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mt > microbio - Small, Pleomorphic , Gram-negative Bacilli > Flashcards

microbio - Small, Pleomorphic , Gram-negative Bacilli Flashcards

1
Q

haemophilus greek words, “haima and philos” meaning

A

blood lover

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2
Q

Obligate parasites on the mucous membranes of humans.

A

haemophilus

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3
Q

haemophilus normally inhabit the URT of humans except _____

A

H. ducreyi

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4
Q

haemophilus are Fastidious, non-motile, capnophilic, and facultatively anaerobic bacteria (T or F)

A

True

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5
Q

haemopholus die rapidly in clinical specimen - very susceptible to ____ and ______.

A

drying and extreme temperatures

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6
Q

Most species (haemophilus) will not grow on pure _____, though they are blood lovers

A

BAP

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7
Q

haemophilus microscopy

A

Gram-negative, small, pleomorphic coccobacilli or rods.

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8
Q

haemophilus biochemical test

A

(+) catalase : (+) oxidase except H. segnis

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9
Q

haemophilus growth factors

A

X (hemin) and V factors ( NAD)

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10
Q

haemophilus human pathogens

A

H.influenza
H.ducreyi
H.parainfluenzae
H.paraphrophilus
H.parahaemolyticus, H.pittmaniae,
H.aegyptius
H.segnis

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11
Q

Main cause of meningitis in children, very fastidious and can be rapidly killed by phagocytes.

A

Haemophilus Influenzae

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12
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae is the only member of the genus that produces _____ and does not produce _____.

A

IgA protease ; endotoxin

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13
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae culture

A

Colonies are translucent, convex, tan-colored, and mucoid with a “mousy” or “bleach-like” odor.

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14
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae principal virulence factor

A

Polysaccharide capsule ( serotype A to F)

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15
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae biochemical test

A

Porphyrin (+)

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16
Q

Two Categories of H. influenzae:

A

typeable form
non-typeable form

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17
Q

category that is Based on the capsular characteristics of H. influenzae

A

typeable form

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18
Q

H. influenzae typeable form encapsulated strains

A

A, B, C, D, E, and F

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19
Q

cause of serious infections in humans and leading cause of meningitis in unvaccinated children.

A

H.influenzae type b ( Hib)

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20
Q

(Non-typeable form) _____ strains (Do not produce capsules) and part of the ________ of the URT.

A

Non-encapsulated ; indigenous microbiota

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21
Q

Second prevalent etiologic agent for otitis media with effusion after S. pneumonia.

A

H. influenzae non-typeable form

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22
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi is not part of _____; only found in humans during _____

A

human flora ; infection

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23
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi infects _____, _____, ____ and _____

A

mucosal epithelium, genital and nongenital skin, and regional lymph nodes

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24
Q

Agent of chancroid or “soft chancre”

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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25
Q

a highly communicable, sexually transmitted, genital ulcer disease.

A

chancroid or “soft chancre”

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26
Q

Hallmarks of chancroid

A

Buboes or suppurative, enlarged, draining, inguinal lymph nodes.

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27
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi culture

A
  • colonies are transparent, small, non-mucoid, and tan or yellow.
  • Difficult to pick up; “clumpy” appearance - saline suspension
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28
Q

Suppurative, enlarged, draining, inguinal lymph nodes (buboes) are common in the majority of infected patients.

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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29
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi is commonly seen in _________ population.

A

socioeconomically disadvantaged

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30
Q

genital lesions; from tender papules to painful ulcers with several satellite lesions.

A

Chancroid

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31
Q

Haemophilus aegyptius is also called ..

A

Koch-Weeks bacillus

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32
Q

Genetically related to H. Influenzae

A

Haemophilus aegyptius

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33
Q

Haemophilus aegyptius was observed in conjunctivitis exudates from egyptians by ____ in 1883

A

Koch

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34
Q

The etiologic agent of pink eye conjunctivitis.

