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SEMENALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

thick, viscous fluid secreted by male and their ejaculation during the height of sexual intercourse.

A

SEMEN

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2
Q

usually performed as a part of comprehensive infertility investigation involving both partners of barren marriage.

A

Examination of seminal fluid

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3
Q

The chief points to be observed are

A

the number and the
motility of the spermatozoa

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4
Q

FLUIDS FROM SEMINAL VESICLES

A

Fructose
Citric Acid
Potassium
Ascorbic Acid
Phosphorylcholine
Ergothionine

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5
Q

fluid contains a high
concentration of fructose

A

Ergothionine

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6
Q

Fluids from prostate glands

A

Citric Acid
Acid phosphatase
Proteolytic enzymes

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7
Q

An enzymes chiefly
responsible for the coagulation & liquefaction of semen.

A

Proteolytic enzymes

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8
Q

Specimens are collected following a period of sexual abstinence
from ____ days; not longer than ___ days.

A

2-3 ; 5

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9
Q

pecimens collected following prolonged abstinence tend to have

A

higher volumes and decreased motility

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10
Q

____ samples are usually tested
at ____-week intervals, w/ ___abnormal samples considered significant.

A

2-3; 2; 2

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11
Q

semen collection method

A

masturbation

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12
Q

if not thru masturbation, use..

A

non-lubricant-containing rubber or polyurethane condoms

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13
Q

most number of sperm occurs in ___

A

first ejaculation

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14
Q

start of semenalysis if ___ occur

A

liquefaction

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15
Q

Specimens awaiting analysis should be kept at

A

37 deg celcius

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16
Q

SEMINAL BANKS

A

Preserved in FROZEN state
Stored for 1 year
85 deg celcius below zero

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17
Q

4 methods of collection

A
  1. self production or masturbation
  2. condom collection
  3. interrupted coitus or coitus interrupts
  4. aspiration from vaginal vault
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18
Q

Best method of collection because there is no use of any lubricant which may cause contamination and of course the entire volume can be collected.

A

Self-production or Masturbation

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19
Q

 Amount is reduced and contaminated
 Rubber tubing is used for prophylactic purposes.
 If to be used for collection, it should be washed first and
dried before using. This is to eliminate the spermicidal and
bactericidal powder/substances in the condom

A

condom collection

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20
Q

 Interrupt sexual contact
 Reduced amount with contamination

A

Interrupted Coitus or Coitus Interruptus

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21
Q

Erroneous

A

Aspiration from Vaginal Vault

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22
Q

parameters of semenalysis

A

1) Appearance
2) Volume
3) Viscosity
4) pH
5) Sperm Concentration and Count
6) Motility
7) Morphology

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23
Q

the entire volume of testes

A

5%

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24
Q

contains seminiferous tubules

A

testes

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25
Q

provide support and nutrients for the germ cells as they undergo mitosis and meiosis

A

sertoli cells

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26
Q

When spermatogenesis is complete, the immature sperm (nonmotile) enter the

A

epididymis

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27
Q

where Sperm maturation and develop flagella.

A

epididymis

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28
Q

where the sperm is remained stored until ejaculation

A

epididymis

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29
Q

Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts.

A

DUCTUS DEFERENS (Vas Deferens)

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30
Q

entire volume of seminal vesicle

A

60 to 70%

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31
Q

produce the majority of the fluid present in semen and Provide nutrients for sperm and fluid.

A

seminal vesicle

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32
Q

metabolize the fructose for the energy needed for the flagella to propel them through the female reproductive tract.

A

spertamatozoa

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33
Q

In the absence of _____, sperm do not display motility in the semen analysis

A

fructose

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34
Q

entire volume is 20-30%

A

prostate gland

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35
Q

provide enzymes and proteins for coagulation and liquefaction

A

prostate gland

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36
Q

location of prostate gland

A

Located: below the bladder, surrounds the upper
urethra

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37
Q

aids in propelling the sperm through the urethra by contractions during ejaculation

A

prostate gland

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38
Q

located below the prostate and the entire volume is 5%

A

bulbourethral gland, also called Cowper’s Gland

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39
Q

to neutralize prostatic acid and vaginal acidity

A

add alkaline mucus

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40
Q

white turbidity in sperm means

A

presence of WBCs and infection within the reproductive tract.

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41
Q

may be useful to screen
for the presence of WBCs.

