microbio - Small, Pleomorphic , Gram-negative Bacilli Flashcards
1
Q
haemophilus greek words, “haima and philos” meaning
A
blood lover
2
Q
Obligate parasites on the mucous membranes of humans.
A
haemophilus
3
Q
haemophilus normally inhabit the URT of humans except _____
A
H. ducreyi
4
Q
haemophilus are Fastidious, non-motile, capnophilic, and facultatively anaerobic bacteria (T or F)
A
True
5
Q
haemopholus die rapidly in clinical specimen - very susceptible to ____ and ______.
A
drying and extreme temperatures
6
Q
Most species (haemophilus) will not grow on pure _____, though they are blood lovers
A
BAP
7
Q
haemophilus microscopy
A
Gram-negative, small, pleomorphic coccobacilli or rods.
8
Q
haemophilus biochemical test
A
(+) catalase : (+) oxidase except H. segnis
9
Q
haemophilus growth factors
A
X (hemin) and V factors ( NAD)
10
Q
haemophilus human pathogens
A
H.influenza
H.ducreyi
H.parainfluenzae
H.paraphrophilus
H.parahaemolyticus, H.pittmaniae,
H.aegyptius
H.segnis
11
Q
Main cause of meningitis in children, very fastidious and can be rapidly killed by phagocytes.
A
Haemophilus Influenzae
12
Q
Haemophilus Influenzae is the only member of the genus that produces _____ and does not produce _____.
A
IgA protease ; endotoxin
13
Q
Haemophilus Influenzae culture
A
Colonies are translucent, convex, tan-colored, and mucoid with a “mousy” or “bleach-like” odor.
14
Q
Haemophilus Influenzae principal virulence factor
A
Polysaccharide capsule ( serotype A to F)
15
Q
Haemophilus Influenzae biochemical test
A
Porphyrin (+)
16
Q
Two Categories of H. influenzae:
A
typeable form
non-typeable form
17
Q
category that is Based on the capsular characteristics of H. influenzae
A
typeable form
18
Q
H. influenzae typeable form encapsulated strains
A
A, B, C, D, E, and F
19
Q
cause of serious infections in humans and leading cause of meningitis in unvaccinated children.
A
H.influenzae type b ( Hib)
20
Q
(Non-typeable form) _____ strains (Do not produce capsules) and part of the ________ of the URT.
A
Non-encapsulated ; indigenous microbiota
21
Q
Second prevalent etiologic agent for otitis media with effusion after S. pneumonia.
A
H. influenzae non-typeable form
22
Q
Haemophilus ducreyi is not part of _____; only found in humans during _____
A
human flora ; infection
23
Q
Haemophilus ducreyi infects _____, _____, ____ and _____
A
mucosal epithelium, genital and nongenital skin, and regional lymph nodes
24
Q
Agent of chancroid or “soft chancre”
A
Haemophilus ducreyi
25
a highly communicable, sexually transmitted, genital ulcer disease.
chancroid or “soft chancre”
26
Hallmarks of chancroid
Buboes or suppurative, enlarged, draining, inguinal lymph nodes.
27
Haemophilus ducreyi culture
- colonies are transparent, small, non-mucoid, and tan or yellow.
- Difficult to pick up; “clumpy” appearance - saline suspension
28
Suppurative, enlarged, draining, inguinal lymph nodes (buboes) are common in the majority of infected patients.
Haemophilus ducreyi
29
Haemophilus ducreyi is commonly seen in _________ population.
socioeconomically disadvantaged
30
genital lesions; from tender papules to painful ulcers with several satellite lesions.
Chancroid
31
Haemophilus aegyptius is also called ..
Koch-Weeks bacillus
32
Genetically related to H. Influenzae
Haemophilus aegyptius
33
Haemophilus aegyptius was observed in conjunctivitis exudates from egyptians by ____ in 1883
Koch
34
The etiologic agent of pink eye conjunctivitis.