A

Haemophilus aegyptius

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35
Q
  • Non-encapsulated
  • Causes conjunctivitis primarily in pediatric population
  • The etiologic agent of Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF)
A

Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius

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36
Q

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Mousy/bleach-like odor, Non-hemolytic
GROWTH FACTOR: X, V
INFECTION/DISEASES: Meningitis, Epiglottitis, Arthritis

A

H. influenzae

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37
Q

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Genetically related to H. influenzae
GROWTH FACTOR: X, V
INFECTION/DISEASES: Pink eye conjunctivitis

A

H.aegyptius (Koch-Weeks bacillus)

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38
Q

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Non-typeable
GROWTH FACTOR: X, V
INFECTION/DISEASES: Brazilian purpuric fever

A

H. influenzae Biogroup aegyptius

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39
Q

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: B-hemolytic
GROWTH FACTOR: X, V
INFECTION/DISEASES: - - - - -

A

H. haemolyticus

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40
Q

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: School of fish
GROWTH FACTOR: X
INFECTION/DISEASES: Chancroid or soft chancre

A

H. ducreyi

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41
Q

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Tan and dry colonies; B-hemolytic
GROWTH FACTOR: V
INFECTION/DISEASES: Pharyngitis

A

H. parahemolyticus

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42
Q

haemophilus specimens

A

CSF
Sputum
Genital lesions/ulcer
Joint fluid
Vaginal swab
Abscess drainage
Swabs from conjunctivae
Bronchial washing and
Blood.

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43
Q

Recovery of H. ducreyi, ulcer should be cleansed with sterile gauze pre-moistened with ________

A

phosphate-buffered saline.

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44
Q

in gram stain, H. ducreyi cells have a ______ arrangement.

A

“school of fish”

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45
Q

______ is the preferred medium for Haemophilus because it contains the __ and ____ factors.

A

CAP ; X and V

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46
Q

test for identifying the heme-producing species of Haemophilus.

A

PORPHYRIN TEST

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47
Q

(haemophilus) Serotype can be determined through identification of the distinct capsular antigen through _____, ________ or ______

A

latex agglutination, capsular swelling, immunofluorescence

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48
Q

______ is a rapid direct identification of the capsular antigens of H. influenzae.

A

Neufeld- Quellung reaction

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49
Q

Haemophilus species grow best at ______ degree cent., except H. ducreyi which grows at _____ degree cent. in an environment with ______ CO2.

A

35-37 ; 35 ; 5% to 10%

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50
Q

H.influenzae, grow as “satellites” on BAP around bacterial colonies that produce NAD.

A

V Factor

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51
Q

H.aegyptus requires ____ days of incubation while H. ducreyi requires _____ days.

A

four ; seven

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52
Q

No growth (haemophilus) occurs on _____ agar.

A

MacConkey

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53
Q

Selective media for H. influenzae

A

horse’s blood-bacitracin agar for respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis.

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54
Q

Selective media for H. aegyptius

A

CAP with 1% IsoVitaleX or Vitox

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55
Q

Selective media for H. ducreyi

A

selective Nairobi biplate medium ( combination of gonococcal agar and MHA with horse’s blood and vancomycin)

56
Q

Group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria includes the following organisms: (HACEK/AACEK)

A

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus ( formerly H. aphrophilus)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Cardiobacterium hominis
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella species

57
Q

AACEK KEY FEATURES:

A
  • Indigenous oral microbiota; opportunistic pathogens
  • Capnophilic (5-10% CO2)
  • Fastidious and dysgonic; BAP & CAP- 7-14 days incubation
  • Do not grow on MAC
  • Low virulence EXCEPT those associated with periodontal infections
  • Clinical Significance: Subacute bacterial endocarditis
58
Q

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus causes

A

endocarditis

59
Q

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus greek word “aphros and philia” meaning

A

foam loving or desiring high concentration of CO2

60
Q

A. aphrophilus is found in ____ and ____

A

dental plaque and gingival scrapings.

61
Q

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus culture

A

raised, convex, granular, yellowish

62
Q

Isolated with Actinomyces in a polymicrobic infection.

A

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

63
Q

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is divided into 6 serotypes (_ to _) based on its surface ______

A

a to f ; polysaccharides

64
Q

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is recognized etiologic agent in development of _______

A

periodontitis

65
Q

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been isolated from ______, _______, abcesses of the _____ and ______, and ______.

A

blood, lung tissue, abcesses of the mouth and brain, and sinuses.

66
Q

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans virulence factor

A

Collagenase and Leukotoxin

67
Q

Culture: “star shaped” with 4-6 points in the center of colonies after 48 hours

A

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

68
Q

In Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, addition of serum into the medium is necessary to demonstrate _________.

