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URINALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

the amount of filtered plasma

A

170,000 mL

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2
Q

average daily urine output

A

1200 - 1500 mL (range of 600 – 2000 mL is considered normal)

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3
Q

The MORE FLUID will intake, urine volume will ____

A

increase

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4
Q

The LESSER FLUID will intake, urine volume will _____

A

decrease

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5
Q

the concentration of urine is directly proportional to the ______

A

specific gravity

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6
Q

“Concentrated Urine”, because urine is “concentrated” the color also affected, it becomes ______.

A

DARKER

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7
Q

the less concentrated the urine is, the lesser is the _____ of the urine.

A

color (lighter)

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8
Q

testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in expenditure, reliable, accurate, safe and cost-effective manner.

A

urinalysis

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9
Q

purpose of urinalysis

A
  • to detect renal disease
  • for metabolic screening procedure
  • test from asymptomatic beginnings of conditions such as Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus and Liver Diseases
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10
Q

pathways in urine

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. bowman’s capsule
  3. proximal convoluted
  4. loop of henle
  5. distal convoluted tubules
  6. collecting tubules
  7. ureter
  8. urinary bladder
  9. urethra
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11
Q

renal tubular epithelial cells in nephrotic sundrome, absorb and become engaged with fat known as

A

OVAL FAT BODIES

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12
Q

indicates lipid droplets contained in the cell

A

maltese cross

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13
Q

abnormal increase (>2500 ml per 24hrs)

A

polyuria

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14
Q

polyuria is associated with

A

diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus; or the use of diuretics, caffeine or alcohol which suppress the excretion of ADH.

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15
Q

decrease urine volume (<500 ml per 24hrs) and seen in a state of dehydration

A

oligouria

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16
Q

oliguria causes

A

excessive water loss, vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration or severe burns

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17
Q

oliguria is associated with

A

acute nephritis and shock

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18
Q
  • complete suppression of urine formation
  • may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidney
  • <100mL/24hrs for 3 consecutive days
A

anuria

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19
Q

increased urine volume at night

A

nocturia

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20
Q

involuntary voiding of urine at night

A

enuresis

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21
Q

urine is composed mainly of __% of water and ___% of solids

A

95-97% of water and 3-5% of solids

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22
Q

urine is composed of ____ organic and ____ inorganic substances

A

35g organic and 25g inorganic substances

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23
Q
  • the major organic constituent
  • metabolic waste product produced by the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids
A

urea

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24
Q

volume of urea composition

A

25g/L

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25
Q

major inorganic constituent

A

chloride

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26
Q

volume of chloride composition

A

9g/L

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27
Q

Na, K in urine

A
  • lesser amount present
  • Na is 4g/L primary from salt, varies by intake
  • K is 2g/liter, combined with Cl and other salts
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28
Q

product of creatine metabolism by muscles

A

creatinine

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29
Q

volume of creatinine in urine

A

1.5g/L

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30
Q

combines with sodium to buffer the blood

A

phosphate

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31
Q

volume of phosphate in urine

A

2g/L

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32
Q

product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cell

A

uric acid

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33
Q

uric acid volume in urine

A

0.6g/L

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34
Q

regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

A

ammonium

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35
Q

ammonium volume in urine

A

0.6g/L

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36
Q

combines with chloride, sulfate and phosphate

A

calcium

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37
Q

calcium volume in urine

A

0.2g/L

38
Q

urine may also contain

A
  • hormones, vitamins, medications and formed elements
39
Q

formed elements in urine

A
  • cells
  • cast
  • crystals
  • mucus
  • bacteria
40
Q

To determine whether a particular fluid is urine

A

UREA-CREATININETEST

41
Q

The specimen can be tested for its ____ and _____ content. Because both these substances are present in much higher concentrations in urine than in other body fluids, a high urea and creatinine content can identify a fluid as urine.

A

UREA ; CREATININE

42
Q

Urine volume depends on the amount of _____ that the kidneys excrete

A

water

43
Q

Major Body Constituent; therefore, the amount
excreted is usually determined by the body’s state of hydration.

