taxonomy - metabolism microbio Flashcards
Formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming of living things, based on the similarities and differences in the genotype and phenotype of organisms.
taxonomy
3 distinct areas of taxonomy
classification, nomenclature and identification
Organization of microorganisms that have similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups.
classification
classification of bacteria and archaebacteria
domain
classification composed of similay phyla; similarities of DNA and RNA
kingdom
classification composed of similar classes
phylum
classification composed of similar orders
class
classification composed of similar families
order
classification of similar genera
family
classification composed of various species with common characteristics.
genus
basic group or the collection of bacterial strains with common physiologic and genetic features.
species
species which are subdivided based on phenotypic
differences. (serotype and biotype).
subspecies
Naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
nomenclature
how to write bacterial names?
- Should be capitalized and followed by the specie with a lower case letter.
- Both genus and species should be italized in print—-but underlined when written in script.
- When bacteria referred to as a group, their names neither capitalized nor underlined.
a process by which microorganism’s key features are described and a process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms.
identification
Refers to the organism’s genetic make-up and involved in the detection of gene or part thereof.
genotypic characteristics
based on the features beyond genetic level which includes observable characteristics such as; morphological features as well as that may require analytical procedures to be detected.
phenotypic characteristics
based on the features beyond genetic level which includes observable characteristics such as; morphological features as well as that may require analytical procedures to be detected.
phenotypic characteristics
who isolated “nuclein,” DNA with associated proteins, from cell nuclei. He was the first to identify DNA as a distinct molecule.
Frederick Miescher
who discovered DNA composed of phosphates, five-carbon sugars and
nitrogen containing bases.
Phoebus A.T. Levine
who discovered the helical structure using x-ray crystallography
Rosalind Franklin
who discovered the dimensional structure of the DNA molecule
James Watson and Francis Crick
Double-stranded helical chain of nucleotides
DNA
Helix formed from the twisted double-stranded structure appears like “spiral staircase”
DNA
Information contained in the DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the staircase.
DNA
Involved in the RNA synthesis
DNA
Single-stranded, and short nucleic, and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.
RNA
Plays an important role in several of the genetic processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
RNA
It is the process of heredity and variation.
Genetics
Starting point from which all other cellular pathways, functions, and structures originate.
Genetics
Major aspects of Genetics
- Structure and organization of genetic material
- Replication and expression of genetic information
- The mechanism by which genetic information is changed and exchanged among bacteria.
the key to genetic code…
The bases are covalently linked to each deoxyribose sugar, are the key to the genetic code.
DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product.
Gene
genes taken together within an organism.
Genome
a genome organized in discreet elements .
Chromosomes
the duplication of chromosomal DNA and it takes approximately 40 minutes with a rapidly growing bacteria.
Replication
the process of encoding information in genetic
elements.
genetic information
synthesis of single –stranded RNA using one
strand of the DNA as a template
transcription
actual synthesis of a specific protein from the
mRNA.
translation
change in the original nucleotide sequence of a
gene.
mutation
process by which genes are transferred or
exchanged between homologous regions on two DNA molecules.
recombination
involves the recipient cell uptaking free DNA that is
released into the environment when another bacterial cell dies.
transformation
transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another.
transduction
types of transduction
generalized and specialized transduction
bacterial DNA randomly incorporated with viral DNA.
Generalized Transduction
bacterial DNA adjacent to the viral DNA in the bacteria
is packaged into a new virus particle.
Specialized Transduction
transfer of genetic material from a donor cell
to a recipient cell.
Conjugation
Increase in the number of cells and not an increase in the size of the organisms
Bacterial Growth
makes up the structural backbone of all organic
molecules.
Carbon
the nutritional requirements of bacteria
- carbon
- nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
- inorganic ions
- growth factors
microorganisms that utilizes inorganic compounds
(carbon dioxide), inorganic salts and water as their sole of carbon.
Autotrophs
autotrophs that derived their energy from light.