A

carbohydrate fermentation

69
Q

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is differentiated from Actinobacillus spp because of the

A

Urease test, its urease (-)

70
Q

It infects the aortic valve more frequently than the other HACEK organisms.

A

Cardiobacterium hominis

71
Q

Cardiobacterium hominis shows _________ reactions in parts of the cells.

A

shows “false Gram-positive” reactions in parts of the cells.

72
Q

microscopy: “rosette” formation, swellings and filamentous - BAP “sticklike structures”-yeast extract

A

Cardiobacterium hominis

73
Q

culture: “pitting” may be seen

A

Cardiobacterium hominis

74
Q
  • It has been causes mixed infection from bites or clenched-fist wounds.
  • It causes cellulitis among users of abused drugs - by licking the needle.
A

Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill)

75
Q

It is the least common isolate of the HACEK group in adult infectious endocarditis.

A

Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill)

76
Q

Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill) are ________ like the species of Moraxella.

A

assacharolytic

77
Q

culture: yellow colonies; pit or corrode the agar with “sharp odor of bleach” may adhere to the sides of the tube and produce granules (broth)

A

Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill)

78
Q

Eikenella corrodens (Corroding bacill) Biochemical test:

A

Lysine and decarboxylase (+); arginine dehydrolase (-)

79
Q

They have tendency to resist decolorization.

80
Q

microscopy: Gram-negative plump rods to coccobacilli with squared ends in pairs or short chains

81
Q

Kingella may grow on _________, and may resemble N. gonorrheae if the isolate does not _____ the agar (as many strains do).

A

gonococcal media (TMA) ; pit

82
Q

Kingella species

A

K. kingae (most pathogenic), K. oralis, K. denitrificans

83
Q

_____ is the major Gram-negative bacterium isolated from degenerative joint and bone infections (osteoarthritis) in children younger than 3 years old.

84
Q

K. denitrificans might grow at _____; superoxol (?).

A

42°C ; superoxol (-)

85
Q
  • Important human and animal pathogens, obligate aerobes and intracellular parasites.
  • Non-motile, assacharolytic, and non-encapsulated; some species require an increased supply of CO2 for growth.
A

Brucella (Bang’s Bacillus)

86
Q

Brucella preferred specimen for isolation

A

blood and bone marrow

87
Q

Microscopy: Small coccobacilli that are arranged singly, in pairs which have a “sandy appearance”

88
Q

BAP – colonies are small, convex, translucent, yellowish and non-haemolytic.

89
Q

Brucella species

A

Brucella abortus
B. canis
B. suis
B. melitensis

90
Q

most virulent Brucella species

A

B. melitensis and B. suis

91
Q

Brucella disease

A

Malta/Crimean/Mediterranean fever or brucellosis (undulant fever)

92
Q

characterized by normal temperatures in the morning and then followed by high temperatures in the afternoon and evening.

A

Undulant fever

93
Q

Primary routes of human infections (Brucellosis)

A

A. Ingestion of unpasteurized and contaminated milk or cheese from infected animals.
B. Inhalation of air around animal carcasses (aerosol infection)
C. Penetration of ocular or oral mucosa.
D. Direct inoculation into the bloodstream through abrasions in the skin of needlestick injuries.

94
Q

NATURAL HOSTS: cattles
GROWTH IN 5%-10% CO2: +/-
H2S PRODUCTION: +
FUCHCIN: -
THIONINE: +

95
Q

NATURAL HOSTS: dogs
GROWTH IN 5%-10% CO2: -
H2S PRODUCTION: -
FUCHCIN: +
THIONINE: -

96
Q

NATURAL HOSTS: goat/sheep
GROWTH IN 5%-10% CO2: -
H2S PRODUCTION: -
FUCHCIN: -
THIONINE: -

A

B.melitensis

97
Q

NATURAL HOSTS: swines
GROWTH IN 5%-10% CO2: -
H2S PRODUCTION: +
FUCHCIN: +
THIONINE: -

98
Q

Bordetella is Obligately aerobic, fastidious Gram-negative coccobacilli. and Non-carbohydrate fermenter and non motile except fro ______

A

B.bronchiseptico.

99
Q

Culture: Bordet-Gengou agar – smooth, glistening and have a silver color.

