteristics.

A

genus

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11
Q

basic group or the collection of bacterial strains with common physiologic and genetic features.

A

species

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12
Q

species which are subdivided based on phenotypic
differences. (serotype and biotype).

A

subspecies

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13
Q

Naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.

A

nomenclature

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14
Q

how to write bacterial names?

A
  • Should be capitalized and followed by the specie with a lower case letter.
  • Both genus and species should be italized in print—-but underlined when written in script.
  • When bacteria referred to as a group, their names neither capitalized nor underlined.
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15
Q

a process by which microorganism’s key features are described and a process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms.

A

identification

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16
Q

Refers to the organism’s genetic make-up and involved in the detection of gene or part thereof.

A

genotypic characteristics

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17
Q

based on the features beyond genetic level which includes observable characteristics such as; morphological features as well as that may require analytical procedures to be detected.

A

phenotypic characteristics

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18
Q

based on the features beyond genetic level which includes observable characteristics such as; morphological features as well as that may require analytical procedures to be detected.

A

phenotypic characteristics

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19
Q

who isolated “nuclein,” DNA with associated proteins, from cell nuclei. He was the first to identify DNA as a distinct molecule.

A

Frederick Miescher

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20
Q

who discovered DNA composed of phosphates, five-carbon sugars and
nitrogen containing bases.

A

Phoebus A.T. Levine

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21
Q

who discovered the helical structure using x-ray crystallography

A

Rosalind Franklin

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22
Q

who discovered the dimensional structure of the DNA molecule

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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23
Q

Double-stranded helical chain of nucleotides

A

DNA

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24
Q

Helix formed from the twisted double-stranded structure appears like “spiral staircase”

