Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

mt > infection control > Flashcards

infection control Flashcards

1
Q

development of an infection and disease

A

pathogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

involves the growth and multiplication of microorganisms that cause damage to the host

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bodily invasion of pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce, multiply, and then
cause diseases through local cellular injury, toxin secretion, or antigen-antibody
reaction in the host.

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

an infection caused by a microorganism from the microbiota of the host.

A

autogenous infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

an infection that occurs as the result of some medical
treatment or procedure.

A

iatrogenic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

an infection that affects immunocompromised hosts but not the individuals with a normal immune system.

A

opportunistic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

also known as the hospital-acquired infection and type of infection that is acquired at a healthcare facility

A

nosocomial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the cornerstone of modern infection control programs

A

hand washing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 common types of nosocomial infections

A

urinary tract infection
lung infection
surgical site infection
blood stream infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Predisposing factors to nosocomial infections

A

a. Wide variety of microbes in the hospital environment

b. Weakened or immune-compromised patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the chain of transmission

A

i. From health workers to patients
ii. From patient to patients
iii. Use of fomites
iv. Airborne transmission
v. Vector-borne transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

signs and symptoms are confined in one area such as infected wounds, boils and abscesses

A

local infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

starts as a local infection before spreading to the other parts of the body such as tooth infection, tonsillitis, appendicitis, and wound infections caused
by Clostridium tetani.

A

focal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

microbes spread throughout the body through the blood or lymph.

A

systemic infection (generalized infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

– presence of bacteria in the blood.
- organisms invade the bloodstream without active multiplication
- Highest concentration of bacteria in the blood occurs before the fever spikes.

A

bacteremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

active multiplication of the invading bacteria in the blood.

A

septicemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

condition wherein pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the bloodstream and become localized at different parts of the body.

A

pyemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

an initial infection that causes the illness such as colds

A

primary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

an infection caused by opportunistic pathogens after the primary infection has weakened the host’s immune system such as pneumonia and bronchitis that may develop from a common cold.

A

secondary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

clinically silent inside the body and causes no
noticeable illnesses in the host. Then severe and acute infection manifests such as asymptomatic type polio infection

A

Latent infection (Silent phase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

an infection caused by two or more organisms such as wound infection

A

mixed infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

type of infection that develops and progresses slowly
such as whooping cough

A

Acute infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

an infection which develops slowly with milder but
longer-lasting symptoms such as tuberculosis

A

chronic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 routes of infection

A

direct and indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Congenital contact – Strept.agalactiae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema
    pallidum
  • Sexual contact – N.gonnorrhoeae and T.pallidum
  • Infectious respiratory secretions or droplets – Strept.pyogenes and N.meningitidis
  • Hand-to-hand transmission – Rhinovirus
A

direct transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

transmission through fomites, water and arthropod vectors

A

indirect transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A specific illness or disorder that is characterized by a recognizable signs and symptoms which are attributable to heredity, infection, and environment.

A

disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

It results when the infection produces notable changes in the human physiology, specifically those that cause damage to the body’s organ system

A

disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

infectious disease classification

A

communicable or contagious and non-communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

spreads from one host to another, either
directly or indirectly. such as the tuberculosis, herpes, flu, and chickenpox

A

communicable or contagious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

does not spread from one host to another and is caused by external microbes or by opportunistic pathogens living in the body. Examples are tetanus and botulism

A

non-communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

occurence of disease classification

A

sporadic
endemic
epidemic
pandemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

occurs occasionally

A

sporadic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

constantly present in a particular location or population.

A

endemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

disease that affects a large number of people in a population within a short period of time.

A

epidemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

disease that affects populations across large regions around the world.

A

pandemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

infectious disease effects

A

signs
symptoms
syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

these are objective changes that can be measured.

  • Examples are fever, redness, swelling, and paralysis
A

signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

are subjective indications of the disease in a person

  • Examples are pain and malaise
A

symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

is a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease.

  • Example is AIDS
A

syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

phases of infectious diseases

A

incubation period
prodromal period
clinical or illness period
decline period
convalescence or period of recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms.