A

Bordatella

100
Q

Growth Factors: Nicotinic acid, cysteine, and methionine

A

Bordatella

101
Q

Bordatella Species

A

B.pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptico and B.avium

102
Q

Etiologic agent of whooping cough. Only infects and causes disease in humans.

A

Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)

103
Q

Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus) Does not survive well _____ the host.

104
Q

Culture: Bordet-Gengou agar – colonies are small and shiny and resembles “mercury drops”

A

Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)

105
Q

Growth inhibitors: Fatty acids, metal ions, sulphides, and peroxides

A

Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)

106
Q

Growth protectors: Charcoal, blood, and starch

A

Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)

107
Q

Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus) Principal virulence factor

A

Pertussis toxin

108
Q

Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus) Preferred specimen for isolation

A

Nasopharyngeal swab

109
Q

Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus) related infection

A

Whooping Cough (pertussis)

110
Q

Whooping Cough (pertussis) mode of acquisition

A

Inhalation of infected droplets

111
Q

Incubation period of Bordetella pertussis (Bordet-Gengou bacillus)

112
Q

3 stages of whooping cough

A
  1. catarrhal stage
  2. paroxysmal “
  3. convalescent “
113
Q

highly communicable stage characterized by mucous membrane inflammation and mild coughing with runny nose.

A

Catarrhal stage of whooping cough

114
Q

associated with vomiting and “whooping”or hurried deep respiration that may last for six weeks.

A

Paroxysmal stage of whooping cough

115
Q

in this stage symptoms slowly decline, may last for six months after infection.

A

Convalescent stage

116
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis of Bordatella

A
  1. Gram stain – use of 0.2% basic fuchsin as counterstain enhances its visibility.
  2. Culture : Regan-Lowe agar; Bordet-gengou agar, modified Jones-Kendrick charcoal agar and casamino acid broth.
  3. Serologic tests : Bordetella species can be examined using DFA stains.
  4. Nucleic acid test: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-rapid test and considered as more sensitive test than cultures.
117
Q

Very small, obligately aerobic, non-motile coccobacillus under the genus Francisella and transmitted by a vector.

A

Francisella tularensis

118
Q

Francisella tularensis - Category A select bioterrorism agent that requires to be processed according to biosafety _____ conditions.

119
Q

Francisella tularensis reservoir

A

Cottontail rabbit

120
Q

Microscopy: Gram-negative bacilli with bipolar staining.

A

Francisella tularensis

121
Q

Francisella tularensis growth factors

A

Cysteine or cysteine and thiosulfate

122
Q

Francisella tularensis disease

A

Tularemia ( deer fly or rabbit fever)

123
Q

a zoonotic disease which can be acquired through ingestion of, contact with, or inhalation of the air around the infected tissues or carcasses.

A

Tularemia ( deer fly or rabbit fever)

124
Q

Species isolated from animal bites( mainly from cats) or scratch wounds.

A

Pasteurella ( zoonotic bacteria)

125
Q

Grows well on BAP and CAP: Small, straight, Gram-negative bacilli with a “safety pin” appearance.

A

Pasteurella ( zoonotic bacteria)

126
Q

Most commonly isolated species in humans and a common isolate in dog and cat bite infections.

A

Pasteurella multocida

127
Q

Pasteurella multocida culture has characteric _______, grows only on _____ and susceptible to ______.

A

mushroom smell ; BAP ; penicillin

128
Q

Isolated from amniotic fluid, blood, and urogenital specimens from humans.

A

Pasteurella bettyae

129
Q

Pasteurella bettyae is Transmitted ______; can grow on _____.

A

sexually ; MAC

130
Q

Only genus in the family Legionnellaceae; fastidious, aerobic, motile and non-carbohydrate-fermenting.

A

Legionella

131
Q

Legionella is acquired through ______

A

inhalation

132
Q

causative agent of legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac fever.

A

Legionella pneumophila

133
Q

Legionella pneumophila can be acquired if you _________ containing bacteria that causes the infection.

A

breathe in tiny droplets of water

134
Q

Legionella pneumophila is usually caught in places like _______ where the bacteria have got into the ________

A

hotels, hospitals or offices ; water supply

135
Q

Legionella pneumophila is Isolated in air such as …..

A

conditioned units, cooling towers, humidifiers and nebulizers.

136
Q

Legionella Preferred medium

A

BCYE (Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract) with L-cysteine that is buffered to pH 6.9

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