A

DNA

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25
Information contained in the DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the staircase.
DNA
26
Involved in the RNA synthesis
DNA
27
Single-stranded, and short nucleic, and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.
RNA
28
Plays an important role in several of the genetic processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
RNA
29
It is the process of heredity and variation.
Genetics
30
Starting point from which all other cellular pathways, functions, and structures originate.
Genetics
31
Major aspects of Genetics
1. Structure and organization of genetic material 2. Replication and expression of genetic information 3. The mechanism by which genetic information is changed and exchanged among bacteria.
32
the key to genetic code...
The bases are covalently linked to each deoxyribose sugar, are the key to the genetic code.
33
DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product.
Gene
34
genes taken together within an organism.
Genome
35
a genome organized in discreet elements .
Chromosomes
36
the duplication of chromosomal DNA and it takes approximately 40 minutes with a rapidly growing bacteria.
Replication
37
the process of encoding information in genetic elements.
genetic information
38
synthesis of single –stranded RNA using one strand of the DNA as a template
transcription
39
actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA.
translation
40
change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene.
mutation
41
process by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous regions on two DNA molecules.
recombination
42
involves the recipient cell uptaking free DNA that is released into the environment when another bacterial cell dies.
transformation
43
transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another.
transduction
44
types of transduction
generalized and specialized transduction
45
bacterial DNA randomly incorporated with viral DNA.
Generalized Transduction
46
bacterial DNA adjacent to the viral DNA in the bacteria is packaged into a new virus particle.
Specialized Transduction
47
transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to a recipient cell.
Conjugation
48
Increase in the number of cells and not an increase in the size of the organisms
Bacterial Growth
49
makes up the structural backbone of all organic molecules.
Carbon
50
the nutritional requirements of bacteria
1. carbon 2. nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus 3. inorganic ions 4. growth factors
51
microorganisms that utilizes inorganic compounds (carbon dioxide), inorganic salts and water as their sole of carbon.
Autotrophs
52
autotrophs that derived their energy from light.
Photolitotrophs
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autotrophs that derived their energy from oxidation of inorganic substances.
chemolithotrophs
54
microorganisms that utilizes organic substances like sugars or glucose as their carbon source.
heterotrophs
55
heterotrophs that utilizes light as their source of energy
photoorganotrophs
56
heterotrophs that utilizes the oxidation of organic substance and most medically important bacteria.
chemoorganotrophs
57
necessary for the synthesis of cellular materials like proteins and nucleic acids.
nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
58
approximately __% of the dry weight of bacterial cell is ___
14%, nitrogen
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approximately 14% of the dry weight of bacterial cell is nitrogen and _% is __ and ___
4%, sulfur and phosphorus
60
includes magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron and trace elements ( manganese,zinc,copper and cobalt)
Inorganic Ions
61
stabilizes ribosomes, cell membranes and nucleic acids and serves as a co-factor for many enzymes.
magnesium
62
required for normal functioning and integrity of ribosomes and certain enzymes activities.
potassium
63
an important constituents of the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria and contributes to the resistance of bacterial endospores against adverse environmental conditions.
calcium
64
part of cytochrome and functions as a co-factor in enzymatic activities.
iron
65
components of enzymes and functions as co-factors and are necessary for the maintenance of protein structure.
trace elements
66
includes vitamin B complex, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines.
growth factors
67
the nutritional requirements of bacteria
1. carbon 2. nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus 3. inorganic ions 4. growth factors
68
the physical requirements of bacteri
1. moisture or water 2. oxygen 3. temperature 4. pH 5. osmotic pressure
69
where bacteria acquire nutrients from.
moisture or water
70
utilize oxygen for energy
aerobes
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strictly requires oxygen for growth
strict aerobes
72
cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Obligate/strict anerobes
73
can resist exposure to oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes
74
able to grow at low oxygen tension but rate of growth is diminished.
Microaerophilic anaerobes
75
can grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Most medically important bacteria.
facultative organisms
76
grows at an optimum temp.range of 50-60 degree Celsius
thermophiles
77
20-40 degree Celsius. Medically important bacteria.
mesophiles
78
10-20 degree Celcius
psychrophiles
79
degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
pH
80
with pH level of 8.4 – 9.0
alkalophiles
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with pH level of 7.5 - 8.0
neutrophiles
82
with pH levels of 6.5 - 7.0
acidophiles
83
Medically important bacteria grow best at what pH level
pH 6.7 – 7.5 (Neutrophiles)
84
requires high salt concentration
halophiles
85
requires high osmotic pressure
osmophiles
86
bacterial growth curve
1. lag phase 2. logarithmic/exponential/log phase 3. stationary phase 4. death or decline phase
87
period of adjustment for the bacteria in a new environment, undergo synthesis of DNA and enzymes. Increase in size but no increase in number.
lag phase
88
rapid cell division, increase in number of the bacterium and they are metabolically active. - Generation time of bacteria can be determined.
logarithmic/exponential/log phase
89
period of equilibrium. Rate of growth slows down, nutrients are depleted and toxic wastes accumulate. Sporulation occurs during this period.
stationary phase
90
rapid cell death, number of dead cells is greater than the number of living cells. Sporulation still occurs in this phase.
death or decline phase
91
Sum of all chemical processes that take place in a living organism and results in its growth, energy generation, waste disposal and other functions in relation to cell nutrient distribution.
metabolism
92
2 major parts of metabolism
anabolism and catabolism
93
metabolism part that is also called as the constructive phase
anabolism
94
metabolism part that is also called as destructive phase
catabolism
95
Breakdown of chemical substrates (chemical energy) through the degradative process of catabolism that is coupled with oxidation-reduction reactions.
energy production
96
2 general process of microorganisms to produce energy
1. respiration 2. fermentation
97
molecules are oxidized and results in an inorganic molecule as the final electron receptor.
respiration
98
two types of respiration
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
99
process where bacteria use oxygen as their source of energy
aerobic respiration
100
using receptors other than oxygen as their source of energy.
anaerobic respiration
101
2 pathways
1. Glycolysis ( Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) 2. Krebs cycle ( Tricarboxylic acid or TCA cycle)
102
The First stage in carbohydrate metabolism and It is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis ( Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway)
103
the most important process for the complete oxidation of a substrate under aerobic conditions and it generate energy in the form of ATP and the substrate is the acetyl coenzyme A.
Krebs cycle ( Tricarboxylic acid or TCA cycle)
104
Does not require oxygen, the use of Kreb’s cycle, or an electron transport chain.
fermentation
105
It forms a mixture of end products ( lactate, butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin ) in the medium; the analysis of these products for the identification of anaerobic bacteria.
fermentation
106
fermentation that turns sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide
alcoholic fermentation
107
fermentation where pyruvate is reduced to lactate, which is used to make yogurt, sauerkraut, and pickles.
homolactic fermentation
108
fermentation that produces other than lactate, such as alcohol, formic and acetic acid.
heterolactic fermentation
109
fermentation that produces ethanol and acids
mixed acid fermentation
110
fermentation where pyruvate is converted into acetoin, then reduced to 2,3 butanediol with NADH
butanediol fermentation
111
fermentation that convert pyruvate into butyric acid along with acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
butyric acid fermentation
112
the 5 energy utilization
1. For biosynthesis of new cell components. 2. For the maintenance of the physical and chemical integrity of the cell. 3. For the activity of the locomotor organelles. 4. For the transport of solutes across membranes. 5. For heat production.

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