A

incubation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the appearance of the signs and symptoms.

A

prodromal period

44
Q

peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an
infection or a disease.

A

clinical or illness period

45
Q

period in which the signs and symptoms begin to subside as
the host’s condition improves.

A

decline period

46
Q

period in which the surviving host is
recuperating towards full recovery.

A

Convalescence or the period of recovery

47
Q

predisposing factors of diseases

A
  1. Gender
  2. Genetic factors
  3. Climate and weather
  4. Nutrition
  5. Fatigue/stress
  6. Environment
  7. Lifestyle
  8. Age
  9. Occupation
48
Q

these organisms are able to invade the tissues of healthy
individuals through some inherent ability causing various diseases. - normally
found outside the host.

A

true pathogen

49
Q

normally do not cause diseases in their natural habitat in healthy person and they cause diseases if the host is immunocompromised or if they enter a different part of the body.

  • Examples are Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli.
A

opportunistic pathogens

50
Q

association of two organisms living in close proximity.

A

symbiosis

51
Q

symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from each
other.

A

mutualism

52
Q

a relationship in which one organism benefits while there is no
beneficial or harmful effect to the other.

A

commensalism

53
Q

a relationship in which one organism (parasite) benefits at the
expense of its host.

A

parasitism

54
Q

a complex interaction between the host, indwelling device,
and bacteria and is a key component in bacterial pathogenesis.

A

biofilm production

55
Q

pertains to the ability of a pathogenic agent to produce a disease in
a susceptible individual.

A

pathogenecity

56
Q

Ability of the microorganisms to cause diseases.

  • degree of pathogenicity
A

virulence

57
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL VIRULENCE

A

Toxic factors

Enzymatic factors

Cellular structure

58
Q

host resistance factors

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Cleansing mechanisms
  3. Antimicrobial substance

4.Indigenous/Normal microbial flora or microbiota

59
Q

temporarily inhabit, multiply in, and colonize an area for months or years

A

resident microbiota

60
Q

inhabit ( but do not multiply) and colonize an area until they are eliminated by either the host’s inherent immune defense or competition with
the resident microbiota.

A

transient microbiota

61
Q

microbiota of skin

A

staphylococcus, propionobacteria and corynebacterium (diphtheroids)

62
Q

microbiota of mouth and oral cavity

A

Streptococci viridans

63
Q

microbiota of upper respiratory tract

A

Streptococci viridans, diphtheroids and
Staph.epidermidis

64
Q

microbiota of nasopharynx

A

– Staph.aureus, Staph.epi, and Neisseria miningitidis

65
Q

microbiota of e. colon

A

E. coli, bacteroides, and lactobacilli

66
Q

microbiota of urethra

A

diphtheroids, Staph.epidermidis and alpha – and non-haemolytic Streptococci.

67
Q
  • provides the human host with the ability to create a specific protective response
    against microorganisms.
  • “memorizes” all of the encountered microorganisms
A

immune response

68
Q

normal immune system removes the bacteria from the blood within how many minutes

A

30 to 45

69
Q
  • host’s immune response may be reduced or altered due to
A

immunocompressive
drugs, chemotherapy, or radiation

70
Q

2 types of specific immunity

A

humoral/anti-body mediated and cellular/cell-mediated

71
Q

based on the action of soluble proteins
called antibodies that occur in the body fluids and on the plasma membrane of
B-lymphocytes.

A

humoral (antibody mediated) immunity

72
Q

based on the action of specific kinds of
T-lymphocytes that directly attack the cells that are infected with viruses, parasites,
cancer cells, or transplanted cells.

A

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

73
Q

the protection of susceptible humans and domestic animals from
communicable diseases through the administration of vaccines.

A

active immunization

74
Q

specific response of the host to an invading organism.

A

acquired active immunity

75
Q

ability of the B-lymphocytes to recall pathogens during the
primary encounter leading to a higher antibody response on the second encounterability of the B-lymphocytes to recall pathogens during the
primary encounter leading to a higher antibody response on the second encounter

A

anamnestic immunity

76
Q

a major genetically determined change in the antigenic property of an
organism in which it becomes unrecognizable by the host’s immune system.