Haemophilus aegyptius
35
- Non-encapsulated
- Causes conjunctivitis primarily in pediatric population
- The etiologic agent of Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF)
Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius
36
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Mousy/bleach-like odor, Non-hemolytic
GROWTH FACTOR: X, V
INFECTION/DISEASES: Meningitis, Epiglottitis, Arthritis
H. influenzae
37
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Genetically related to H. influenzae
GROWTH FACTOR: X, V
INFECTION/DISEASES: Pink eye conjunctivitis
H.aegyptius (Koch-Weeks bacillus)
38
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Non-typeable
GROWTH FACTOR: X, V
INFECTION/DISEASES: Brazilian purpuric fever
H. influenzae Biogroup aegyptius
39
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: B-hemolytic
GROWTH FACTOR: X, V
INFECTION/DISEASES: - - - - -
H. haemolyticus
40
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: School of fish
GROWTH FACTOR: X
INFECTION/DISEASES: Chancroid or soft chancre
H. ducreyi
41
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Tan and dry colonies; B-hemolytic
GROWTH FACTOR: V
INFECTION/DISEASES: Pharyngitis
H. parahemolyticus
42
haemophilus specimens
CSF
Sputum
Genital lesions/ulcer
Joint fluid
Vaginal swab
Abscess drainage
Swabs from conjunctivae
Bronchial washing and
Blood.
43
Recovery of H. ducreyi, ulcer should be cleansed with sterile gauze pre-moistened with ________
phosphate-buffered saline.
44
in gram stain, H. ducreyi cells have a ______ arrangement.
“school of fish”
45
______ is the preferred medium for Haemophilus because it contains the __ and ____ factors.
CAP ; X and V
46
test for identifying the heme-producing species of Haemophilus.
PORPHYRIN TEST
47
(haemophilus) Serotype can be determined through identification of the distinct capsular antigen through _____, ________ or ______
latex agglutination, capsular swelling, immunofluorescence
48
______ is a rapid direct identification of the capsular antigens of H. influenzae.
Neufeld- Quellung reaction
49
Haemophilus species grow best at ______ degree cent., except H. ducreyi which grows at _____ degree cent. in an environment with ______ CO2.
35-37 ; 35 ; 5% to 10%
50
H.influenzae, grow as “satellites” on BAP around bacterial colonies that produce NAD.
V Factor
51
H.aegyptus requires ____ days of incubation while H. ducreyi requires _____ days.
four ; seven
52
No growth (haemophilus) occurs on _____ agar.
MacConkey
53
Selective media for H. influenzae
horse’s blood-bacitracin agar for respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis.
54
Selective media for H. aegyptius
CAP with 1% IsoVitaleX or Vitox
55
Selective media for H. ducreyi
selective Nairobi biplate medium ( combination of gonococcal agar and MHA with horse’s blood and vancomycin)
56
Group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria includes the following organisms: (HACEK/AACEK)
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus ( formerly H. aphrophilus)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Cardiobacterium hominis
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella species
57
AACEK KEY FEATURES:
- Indigenous oral microbiota; opportunistic pathogens
- Capnophilic (5-10% CO2)
- Fastidious and dysgonic; BAP & CAP- 7-14 days incubation
- Do not grow on MAC
- Low virulence EXCEPT those associated with periodontal infections
- Clinical Significance: Subacute bacterial endocarditis
58
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus causes
endocarditis
59
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus greek word "aphros and philia" meaning
foam loving or desiring high concentration of CO2
60
A. aphrophilus is found in ____ and ____
dental plaque and gingival scrapings.
61
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus culture
raised, convex, granular, yellowish
62
Isolated with Actinomyces in a polymicrobic infection.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
63
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is divided into 6 serotypes (_ to _) based on its surface ______
a to f ; polysaccharides
64
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is recognized etiologic agent in development of _______
periodontitis
65
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been isolated from ______, _______, abcesses of the _____ and ______, and ______.
blood, lung tissue, abcesses of the mouth and brain, and sinuses.
66
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans virulence factor
Collagenase and Leukotoxin
67
Culture: "star shaped" with 4-6 points in the center of colonies after 48 hours
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
68
In Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, addition of serum into the medium is necessary to demonstrate _________.
carbohydrate fermentation
69
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is differentiated from Actinobacillus spp because of the
Urease test, its urease (-)
70
It infects the aortic valve more frequently than the other HACEK organisms.
Cardiobacterium hominis
71
Cardiobacterium hominis shows _________ reactions in parts of the cells.
shows "false Gram-positive" reactions in parts of the cells.
72
microscopy: "rosette" formation, swellings and filamentous - BAP "sticklike structures"-yeast extract
Cardiobacterium hominis
73
culture: "pitting" may be seen
Cardiobacterium hominis
74
- It has been causes mixed infection from bites or clenched-fist wounds.
- It causes cellulitis among users of abused drugs - by licking the needle.
Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill)
75
It is the least common isolate of the HACEK group in adult infectious endocarditis.
Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill)
76
Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill) are ________ like the species of Moraxella.
assacharolytic
77
culture: yellow colonies; pit or corrode the agar with "sharp odor of bleach" may adhere to the sides of the tube and produce granules (broth)
Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill)
78
Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill) Biochemical test:
Lysine and decarboxylase (+); arginine dehydrolase (-)
79
They have tendency to resist decolorization.
Kingella
80
microscopy: Gram-negative plump rods to coccobacilli with squared ends in pairs or short chains
Kingella
81
Kingella may grow on _________, and may resemble N. gonorrheae if the isolate does not _____ the agar (as many strains do).
gonococcal media (TMA) ; pit
82
Kingella species
K. kingae (most pathogenic), K. oralis, K. denitrificans
83
_____ is the major Gram-negative bacterium isolated from degenerative joint and bone infections (osteoarthritis) in children younger than 3 years old.
K. kingae
84
K. denitrificans might grow at _____; superoxol (?).
42°C ; superoxol (-)
85
- Important human and animal pathogens, obligate aerobes and intracellular parasites.
- Non-motile, assacharolytic, and non-encapsulated; some species require an increased supply of CO2 for growth.
Brucella (Bang's Bacillus)
86
Brucella preferred specimen for isolation
blood and bone marrow
87
Microscopy: Small coccobacilli that are arranged singly, in pairs which have a “sandy appearance”
Brucella
88
BAP – colonies are small, convex, translucent, yellowish and non-haemolytic.
Brucella
89
Brucella species
Brucella abortus
B. canis
B. suis
B. melitensis
90
most virulent Brucella species
B. melitensis and B. suis
91
Brucella disease
Malta/Crimean/Mediterranean fever or brucellosis (undulant fever)
92
characterized by normal temperatures in the morning and then followed by high temperatures in the afternoon and evening.
Undulant fever
93
Primary routes of human infections (Brucellosis)
A. Ingestion of unpasteurized and contaminated milk or cheese from infected animals.
B. Inhalation of air around animal carcasses (aerosol infection)
C. Penetration of ocular or oral mucosa.
D. Direct inoculation into the bloodstream through abrasions in the skin of needlestick injuries.
94
NATURAL HOSTS: cattles
GROWTH IN 5%-10% CO2: +/-
H2S PRODUCTION: +
FUCHCIN: -
THIONINE: +
B.abortus
95
NATURAL HOSTS: dogs
GROWTH IN 5%-10% CO2: -
H2S PRODUCTION: -
FUCHCIN: +
THIONINE: -
B. canis
96
NATURAL HOSTS: goat/sheep
GROWTH IN 5%-10% CO2: -
H2S PRODUCTION: -
FUCHCIN: -
THIONINE: -
B.melitensis
97
NATURAL HOSTS: swines
GROWTH IN 5%-10% CO2: -
H2S PRODUCTION: +
FUCHCIN: +
THIONINE: -
B. suis
98
Bordetella is Obligately aerobic, fastidious Gram-negative coccobacilli. and Non-carbohydrate fermenter and non motile except fro ______
B.bronchiseptico.