Photolitotrophs
autotrophs that derived their energy from oxidation of
inorganic substances.
chemolithotrophs
microorganisms that utilizes organic substances like sugars or glucose as their carbon source.
heterotrophs
heterotrophs that utilizes light as their source of energy
photoorganotrophs
heterotrophs that utilizes the oxidation of organic substance and most medically important bacteria.
chemoorganotrophs
necessary for the synthesis of cellular materials like proteins and nucleic acids.
nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
approximately __% of the dry weight of bacterial cell is ___
14%, nitrogen
approximately 14% of the dry weight of bacterial cell is nitrogen and _% is __ and ___
4%, sulfur and phosphorus
includes magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron and
trace elements ( manganese,zinc,copper and cobalt)
Inorganic Ions
stabilizes ribosomes, cell membranes and nucleic acids
and serves as a co-factor for many enzymes.
magnesium
required for normal functioning and integrity of
ribosomes and certain enzymes activities.
potassium
an important constituents of the cell walls of
Gram-positive bacteria and contributes to the resistance of bacterial endospores against adverse environmental conditions.
calcium
part of cytochrome and functions as a co-factor in enzymatic activities.
iron
components of enzymes and functions as co-factors and are necessary for the maintenance of protein structure.
trace elements
includes vitamin B complex, amino acids,
purines and pyrimidines.
growth factors
the nutritional requirements of bacteria
- carbon
- nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
- inorganic ions
- growth factors
the physical requirements of bacteri
- moisture or water
- oxygen
- temperature
- pH
- osmotic pressure
where bacteria acquire nutrients from.
moisture or water
utilize oxygen for energy
aerobes
strictly requires oxygen for growth
strict aerobes
cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Obligate/strict anerobes
can resist exposure to oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes
able to grow at low oxygen tension but rate of growth is diminished.
Microaerophilic anaerobes
can grow under both aerobic and anaerobic
conditions. Most medically important bacteria.
facultative organisms
grows at an optimum temp.range of 50-60 degree Celsius
thermophiles
20-40 degree Celsius. Medically important bacteria.
mesophiles
10-20 degree Celcius
psychrophiles
degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
pH
with pH level of 8.4 – 9.0
alkalophiles
with pH level of 7.5 - 8.0
neutrophiles
with pH levels of 6.5 - 7.0
acidophiles
Medically important bacteria grow best at what pH level
pH 6.7 – 7.5 (Neutrophiles)
requires high salt concentration
halophiles
requires high osmotic pressure
osmophiles
bacterial growth curve
- lag phase
- logarithmic/exponential/log phase
- stationary phase
- death or decline phase
period of adjustment for the bacteria in a new
environment, undergo synthesis of DNA and enzymes. Increase in size but no increase in number.
lag phase
rapid cell division, increase in number of the bacterium and they are metabolically active.
- Generation time of bacteria can be determined.
logarithmic/exponential/log phase
period of equilibrium. Rate of growth slows
down, nutrients are depleted and toxic wastes accumulate. Sporulation occurs during this period.
stationary phase
rapid cell death, number of dead cells is greater than the number of living cells. Sporulation still occurs in this phase.
death or decline phase
Sum of all chemical processes that take place in a living organism and results in its growth, energy generation, waste disposal and other functions in relation to cell nutrient distribution.
metabolism
2 major parts of metabolism
anabolism and catabolism
metabolism part that is also called as the constructive phase
anabolism
metabolism part that is also called as destructive phase
catabolism
Breakdown of chemical substrates (chemical energy) through the degradative process of catabolism that is coupled with oxidation-reduction reactions.
energy production
2 general process of microorganisms to produce energy
- respiration
- fermentation
molecules are oxidized and results in an inorganic molecule as the final electron receptor.
respiration
two types of respiration
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
process where bacteria use oxygen as their source of energy
aerobic respiration
using receptors other than oxygen as their source of energy.
anaerobic respiration
2 pathways
- Glycolysis ( Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway)
- Krebs cycle ( Tricarboxylic acid or TCA cycle)
The First stage in carbohydrate metabolism and It is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis ( Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway)
the most important process for the complete oxidation of a substrate under aerobic conditions and it generate energy in the form of ATP and the substrate is the acetyl coenzyme A.
Krebs cycle ( Tricarboxylic acid or TCA cycle)
Does not require oxygen, the use of Kreb’s cycle, or an electron transport chain.
fermentation
It forms a mixture of end products ( lactate, butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin ) in the medium; the analysis of these products for the identification of anaerobic bacteria.
fermentation
fermentation that turns sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide
alcoholic fermentation
fermentation where pyruvate is reduced to lactate, which is used to make yogurt, sauerkraut, and pickles.
homolactic fermentation
fermentation that produces other than lactate, such as alcohol, formic and acetic acid.
heterolactic fermentation
fermentation that produces ethanol and acids
mixed acid fermentation
fermentation where pyruvate is converted into acetoin, then reduced to 2,3 butanediol with NADH
butanediol fermentation
fermentation that convert pyruvate into butyric acid along with acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
butyric acid fermentation
the 5 energy utilization
- For biosynthesis of new cell components.
- For the maintenance of the physical and chemical integrity of the cell.
- For the activity of the locomotor organelles.
- For the transport of solutes across membranes.
- For heat production.
