1. glomerulus 2. bowman's capsule 3. proximal convoluted 4. loop of henle 5. distal convoluted tubules 6. collecting tubules 7. ureter 8. urinary bladder 9. urethra

URINALYSIS Flashcards by Sharmaine Madjid

the amount of filtered plasma

170,000 mL

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average daily urine output

1200 - 1500 mL (range of 600 – 2000 mL is considered normal)

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The MORE FLUID will intake, urine volume will ____

increase

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The LESSER FLUID will intake, urine volume will _____

decrease

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the concentration of urine is directly proportional to the ______

specific gravity

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“Concentrated Urine”, because urine is “concentrated” the color also affected, it becomes ______.

DARKER

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the less concentrated the urine is, the lesser is the _____ of the urine.

color (lighter)

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testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in expenditure, reliable, accurate, safe and cost-effective manner.

urinalysis

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purpose of urinalysis

to detect renal disease
for metabolic screening procedure
test from asymptomatic beginnings of conditions such as Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus and Liver Diseases

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pathways in urine

glomerulus
bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubules
collecting tubules
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

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renal tubular epithelial cells in nephrotic sundrome, absorb and become engaged with fat known as

OVAL FAT BODIES

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indicates lipid droplets contained in the cell

maltese cross

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abnormal increase (>2500 ml per 24hrs)

polyuria

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polyuria is associated with

diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus; or the use of diuretics, caffeine or alcohol which suppress the excretion of ADH.

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decrease urine volume (<500 ml per 24hrs) and seen in a state of dehydration

oligouria

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oliguria causes

excessive water loss, vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration or severe burns

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oliguria is associated with

acute nephritis and shock

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complete suppression of urine formation
may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidney
<100mL/24hrs for 3 consecutive days

anuria

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increased urine volume at night

nocturia

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involuntary voiding of urine at night

enuresis

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urine is composed mainly of __% of water and ___% of solids

95-97% of water and 3-5% of solids

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urine is composed of ____ organic and ____ inorganic substances

35g organic and 25g inorganic substances

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the major organic constituent
metabolic waste product produced by the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids

urea

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volume of urea composition

25g/L

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major inorganic constituent

chloride

volume of chloride composition

9g/L

Na, K in urine

- lesser amount present - Na is 4g/L primary from salt, varies by intake - K is 2g/liter, combined with Cl and other salts

product of creatine metabolism by muscles

creatinine

volume of creatinine in urine

1.5g/L

combines with sodium to buffer the blood

phosphate

volume of phosphate in urine

2g/L

product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cell

uric acid

uric acid volume in urine

0.6g/L

regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

ammonium

ammonium volume in urine

0.6g/L

combines with chloride, sulfate and phosphate

calcium

calcium volume in urine

0.2g/L

urine may also contain

- hormones, vitamins, medications and formed elements

formed elements in urine

- cells - cast - crystals - mucus - bacteria

To determine whether a particular fluid is urine

UREA-CREATININETEST

The specimen can be tested for its ____ and _____ content. Because both these substances are present in much higher concentrations in urine than in other body fluids, a high urea and creatinine content can identify a fluid as urine.

UREA ; CREATININE

Urine volume depends on the amount of _____ that the kidneys excrete

water

Major Body Constituent; therefore, the amount excreted is usually determined by the body’s state of hydration.

water

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE URINE VOLUME:

1) Fluid intake 2) Fluid loss from non-renal sources 3) Variations in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 4) Need to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids, such as glucose or salts.

the concentration of urine is directly proportional to the ______

specific gravity

FACTORS INFLUENCING URINE CONCENTRATION:

1) Dietary intake 2) Physical activity 3) Body metabolism 4) Endocrine functions 5) Body position

urine normal color

straw to amber yellow

yellow pigment

urochrome

pink pigment - ppt of amorphous urates

uroerythrin

oxidation product of urobilinogen w/c is orange-brown color

urobilin

color is due to increase urobilinogen or porphyrin

reddish amber

reddish amber colored urine is associated with

1) Congenital porphyra 2) Lead and barbital poisoning 3) Pernicious anemia 4) Haemolytic jaundice

color is due to bile pigment

Brownish yellow or Green to yellow foam

Brownish yellow or Green to yellow foam colored urine is associated with

1) Severe hepatocellular damage 2) Obstruction of lesion of bile flow

urine color due to Due to the presence of blood (hematuria) or blood pigment (hemoglobinuria)

Smoky red to brown

Smoky red to brown urine is associated with

1) Acute nephritis 2) Infants in kidneys 3) Bleeding lesions in urogenital tracts

urine color due to increase/high urobilinogen

yellow to amber

yellow to amber colored urine is associated with

1) Blood destruction 2) Liver disease

milky urine appearance is due to

Due to increase/high chylomicron, fats, pus, epithelial cells, urease, phosphates, & bacteria

Due to melanin pigments (melanoma)

Brownish black to brown black

urine color due to hemogenphysic acid or alkapton

black

black colored urine is associated with

alkaptonuria

urine color due to biliverdin

Greenish foam

normal urine odor

aromatic due to "urinod" or "volatile organic acids"

ammoniacal odor is caused by

bacteria (proteus) convert urea to ammonia

fruity odor is caused by

ketones (indicates diabetes, ketonuria)

putrid odor indicates

presence of pus (necrotic lesion of the GUT, carcinoma, cystitis, pyelonephritis)

maple syrup-like odor is due to

increased valine, leucine, isoleucine = maple syrup disease

pungent odor is due to

onion, garlic, asparagus

mousy odor is due to

pku

rancid odor is due to

tyrosinemia

sweaty feet odor is due to

isovaleric academia

cabbage odor is due to

methionine malabsorption

bleach odor is due to

contamination

normal transparency

clear and nubecula

clear urine indicates

fresh specimen

faint cloud in urine forms after standing it for some time due to mucus, leukocytes, or epithelial cells

nubecula

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

hazy

Many particulates, print blurred through urine.

cloudy

Print cannot be seen through urine

turbid

May precipitate or be clotted

milky

normal urine volume is adult

800-1600 ml/24hrs

normal urine volume in children (6-12 yrs old)

500-1500 ml/24hrs

normal urine in children (1-6 yrrs old)

300-1000 ml/24hours

the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance

urine sg is high, usually above 1.010

hypersthenuric

urine sg is normal, fixed at about 1.010

isosthenuric

urine sg is low, usually less than 1.007

hyposthenuric

low sg =

chronic nephritis, diabetes insipidus

high sg =

diabetes mellitus, acute nephritis, fever