SEMENALYSIS Flashcards
thick, viscous fluid secreted by male and their ejaculation during the height of sexual intercourse.
SEMEN
usually performed as a part of comprehensive infertility investigation involving both partners of barren marriage.
Examination of seminal fluid
The chief points to be observed are
the number and the
motility of the spermatozoa
FLUIDS FROM SEMINAL VESICLES
Fructose
Citric Acid
Potassium
Ascorbic Acid
Phosphorylcholine
Ergothionine
fluid contains a high
concentration of fructose
Ergothionine
Fluids from prostate glands
Citric Acid
Acid phosphatase
Proteolytic enzymes
An enzymes chiefly
responsible for the coagulation & liquefaction of semen.
Proteolytic enzymes
Specimens are collected following a period of sexual abstinence
from ____ days; not longer than ___ days.
2-3 ; 5
pecimens collected following prolonged abstinence tend to have
higher volumes and decreased motility
____ samples are usually tested
at ____-week intervals, w/ ___abnormal samples considered significant.
2-3; 2; 2
semen collection method
masturbation
if not thru masturbation, use..
non-lubricant-containing rubber or polyurethane condoms
most number of sperm occurs in ___
first ejaculation
start of semenalysis if ___ occur
liquefaction
Specimens awaiting analysis should be kept at
37 deg celcius
SEMINAL BANKS
Preserved in FROZEN state
Stored for 1 year
85 deg celcius below zero
4 methods of collection
- self production or masturbation
- condom collection
- interrupted coitus or coitus interrupts
- aspiration from vaginal vault
Best method of collection because there is no use of any lubricant which may cause contamination and of course the entire volume can be collected.
Self-production or Masturbation
Amount is reduced and contaminated
Rubber tubing is used for prophylactic purposes.
If to be used for collection, it should be washed first and
dried before using. This is to eliminate the spermicidal and
bactericidal powder/substances in the condom
condom collection
Interrupt sexual contact
Reduced amount with contamination
Interrupted Coitus or Coitus Interruptus
Erroneous
Aspiration from Vaginal Vault
parameters of semenalysis
1) Appearance
2) Volume
3) Viscosity
4) pH
5) Sperm Concentration and Count
6) Motility
7) Morphology
the entire volume of testes
5%
contains seminiferous tubules
testes
provide support and nutrients for the germ cells as they undergo mitosis and meiosis
sertoli cells
When spermatogenesis is complete, the immature sperm (nonmotile) enter the
epididymis
where Sperm maturation and develop flagella.
epididymis
where the sperm is remained stored until ejaculation
epididymis
Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts.
DUCTUS DEFERENS (Vas Deferens)
entire volume of seminal vesicle
60 to 70%
produce the majority of the fluid present in semen and Provide nutrients for sperm and fluid.
seminal vesicle
metabolize the fructose for the energy needed for the flagella to propel them through the female reproductive tract.
spertamatozoa
In the absence of _____, sperm do not display motility in the semen analysis
fructose
entire volume is 20-30%
prostate gland
provide enzymes and proteins for coagulation and liquefaction
prostate gland
location of prostate gland
Located: below the bladder, surrounds the upper
urethra
aids in propelling the sperm through the urethra by contractions during ejaculation
prostate gland
located below the prostate and the entire volume is 5%
bulbourethral gland, also called Cowper’s Gland
to neutralize prostatic acid and vaginal acidity
add alkaline mucus
white turbidity in sperm means
presence of WBCs and infection within the reproductive tract.
may be useful to screen
for the presence of WBCs.
leukocyte esterase reagent strip test
a liquid that is toxic to sperm and may affect evaluation of motility
urine
how many minutes does liquefaction occur
30 to 60 minutes
If after 2 hours the specimen has not liquified, _____ may be added to allow the
rest of the analysis to be performed.
proteolytic enzymes such as alpha-chymotrypsin
Failure of liquefaction to occur may be caused by
deficiency in prostatic enzymes (should be reported)
normal semen volume
2-5 mL
volume is affected by
1) Psychological – attraction, response of women.
2) Physiological – abnormalities in genitalia.
refers to the consistency of the fluid and may be related to specimen liquefaction.
specimen viscosity
Incompletely liquefied specimens will produce a
clumped & highly viscous semen
____ and ____ affect sperm motility
Increased viscosity and incomplete liquefaction.
normal pH of semen
alkaline, range of 7.2 to 8.0.
high pH semen is associated with
infection within the reproductive tract.
low pH semen is associated with
associated with increased prostatic fluid
normal sperm concentration
greater than 20 million/Ml
borderline of sperm conc.
bet. 10 and 20 million per milliliter
sperm concentration is performed using
Neubauer counting chamber
normal sperm count
greater than 40 million/ejaculate
total sperm count for ejaculate formula
sperm concentration x specimen volume
ratio of dilution in sperm count
1:20
The traditional diluting fluid contains
sodium bicarbonate and formalin
immobilize and preserve the cells
sodium bicarbonate and formalin
good results can also be achieved using ___ as a diluting fluid
saline and distilled water
sperm counts are performed using __ microscope
phase or bright-field
microscopy.
greater than 1 million WBCs/mL is associated with
associated with inflammation or infection of the reproductive organs that can lead to infertility.
greater than 1 million spermatids/mL indicates
indicates disruption of spermatogenesis
1 million spermatids/mL = indicates disruption of spermatogenesis. This may be caused by
Viral infections, Exposure to toxic chemicals, Genetic disorders.
high semen volume is =
= extended abstinence
low semen volume is =
= infertility (may indicate improper functioning of one of the semen-producing organs, primarily the seminal vesicles)
normal sperm motility
minimum motility of 50% with a rating of 2.0 after 1hr.
