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taxonomy - metabolism microbio Flashcards

1
Q

Formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming of living things, based on the similarities and differences in the genotype and phenotype of organisms.

A

taxonomy

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2
Q

3 distinct areas of taxonomy

A

classification, nomenclature and identification

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3
Q

Organization of microorganisms that have similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups.

A

classification

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4
Q

classification of bacteria and archaebacteria

A

domain

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5
Q

classification composed of similay phyla; similarities of DNA and RNA

A

kingdom

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6
Q

classification composed of similar classes

A

phylum

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7
Q

classification composed of similar orders

A

class

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8
Q

classification composed of similar families

A

order

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9
Q

classification of similar genera

A

family

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10
Q

classification composed of various species with common characteristics.

A

genus

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11
Q

basic group or the collection of bacterial strains with common physiologic and genetic features.

A

species

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12
Q

species which are subdivided based on phenotypic
differences. (serotype and biotype).

A

subspecies

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13
Q

Naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.

A

nomenclature

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14
Q

how to write bacterial names?

A
  • Should be capitalized and followed by the specie with a lower case letter.
  • Both genus and species should be italized in print—-but underlined when written in script.
  • When bacteria referred to as a group, their names neither capitalized nor underlined.
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15
Q

a process by which microorganism’s key features are described and a process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms.

A

identification

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16
Q

Refers to the organism’s genetic make-up and involved in the detection of gene or part thereof.

A

genotypic characteristics

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17
Q

based on the features beyond genetic level which includes observable characteristics such as; morphological features as well as that may require analytical procedures to be detected.

A

phenotypic characteristics

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18
Q

based on the features beyond genetic level which includes observable characteristics such as; morphological features as well as that may require analytical procedures to be detected.

A

phenotypic characteristics

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19
Q

who isolated “nuclein,” DNA with associated proteins, from cell nuclei. He was the first to identify DNA as a distinct molecule.

A

Frederick Miescher

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20
Q

who discovered DNA composed of phosphates, five-carbon sugars and
nitrogen containing bases.

A

Phoebus A.T. Levine

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21
Q

who discovered the helical structure using x-ray crystallography

A

Rosalind Franklin

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22
Q

who discovered the dimensional structure of the DNA molecule

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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23
Q

Double-stranded helical chain of nucleotides

A

DNA

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24
Q

Helix formed from the twisted double-stranded structure appears like “spiral staircase”

A

DNA

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25
Q

Information contained in the DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the staircase.

A

DNA

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26
Q

Involved in the RNA synthesis

A

DNA

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27
Q

Single-stranded, and short nucleic, and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.

A

RNA

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28
Q

Plays an important role in several of the genetic processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

RNA

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29
Q

It is the process of heredity and variation.

A

Genetics

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30
Q

Starting point from which all other cellular pathways, functions, and structures originate.

A

Genetics

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31
Q

Major aspects of Genetics

A
  1. Structure and organization of genetic material
  2. Replication and expression of genetic information
  3. The mechanism by which genetic information is changed and exchanged among bacteria.
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32
Q

the key to genetic code…

A

The bases are covalently linked to each deoxyribose sugar, are the key to the genetic code.

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33
Q

DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product.

A

Gene

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34
Q

genes taken together within an organism.

A

Genome

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35
Q

a genome organized in discreet elements .

A

Chromosomes

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36
Q

the duplication of chromosomal DNA and it takes approximately 40 minutes with a rapidly growing bacteria.

A

Replication

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37
Q

the process of encoding information in genetic
elements.

A

genetic information

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38
Q

synthesis of single –stranded RNA using one
strand of the DNA as a template

A

transcription

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39
Q

actual synthesis of a specific protein from the
mRNA.

A

translation

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40
Q

change in the original nucleotide sequence of a
gene.

A

mutation

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41
Q

process by which genes are transferred or
exchanged between homologous regions on two DNA molecules.

A

recombination

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42
Q

involves the recipient cell uptaking free DNA that is
released into the environment when another bacterial cell dies.

A

transformation

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43
Q

transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another.

A

transduction

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44
Q

types of transduction

A

generalized and specialized transduction

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45
Q

bacterial DNA randomly incorporated with viral DNA.

A

Generalized Transduction

46
Q

bacterial DNA adjacent to the viral DNA in the bacteria
is packaged into a new virus particle.

A

Specialized Transduction

47
Q

transfer of genetic material from a donor cell
to a recipient cell.

A

Conjugation

48
Q

Increase in the number of cells and not an increase in the size of the organisms

A

Bacterial Growth

49
Q

makes up the structural backbone of all organic
molecules.

A

Carbon

50
Q

the nutritional requirements of bacteria

A
  1. carbon
  2. nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
  3. inorganic ions
  4. growth factors
51
Q

microorganisms that utilizes inorganic compounds
(carbon dioxide), inorganic salts and water as their sole of carbon.

A

Autotrophs

52
Q

autotrophs that derived their energy from light.

A

Photolitotrophs

53
Q

autotrophs that derived their energy from oxidation of
inorganic substances.

A

chemolithotrophs

54
Q

microorganisms that utilizes organic substances like sugars or glucose as their carbon source.

A

heterotrophs

55
Q

heterotrophs that utilizes light as their source of energy

A

photoorganotrophs

56
Q

heterotrophs that utilizes the oxidation of organic substance and most medically important bacteria.

A

chemoorganotrophs

57
Q

necessary for the synthesis of cellular materials like proteins and nucleic acids.

A

nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus

58
Q

approximately __% of the dry weight of bacterial cell is ___

A

14%, nitrogen

59
Q

approximately 14% of the dry weight of bacterial cell is nitrogen and _% is __ and ___

A

4%, sulfur and phosphorus

60
Q

includes magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron and
trace elements ( manganese,zinc,copper and cobalt)

A

Inorganic Ions

61
Q

stabilizes ribosomes, cell membranes and nucleic acids
and serves as a co-factor for many enzymes.

A

magnesium

62
Q

required for normal functioning and integrity of
ribosomes and certain enzymes activities.

A

potassium

63
Q

an important constituents of the cell walls of
Gram-positive bacteria and contributes to the resistance of bacterial endospores against adverse environmental conditions.

A

calcium

64
Q

part of cytochrome and functions as a co-factor in enzymatic activities.

A

iron

65
Q

components of enzymes and functions as co-factors and are necessary for the maintenance of protein structure.

A

trace elements

66
Q

includes vitamin B complex, amino acids,
purines and pyrimidines.

A

growth factors

67
Q

the nutritional requirements of bacteria

A
  1. carbon
  2. nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
  3. inorganic ions
  4. growth factors
68
Q

the physical requirements of bacteri

A
  1. moisture or water
  2. oxygen
  3. temperature
  4. pH
  5. osmotic pressure
69
Q

where bacteria acquire nutrients from.

A

moisture or water

70
Q

utilize oxygen for energy

A

aerobes

71
Q

strictly requires oxygen for growth

A

strict aerobes

72
Q

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

A

Obligate/strict anerobes

73
Q

can resist exposure to oxygen

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

74
Q

able to grow at low oxygen tension but rate of growth is diminished.

A

Microaerophilic anaerobes

75
Q

can grow under both aerobic and anaerobic
conditions. Most medically important bacteria.

A

facultative organisms

76
Q

grows at an optimum temp.range of 50-60 degree Celsius

A

thermophiles

77
Q

20-40 degree Celsius. Medically important bacteria.

A

mesophiles

78
Q

10-20 degree Celcius

A

psychrophiles

79
Q

degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

A

pH

80
Q

with pH level of 8.4 – 9.0

A

alkalophiles

81
Q

with pH level of 7.5 - 8.0

A

neutrophiles

82
Q

with pH levels of 6.5 - 7.0

A

acidophiles

83
Q

Medically important bacteria grow best at what pH level

A

pH 6.7 – 7.5 (Neutrophiles)

84
Q

requires high salt concentration

A

halophiles

85
Q

requires high osmotic pressure

A

osmophiles

86
Q

bacterial growth curve

A
  1. lag phase
  2. logarithmic/exponential/log phase
  3. stationary phase
  4. death or decline phase
87
Q

period of adjustment for the bacteria in a new
environment, undergo synthesis of DNA and enzymes. Increase in size but no increase in number.

A

lag phase

88
Q

rapid cell division, increase in number of the bacterium and they are metabolically active.
- Generation time of bacteria can be determined.

A

logarithmic/exponential/log phase

89
Q

period of equilibrium. Rate of growth slows
down, nutrients are depleted and toxic wastes accumulate. Sporulation occurs during this period.

A

stationary phase

90
Q

rapid cell death, number of dead cells is greater than the number of living cells. Sporulation still occurs in this phase.

A

death or decline phase

91
Q

Sum of all chemical processes that take place in a living organism and results in its growth, energy generation, waste disposal and other functions in relation to cell nutrient distribution.

A

metabolism

92
Q

2 major parts of metabolism

A

anabolism and catabolism

93
Q

metabolism part that is also called as the constructive phase

A

anabolism

94
Q

metabolism part that is also called as destructive phase

A

catabolism

95
Q

Breakdown of chemical substrates (chemical energy) through the degradative process of catabolism that is coupled with oxidation-reduction reactions.

A

energy production

96
Q

2 general process of microorganisms to produce energy

A
  1. respiration
  2. fermentation
97
Q

molecules are oxidized and results in an inorganic molecule as the final electron receptor.

A

respiration

98
Q

two types of respiration

A

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

99
Q

process where bacteria use oxygen as their source of energy

A

aerobic respiration

100
Q

using receptors other than oxygen as their source of energy.

A

anaerobic respiration

101
Q

2 pathways

A
  1. Glycolysis ( Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway)
  2. Krebs cycle ( Tricarboxylic acid or TCA cycle)
102
Q

The First stage in carbohydrate metabolism and It is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid.

A

Glycolysis ( Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway)

103
Q

the most important process for the complete oxidation of a substrate under aerobic conditions and it generate energy in the form of ATP and the substrate is the acetyl coenzyme A.

A

Krebs cycle ( Tricarboxylic acid or TCA cycle)

104
Q

Does not require oxygen, the use of Kreb’s cycle, or an electron transport chain.

A

fermentation

105
Q

It forms a mixture of end products ( lactate, butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin ) in the medium; the analysis of these products for the identification of anaerobic bacteria.

A

fermentation

106
Q

fermentation that turns sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide

A

alcoholic fermentation

107
Q

fermentation where pyruvate is reduced to lactate, which is used to make yogurt, sauerkraut, and pickles.

A

homolactic fermentation

108
Q

fermentation that produces other than lactate, such as alcohol, formic and acetic acid.

A

heterolactic fermentation

109
Q

fermentation that produces ethanol and acids

A

mixed acid fermentation

110
Q

fermentation where pyruvate is converted into acetoin, then reduced to 2,3 butanediol with NADH

A

butanediol fermentation

111
Q

fermentation that convert pyruvate into butyric acid along with acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.

A

butyric acid fermentation

112
Q

the 5 energy utilization

A
  1. For biosynthesis of new cell components.
  2. For the maintenance of the physical and chemical integrity of the cell.
  3. For the activity of the locomotor organelles.
  4. For the transport of solutes across membranes.
  5. For heat production.

mt (54 decks)

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