A

leukocyte esterase reagent strip test

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42
Q

a liquid that is toxic to sperm and may affect evaluation of motility

A

urine

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43
Q

how many minutes does liquefaction occur

A

30 to 60 minutes

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44
Q

If after 2 hours the specimen has not liquified, _____ may be added to allow the
rest of the analysis to be performed.

A

proteolytic enzymes such as alpha-chymotrypsin

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45
Q

Failure of liquefaction to occur may be caused by

A

deficiency in prostatic enzymes (should be reported)

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46
Q

normal semen volume

A

2-5 mL

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47
Q

volume is affected by

A

1) Psychological – attraction, response of women.
2) Physiological – abnormalities in genitalia.

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48
Q

refers to the consistency of the fluid and may be related to specimen liquefaction.

A

specimen viscosity

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49
Q

Incompletely liquefied specimens will produce a

A

clumped & highly viscous semen

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50
Q

____ and ____ affect sperm motility

A

Increased viscosity and incomplete liquefaction.

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51
Q

normal pH of semen

A

alkaline, range of 7.2 to 8.0.

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52
Q

high pH semen is associated with

A

infection within the reproductive tract.

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53
Q

low pH semen is associated with

A

associated with increased prostatic fluid

54
Q

normal sperm concentration

A

greater than 20 million/Ml

55
Q

borderline of sperm conc.

A

bet. 10 and 20 million per milliliter

56
Q

sperm concentration is performed using

A

Neubauer counting chamber

57
Q

normal sperm count

A

greater than 40 million/ejaculate

58
Q

total sperm count for ejaculate formula

A

sperm concentration x specimen volume

59
Q

ratio of dilution in sperm count

A

1:20

60
Q

The traditional diluting fluid contains

A

sodium bicarbonate and formalin

61
Q

immobilize and preserve the cells

A

sodium bicarbonate and formalin

62
Q

good results can also be achieved using ___ as a diluting fluid

A

saline and distilled water

63
Q

sperm counts are performed using __ microscope

A

phase or bright-field
microscopy.

64
Q

greater than 1 million WBCs/mL is associated with

A

associated with inflammation or infection of the reproductive organs that can lead to infertility.

65
Q

greater than 1 million spermatids/mL indicates

A

indicates disruption of spermatogenesis

66
Q

1 million spermatids/mL = indicates disruption of spermatogenesis. This may be caused by

A

Viral infections, Exposure to toxic chemicals, Genetic disorders.

67
Q

high semen volume is =

A

= extended abstinence

68
Q

low semen volume is =

A

= infertility (may indicate improper functioning of one of the semen-producing organs, primarily the seminal vesicles)

69
Q

normal sperm motility

A

minimum motility of 50% with a rating of 2.0 after 1hr.

70
Q

 Provides objective determination of both sperm velocity and
trajectory (direction of motion).
 Specialize in andrology and perform a high volume of semen analysis.

A

CASA - Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis

71
Q

how many drop of semen on a clean slide is placed in bloom’s method?

A

1 drop of semen

72
Q

how many drops of 5% eosin is placed in bloom;s method

A

2 drops of 5% eosin

73
Q

after eosin, what should be added and how many drops?

A

4 drops of nitrogen and mix

74
Q

bloom’s method = result

A

colorless = motile
red w/ black background = non-motile

75
Q

a method in semen analysis for examining living, unstained sperms

A

hanging drop

76
Q

WHO CRITERIA: Rapid, straight-line motility

A

4.0, grade A

77
Q

WHO CRITERIA: Slower speed, some lataeral movement

A

3.0, grade B

78
Q

WHO CRITERIA: Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement

A

2.0, grade B

79
Q

WHO CRITERIA: No forward progression

A

1.0, grade C

80
Q

WHO CRITERIA: no movement

A

0, grade D

81
Q

The presence of sperm that are morphologically incapable of fertilization also results in

A

infertility

82
Q

Sperm morphology is evaluated with respect to the structure of the

A

head, neckpiece, midpiece, and tail.

83
Q

Abnormal Head is associated with

A

poor ovum penetration

84
Q

Abnormal Neck, Middle piece Tail affect

A

motility

85
Q

the shape of head shape of normal sperm

A

Oval-shaped head

86
Q

how long and wide is the normal sperm Oval-shaped head

A

5m long & 3m wide

87
Q

Flagellar tail approximately___ long.

A

45 m long.

88
Q

Enzyme-containing located at the tip of the head

A

acrosomal cap

89
Q

Encompass approximately half of the head and covers approximately two thirds (2/3) of the sperm nucleus.

A

acrosomal cap

90
Q

attaches the head to the tail and the midpiece.

A

neckpiece

91
Q

thickest part of the tail

A

midpiece

92
Q

surrounds the midpiece and produces energy required by the tail for motility

A

mitochondrial sheath

93
Q

stained slide is examined under

A

oil immersion

94
Q

stains use

A

1) Wright’s stain
2) Giemsa stain, or
3) Papanicolaou stain

95
Q

Air-dried slides are stable for ___ hrs

A

24

96
Q

no. of sperm evaluated

A

200

97
Q

what cause the sperm
head to bend backward

A

long neckpiece

98
Q

 Requires the use of a stage
micrometer or morphometry.
 Not routinely performed in
the clinical laboratory but is recommended by the WHO.
 An integral part of assisted reproduction evaluations.

A

Kruger’s strict criteria

99
Q

strict criteria

A

> 14% normal forms

100
Q

routine criteria

A

> 30% normal forms

101
Q

different abnormalities in head of sperm

A

double head
giant head
amorphous head
pinhead
tapered head
constricted head

102
Q

different abnormalities in tail of sperm

A

double tail
coiled tail
spermatid = no tail

103
Q

abnormal result = Decreased motility with normal count

possible abnormalities = viability

A

Eosin-nigrosin Stain Test

104
Q

abnormal result = Decreased count

possible abnormalities = Lack of seminal vesicle support medium

A

Fructose level Test

105
Q

abnormal result = Decreased motility with clumping

possible abnormalities = Male antisperm antibodies

A

Mixed agglutination reaction and immunobead tests Sperm agglutination with male serum

106
Q

abnormal result = Normal analysis with continued infertility

possible abnormalities = Female antisperm antibodies

A

Sperm agglutination with female serum (test)

107
Q

seminal fluid fructose

A

fructose
sucrose
glucose
maltose
lactose

108
Q

the seminal fluid fructose percentage

A

fructose = 173.3% (sweetest sugar)
sucrose = 100%
glucose = 74%
maltose = 32%
lactose = 16%

109
Q

Low sperm concentration may be caused by

A

lack of the support medium produced in the seminal vesicles.

110
Q

Low sperm concentration can be indicated by

A

low to absent fructose level in the semen.

111
Q

Specimens can be screened for the presence of fructose using

A

resorcinol test

112
Q

resorcinol test produces ___ color when ___ is present

A

orange color ; fructose is present

113
Q

Specimens for fructose levels should be tested within ___ hours

A

2 hours

114
Q

Specimens for fructose levels should be frozen to prevent

A

fructolysis

115
Q

_____ can be present in both men and women.

A

Antisperm antibodies

116
Q

Antisperm antibodies may be detected in

A

semen
serum
cervical mucosa
seminal fluid

117
Q

separates sperm from the male immune system under normal conditions

A

blood-testes barrier

118
Q

When this barrier is disrupted, as can occur following

A

surgery, vasectomy reversal (vasovasostomy), trauma, and infection

119
Q

the antigens on the sperm produce an ____ that damages the sperm.

A

immune response

120
Q

damaged sperm may cause the

A

production of antibodies in the female partner

121
Q

can be suspected when clumps of sperm are observed during a routine semen analysis.

A

MALE SUBJECT

122
Q

Results in a normal semen analysis accompanied by continued infertility.

A

FEMALE SUBJECT

123
Q

may be demonstrated by mixing the semen with the female cervical mucosa or serum and observing for agglutination.

A

WOMEN

124
Q

Screening procedure used primarily to detect the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.

A

Mixed Agglutination Reaction (MAR) Test

125
Q

 Used to detect the presence of IgG, IgM, & IgA
antibodies.
 Demonstrates what area of the sperm (head, neckpiece,
midpiece, or tail) the autoantibodies are affecting.

A

Immunobead Test

126
Q

sperm function test

A

hamster egg penetration
cervical mucos penetration
hypo-osmotic swelling
in vitro acrosome reaction

127
Q

Sperm are incubated with species nonspecific hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically

A

hamster egg penetration

128
Q

Observation of sperm penetration ability of partner’s midcycle cervical mucus

A

cervical mucus penetration

129
Q

Sperm exposed to low-sodium concentrations are evaluated for membrane integrity and sperm viability

A

hypo-osmotic swelling

130
Q

Evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration

A

In vitro acrosome reaction

131
Q

It can be measured by pouring the specimen into a clean ______ calibrated in ______ increments

A

graduated cylinder ; 0.1-mL

mt (54 decks)

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