histopath - staining Flashcards
Is the application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated.
counter staining
Entails the used of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself.
Metachromatic Staining
With this technique the tissue is first over stained to obliterate the cellular details and the excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired color is obtained.
Regressive Staining
Is the process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained.
Progressive Staining
Is the selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining in order that a specific substance may be stained distinctly from the surrounding tissues.
Decolorization
The process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions.
Direct Staining
The process where the action of dye is intensified by adding another agent or mordant which serve as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye, to make staining reaction possible.
Indirect Staining
Selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle.
Vital Staining
________ staining of living cells is done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body, producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticulo-endothelial system.
Intravital Staining
Is used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body.
Supravital Staining
are those obtained from plants and animals, previously utilized for dyeing of wool and cotton.
Natural Dyes
Natural Dyes examples
Hematoxylin, Cochineal dyes and its derivatives, Orcein, Saffron
Hematoxylin, derived by extraction from the core of the heartwood of a Mexican tree known __________
Hematoxylin Campechianum
Hematoxylin active coloring agent is ________, formed by the oxidation of __________.
hematin ; hematoxylin
hematoxylin strong oxidizing agents
Hydrogen peroxide, Mercuric oxide, Potassium permanganate, Na perborate, Na iodate
Extracted from the female cochineal bug (Coccus Cacti), W/c is treated with alum to produce the dye carmine.
Cochineal Dyes
When combined with aluminum chloride (Bests’ Carmine stain) is used for demonstration of glycogen.
Cochineal Dyes
- Vegetable dye extracted from certain lichens
Orcein
Orcein is used for staining _____
Elastic Fibers
______ is also obtained from lichens, treated with ____ and _____ and exposed to ____ and ____.
Litmus ; lime ; soda ; ammonia; air
Known as “Coal Tar Dyes”
Synthetic Dyes
Synthetic Dyes derived from the ________ and are collectively known as _______
hydrocarbon benzene ; Aniline dyes
______ are substances with definite atomic groupings and are capable of producing visible colors
Chromophores
Benzene contains ________
chromogens
where the coloring substance is found in the acid component.
Acid Dyes
where the active coloring substance is found in a basic component that combines with the acid radical.
Basic Dyes
formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes, capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially.
Neutral Dyes
Neutral dyes is capable of staining _______ and ________ simultaneously and differentially
cytoplasm and nucleus
Neutral Dyes examples
Romanowsky dyes (hematology), Giemsa stain and Irishman’s stain (Leucocyte differentiation)
_____ recommended for progressive staining of tissues and can also be used for regressive staining
Aluminum Hematoxylin Solutions
generally used for regressive staining
Erlich’s Hematoxylin-
Erlich’s Hematoxylin stained _________ substances (cartilage & cement lines of bones)
mucopolysaccharide
a good regressive stain. Used also for routine nuclear stain, exfoliative cytology and for sex chromosomes
Harris hematoxylin
recommended for routine purposes, especially used in sequence with celestine blue.
Cole’s Hematoxylin
Alum hematoxylin ripened with Na iodate. Used as regressive and progressive stain.
Mayer’s Hematoxylin
Mayer’s Hematoxylin is used as ______ counterstain
nuclear counterstain
Used for differential or regressive staining
Iron hematoxylin
Iron hematoxylin examples
weigert’s solution
heidenhein’s solution
weigert’s solution uses _______ as mordant
ferric ammonium chloride
heidenhein’s solution uses ______ as mordant
ferric ammonium sulfate
Demonstrates nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, voluntary muscle straitions and myelin
Heidenhein’s solution
-It is a progressive stain
- Demonstrates structures in paraffin, celloidin and frozen sections.
Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)
Used for differentially staining connective tissues and cytoplasm
Eosin
Used as counterstain after hematoxylin and before methylene blue.
Eosin
3 forms of eosin
Yellowish (Eosin Y)
Bluish (Eosin B, Erythrosin B)
Ethyl Eosin
shows a green yellow fluorescence especially in alcoholic medium.
Yellowish (Eosin Y)
deeper red color
Eosin B, Erythrosin B (Bluish)
Eosin S, Eosin alcohol-soluble
Ethyl eosin
is a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for demonstration of connective tissues.
Van Gieson’s Stain (Acid Fuchsin-Picric Acid)
a basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells, giving green fluorescence for DNA and a red fluorescence for RNA
Acridine Orange
demonstrates deposits of Calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activities.
Acridine Red 3B
for specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucin.
Alcian Blue
a cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining of epithelial sections
Aniline Blue
a plasma stain used for deep staining of acid-fast organisms, for mitochondria, for differentiation of smooth muscles with the use of picric acid.
Basic Fuchsin
Basic Fuchsin examples
Carbol-Fuchsin, Coleman’s Feulgen Reagent, Schiff’s reagent, Mallory’s Fuchsin stain, Aldehyde Fuchsin