Provides objective determination of both sperm velocity and
trajectory (direction of motion).
Specialize in andrology and perform a high volume of semen analysis.
CASA - Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis
how many drop of semen on a clean slide is placed in bloom’s method?
1 drop of semen
how many drops of 5% eosin is placed in bloom;s method
2 drops of 5% eosin
after eosin, what should be added and how many drops?
4 drops of nitrogen and mix
bloom’s method = result
colorless = motile
red w/ black background = non-motile
a method in semen analysis for examining living, unstained sperms
hanging drop
WHO CRITERIA: Rapid, straight-line motility
4.0, grade A
WHO CRITERIA: Slower speed, some lataeral movement
3.0, grade B
WHO CRITERIA: Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement
2.0, grade B
WHO CRITERIA: No forward progression
1.0, grade C
WHO CRITERIA: no movement
0, grade D
The presence of sperm that are morphologically incapable of fertilization also results in
infertility
Sperm morphology is evaluated with respect to the structure of the
head, neckpiece, midpiece, and tail.
Abnormal Head is associated with
poor ovum penetration
Abnormal Neck, Middle piece Tail affect
motility
the shape of head shape of normal sperm
Oval-shaped head
how long and wide is the normal sperm Oval-shaped head
5m long & 3m wide
Flagellar tail approximately___ long.
45 m long.
Enzyme-containing located at the tip of the head
acrosomal cap
Encompass approximately half of the head and covers approximately two thirds (2/3) of the sperm nucleus.
acrosomal cap
attaches the head to the tail and the midpiece.
neckpiece
thickest part of the tail
midpiece
surrounds the midpiece and produces energy required by the tail for motility
mitochondrial sheath
stained slide is examined under
oil immersion
stains use
1) Wright’s stain
2) Giemsa stain, or
3) Papanicolaou stain
Air-dried slides are stable for ___ hrs
24
no. of sperm evaluated
200
what cause the sperm
head to bend backward
long neckpiece
Requires the use of a stage
micrometer or morphometry.
Not routinely performed in
the clinical laboratory but is recommended by the WHO.
An integral part of assisted reproduction evaluations.
Kruger’s strict criteria
strict criteria
> 14% normal forms
routine criteria
> 30% normal forms
different abnormalities in head of sperm
double head
giant head
amorphous head
pinhead
tapered head
constricted head
different abnormalities in tail of sperm
double tail
coiled tail
spermatid = no tail
abnormal result = Decreased motility with normal count
possible abnormalities = viability
Eosin-nigrosin Stain Test
abnormal result = Decreased count
possible abnormalities = Lack of seminal vesicle support medium
Fructose level Test
abnormal result = Decreased motility with clumping
possible abnormalities = Male antisperm antibodies
Mixed agglutination reaction and immunobead tests Sperm agglutination with male serum
abnormal result = Normal analysis with continued infertility
possible abnormalities = Female antisperm antibodies
Sperm agglutination with female serum (test)
seminal fluid fructose
fructose
sucrose
glucose
maltose
lactose
the seminal fluid fructose percentage
fructose = 173.3% (sweetest sugar)
sucrose = 100%
glucose = 74%
maltose = 32%
lactose = 16%
Low sperm concentration may be caused by
lack of the support medium produced in the seminal vesicles.
Low sperm concentration can be indicated by
low to absent fructose level in the semen.
Specimens can be screened for the presence of fructose using
resorcinol test
resorcinol test produces ___ color when ___ is present
orange color ; fructose is present
Specimens for fructose levels should be tested within ___ hours
2 hours
Specimens for fructose levels should be frozen to prevent
fructolysis
_____ can be present in both men and women.
Antisperm antibodies
Antisperm antibodies may be detected in
semen
serum
cervical mucosa
seminal fluid
separates sperm from the male immune system under normal conditions
blood-testes barrier
When this barrier is disrupted, as can occur following
surgery, vasectomy reversal (vasovasostomy), trauma, and infection
the antigens on the sperm produce an ____ that damages the sperm.
immune response
damaged sperm may cause the
production of antibodies in the female partner
can be suspected when clumps of sperm are observed during a routine semen analysis.
MALE SUBJECT
Results in a normal semen analysis accompanied by continued infertility.
FEMALE SUBJECT
may be demonstrated by mixing the semen with the female cervical mucosa or serum and observing for agglutination.
WOMEN
Screening procedure used primarily to detect the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.
Mixed Agglutination Reaction (MAR) Test
Used to detect the presence of IgG, IgM, & IgA
antibodies.
Demonstrates what area of the sperm (head, neckpiece,
midpiece, or tail) the autoantibodies are affecting.
Immunobead Test
sperm function test
hamster egg penetration
cervical mucos penetration
hypo-osmotic swelling
in vitro acrosome reaction
Sperm are incubated with species nonspecific hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically
hamster egg penetration
Observation of sperm penetration ability of partner’s midcycle cervical mucus
cervical mucus penetration
Sperm exposed to low-sodium concentrations are evaluated for membrane integrity and sperm viability
hypo-osmotic swelling
Evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration
In vitro acrosome reaction
It can be measured by pouring the specimen into a clean ______ calibrated in ______ increments
graduated cylinder ; 0.1-mL