A

antigenic shift

77
Q

a minor antigenic change as a result of mutation in the organism
strains.

  • facilitates the pathogen in avoiding host-immune responses
A

antigenic drift

78
Q

these are antibodies that are attached to the
surface of pathogens and which kill the bacteria by lysis.

A

Complement-fixing antibodies

79
Q

non-specific response that activates chemotaxis, or
the process which phagocytes

A

natural (innate) immunity

80
Q

transient type immunization that is administered to
individuals without fully activating the person’s immune system to create the
corresponding antibodies to diseases.

A

passive immunization

81
Q

these are attached to the surface of microorganisms and which render pathogens susceptible phagocytosis.

A

opsonizing antibodies

82
Q

infectious agent factors

A
  1. Adherence
  2. Proliferation
  3. Tissue damage
  4. production of toxins
83
Q

2 types of toxins

A

exotoxin and endotoxins

84
Q

known to be one of the most lethal substances. Mostly present in Gram
positive and Gram negative bacteria

  • do not require bacterial death to be released into circulation.

-do not produce fever to the host

Infectious Agent Factors

  • they are either secreted or excreted by living miroorganisms.

-some examples are the cytotoxins , neurotoxins, and enterotoxins.

  • some bacteria that produces this kind of toxins are Clostridium botulinum,
    C.diphtheria, Staph.aureus and Strept.pyogenes.
A

exotoxin

85
Q

composed of the LPS of the cell wall

  • present only in Gram negative bacteria
  • stimulates the fever center in the hypothalamus
  • realeased when bacteria dies and cell wall undergo lysis
  • toxicity is due to the lipid A portion of the LPS
A

endotoxin

86
Q

process of penetrating and growing in tissues.

A

invasion

87
Q

it is the spread of microorganisms to distant body sites.

A

dissemination

88
Q

-Respiratory spread of infectious diseases is common

  • Secretions are aerolized by coughing, sneezing, and talking
  • Tuberculosis, brucellosis, tularemia and plague maybe acquired through inhalation
A

airborne transmission

89
Q

infection occur via fecal- oral route

  • Gastric enzymes and juices in the stomach prevent the survival of most organisms.
  • Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7
A

Transmission by food and water

90
Q

refers to the passage of organism through salivary, skin, and
genital contact.

A

close contact

91
Q

cause infection through the normal oral microbiota

A

cuts and bites

92
Q

infection multiply within the arthropod which transmits the
microorganisms while feeding off a human host

A

arthropods

93
Q

these animal diseases that depends on the contact with animals or
animal by-product for transmission

A

zoonoses

94
Q

study of occurrence, distribution, and cause of disease or injury

A

epidemiology

95
Q

person or animal that harbors and spreads a microbes that causes a
disease but does not become ill himself.

A

carrier

96
Q

harbors the microorganisms temporarily for a few days or
weeks

A

casual/acute/transient carrier

97
Q

remains infected for a relatively long time sometimes
throughout its entire life

A

chronic carrier

98
Q

an individual who has recovered from infection but
continues to harbour large numbers of the pathogen.

A

Convalescent carrier

99
Q

an individual who has an overt clinical case of the disease

A

active carrier

100
Q

the organism or disease are indigenous to or
constantly present in a geographic area or population

A

Likelihood of becoming endemic

101
Q

affects a significantly large number of people
in a short period of time.

A

Likelihood of becoming epidemic

102
Q

affects huge population across the regions like
several countries or a continent

A

likelihood of becoming pandemic

103
Q

number of times a new event occurs in a given period

A

incidence rate

104
Q

time between the exposure to a pathogen and the onset of
symptoms

A

incubation period

105
Q

number of cases of a disease in a specified population during a
defined time interval.

A

morbidity rate

106
Q

number of deaths due to a disease in a population

A

mortality rate

107
Q

– source of an infection, which may be a person, animal or any object
from the environment.

A

reservoir

mt (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions