cell structure Flashcards
used microscope to examine a think slice of cork, called them “cells”
Robert Hooke
first to view organism (living thing)
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
concluded that all plants were made of cells
Matthias Schleiden
concluded that all animals were made of cells
Theodore Schwann
observed cells dividing, “all cells come from other pre-existing cells”
Rudolf Virchow
all living things are made of cells
cell theory
the basic unit structure and function in an organism or the basic unit of life
cells
reproduction of existing cells
cell division
cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotes
cells with nucleus and membrane bound organelle
eukaryotes
3 basic structure of cells
nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm with organelle.
2 main type of eukaryotic cells
animal and plant cells
perform various functions for a cell and may or may not be membrane-bound
organelles
composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins and controls what enters and leave the cell
cell/plasma membrane
contains glycerol and phosphate and are hydrophilic
phospholipid head
made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic
phospholipid tails
move laterally to allow small molecules like o2, co2, and h2o to enter
phospholipids
help move large molecules
cell membrane proteins
attached on the surface
peripheral proteins
embedded completely through the membrane
integral proteins
jelly like substance enclosed by cell membrane, provides medium for chemical reactions
cytoplasm
controls the normal activities of the cell and contains the DNA
nucleus
control cell characteristics
genes
double membrane surrounding nucleus
nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane
functions for the materials to enter and leave nucleus
nuclear pores
where the genetic material is found
nucleus
in non-dividing cells, DNA appears as (spread out)
chromatin
in dividing cells, DNA forms as
chromosomes
hereditary material of the cell
DNA
code for different protein and makes up the DNA
genes
makes ribosomes, disappear when cell divides and found inside the nucleus
nucleolus
maintain cell shape, help move organelles, made of proteins
cytoskeleton
threadlike and made of actin
microfilaments
tubelike and made of tubulin
microtubules
found only in animal cells and help pull chromosome pairs apart
centrioles
powerhouse of the cells and appears both in plants and animal cells and site of cellular respiration
mitochondria
folded inner membrane
cristae
network of hollow membrane tubules that connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane (function: synthesis of cell products and transport)
endoplasmic reticulum
makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
rough er
ribosome make proteins on
ER surface
makes membrane lipids (steroids) and regulates calcium and destroys toxic substance
smooth er
protein factories for cell and ; protein and rRna maker
ribosome
ribosome attachment:
a. attached to er
b. be free in the cytoplasm
stacks of flattened sacs, receive proteins made by ER, modify, sort, and package molecules from ER for storage or transport out of cell
golgi bodies
digestive enzyme, breaks down food, bacteria and worn out cell parts
lysosome
cell death
apoptosis
cell take in foods through
phagocytosis
digest the food and get rid of waste
lysosome
function in moving cells, fluids or small particles across the cell surface
cilia and flagella
shorter and more numerous on cells
cilia
longer and fewer usually 1-3 on cells
flagella
found only in producers, surrounded by double membrane
chloroplasts
the chloroplast use sunlight energy to make ___
food (glucose)
storage of energy frok sun
chemical bonds of sugars
fluid filled sacks for storage, which may be small or absent in animal cells
vacuoles
cell sap
they store in plants
inner membrane modified into sacs
thylakoids
thylakoids in stacks
grana
gel like material surrounding thylakoids
stroma