A

water

44
Q

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE URINE VOLUME:

A

1) Fluid intake
2) Fluid loss from non-renal sources
3) Variations in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4) Need to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids, such as glucose or salts.

45
Q

the concentration of urine is directly proportional to the ______

A

specific gravity

46
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING URINE CONCENTRATION:

A

1) Dietary intake
2) Physical activity
3) Body metabolism
4) Endocrine functions
5) Body position

47
Q

urine normal color

A

straw to amber yellow

48
Q

yellow pigment

A

urochrome

49
Q

pink pigment - ppt of amorphous urates

A

uroerythrin

50
Q

oxidation product of urobilinogen w/c is orange-brown color

A

urobilin

51
Q

color is due to increase urobilinogen or porphyrin

A

reddish amber

52
Q

reddish amber colored urine is associated with

A

1) Congenital porphyra
2) Lead and barbital poisoning
3) Pernicious anemia
4) Haemolytic jaundice

53
Q

color is due to bile pigment

A

Brownish yellow or Green to yellow foam

54
Q

Brownish yellow or Green to yellow foam colored urine is associated with

A

1) Severe hepatocellular damage
2) Obstruction of lesion of bile
flow

55
Q

urine color due to Due to the presence of blood (hematuria) or blood pigment (hemoglobinuria)

A

Smoky red to brown

56
Q

Smoky red to brown urine is associated with

A

1) Acute nephritis
2) Infants in kidneys
3) Bleeding lesions in urogenital
tracts

57
Q

urine color due to increase/high urobilinogen

A

yellow to amber

58
Q

yellow to amber colored urine is associated with

A

1) Blood destruction 2) Liver disease

59
Q

milky urine appearance is due to

A

Due to increase/high chylomicron, fats, pus, epithelial cells, urease, phosphates, & bacteria

60
Q

Due to melanin pigments (melanoma)

A

Brownish black to brown black

61
Q

urine color due to hemogenphysic acid or alkapton

A

black

62
Q

black colored urine is associated with

A

alkaptonuria

63
Q

urine color due to biliverdin

A

Greenish foam

64
Q

normal urine odor

A

aromatic due to “urinod” or “volatile organic acids”

65
Q

ammoniacal odor is caused by

A

bacteria (proteus) convert urea to ammonia

66
Q

fruity odor is caused by

A

ketones (indicates diabetes, ketonuria)

67
Q

putrid odor indicates

A

presence of pus (necrotic lesion of the GUT, carcinoma, cystitis, pyelonephritis)

68
Q

maple syrup-like odor is due to

A

increased valine, leucine, isoleucine = maple syrup disease

69
Q

pungent odor is due to

A

onion, garlic, asparagus

70
Q

mousy odor is due to

A

pku

71
Q

rancid odor is due to

A

tyrosinemia

72
Q

sweaty feet odor is due to

A

isovaleric academia

73
Q

cabbage odor is due to

A

methionine malabsorption

74
Q

bleach odor is due to

A

contamination

75
Q

normal transparency

A

clear and nubecula

76
Q

clear urine indicates

A

fresh specimen

77
Q

faint cloud in urine forms after standing it for some time due to mucus, leukocytes, or epithelial cells

A

nubecula

78
Q

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

hazy

79
Q

Many particulates, print blurred through urine.

A

cloudy

80
Q

Print cannot be seen through urine

A

turbid

81
Q

May precipitate or be clotted

A

milky

82
Q

normal urine volume is adult

A

800-1600 ml/24hrs

83
Q

normal urine volume in children (6-12 yrs old)

A

500-1500 ml/24hrs

84
Q

normal urine in children (1-6 yrrs old)

A

300-1000 ml/24hours

85
Q

the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance

A

sg

86
Q

urine sg is high, usually above 1.010

A

hypersthenuric

87
Q

urine sg is normal, fixed at about 1.010

A

isosthenuric

88
Q

urine sg is low, usually less than 1.007

A

hyposthenuric

89
Q

low sg =

A

chronic nephritis, diabetes insipidus

90
Q

high sg =

A

diabetes mellitus, acute nephritis, fever

mt (54 decks)

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