99
Culture: Bordet-Gengou agar – smooth, glistening and have a silver color.
Bordatella
100
Growth Factors: Nicotinic acid, cysteine, and methionine
Bordatella
101
Bordatella Species
B.pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptico and B.avium
102
Etiologic agent of whooping cough. Only infects and causes disease in humans.
Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)
103
Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus) Does not survive well _____ the host.
outside
104
Culture: Bordet-Gengou agar – colonies are small and shiny and resembles “mercury drops”
Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)
105
Growth inhibitors: Fatty acids, metal ions, sulphides, and peroxides
Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)
106
Growth protectors: Charcoal, blood, and starch
Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)
107
Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus) Principal virulence factor
Pertussis toxin
108
Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus) Preferred specimen for isolation
Nasopharyngeal swab
109
Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus) related infection
Whooping Cough (pertussis)
110
Whooping Cough (pertussis) mode of acquisition
Inhalation of infected droplets
111
Incubation period of Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)
7-14 days
112
3 stages of whooping cough
1. catarrhal stage
2. paroxysmal "
3. convalescent "
113
highly communicable stage characterized by mucous membrane inflammation and mild coughing with runny nose.
Catarrhal stage of whooping cough
114
associated with vomiting and “whooping”or hurried deep respiration that may last for six weeks.
Paroxysmal stage of whooping cough
115
in this stage symptoms slowly decline, may last for six months after infection.
Convalescent stage
116
Laboratory Diagnosis of Bordatella
1. Gram stain – use of 0.2% basic fuchsin as counterstain enhances its visibility.
2. Culture : Regan-Lowe agar; Bordet-gengou agar, modified Jones-Kendrick charcoal agar and casamino acid broth.
3. Serologic tests : Bordetella species can be examined using DFA stains.
4. Nucleic acid test: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-rapid test and considered as more sensitive test than cultures.
117
Very small, obligately aerobic, non-motile coccobacillus under the genus Francisella and transmitted by a vector.
Francisella tularensis
118
Francisella tularensis - Category A select bioterrorism agent that requires to be processed according to biosafety _____ conditions.
level 3
119
Francisella tularensis reservoir
Cottontail rabbit
120
Microscopy: Gram-negative bacilli with bipolar staining.
Francisella tularensis
121
Francisella tularensis growth factors
Cysteine or cysteine and thiosulfate
122
Francisella tularensis disease
Tularemia ( deer fly or rabbit fever)
123
a zoonotic disease which can be acquired through ingestion of, contact with, or inhalation of the air around the infected tissues or carcasses.
Tularemia ( deer fly or rabbit fever)
124
Species isolated from animal bites( mainly from cats) or scratch wounds.
Pasteurella ( zoonotic bacteria)
125
Grows well on BAP and CAP: Small, straight, Gram-negative bacilli with a “safety pin” appearance.
Pasteurella ( zoonotic bacteria)
126
Most commonly isolated species in humans and a common isolate in dog and cat bite infections.
Pasteurella multocida
127
Pasteurella multocida culture has characteric _______, grows only on _____ and susceptible to ______.
mushroom smell ; BAP ; penicillin
128
Isolated from amniotic fluid, blood, and urogenital specimens from humans.
Pasteurella bettyae
129
Pasteurella bettyae is Transmitted ______; can grow on _____.
sexually ; MAC
130
Only genus in the family Legionnellaceae; fastidious, aerobic, motile and non-carbohydrate-fermenting.
Legionella
131
Legionella is acquired through ______
inhalation
132
causative agent of legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac fever.
Legionella pneumophila
133
Legionella pneumophila can be acquired if you _________ containing bacteria that causes the infection.
breathe in tiny droplets of water
134
Legionella pneumophila is usually caught in places like _______ where the bacteria have got into the ________
hotels, hospitals or offices ; water supply
135
Legionella pneumophila is Isolated in air such as .....
conditioned units, cooling towers, humidifiers and nebulizers.
136
Legionella Preferred medium
BCYE (Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract) with L-cysteine that is buffered to pH 6.9
