aubf Flashcards
began on the ancient times
history of urinalysis
the beginning of laboratory medicine
urinalysis
discovered the albuminuria
Frederick Dekkers
microscopy came from the word..
“mikros” means - small and “kopein” means - look.
discovered methods for quantifying microscopic sediment
Thomas Addis
concept of urinalysis
Richard Bright
how many nephrons are there in each kidney?
1M to 1.5M
single, short-focus, positive lens
simple microscope
with objective lenses and eyepiece
compound microscope
produces magnified specimen image that appears dark against brighter background
brightfield microscope
produces bright specimen image against a dark background
darkfield microscope
based on the wave theory of light
phase-contrast
light of a selected wavelength is presented to the specimen
flourescence
illumination and detection optics are focused down on a single volume element of the specimen
confocal
produces images by scanning specimens with a focused beam of electrons
sem
beam of electrons interact with a specimen as they are transmitted through the specimen.
tem
chief organic constituent of urine
urea
chief inorganic constituent of urine
sodium chloride
how many grams/liter urea are there in the urine?
25 g/L
how many grams/liter of sodium chloride are there in the urine?
9 g/L
normal color of the urine
straw to amber yellow
the normal color of the urine is due to.
urochrome
the normal odor of the urine
aromatic
the normal odor of the urine is due to.
urinod
what causes ammoniacal odor
urine is exposed to bacteria
bacteria that converts urea into ammonia
proteus vulgaris
vegetables and fruits produces what urine acidity?
produces alkaline urine
meat and high protein produces what urine acidity?
produces acidic urine
what is the normal specific gravity of urine?
1.015 - 1.025
the normal transparency of urine?
clear
presence of glucose in urine
glycosuria/glucosuria
presence of blood in urine
hematuria
stone formation in the kidney
nephrolithiasis
stone formation in the ureters
ureterolithiasis
stone formation in the urinary bladder
cystolithiasis
high urine production
polyuria
low urine production
oliguria
high urine production at night
nocturia
total suppression of urine production
anuria
involuntary voiding of urine during sleep
enuresis
high urea in blood
azotemia
high blood urea
uremia
what is the highest specific gravity the kidney can tolerate?
1.040
fruity urine odors indicates presence of
ketones
ammoniacal urine odor indicates that the urine is
old
mousy urine odor indicates presence of
PKU, phenylketonuria
the principle of heat and acetic acid test for albumin test?
protein is coagulated by heat, dilute acetic acid is added to dissolve the precipitated phosphates and enhance coagulation of protein
what is the interpretation of heat and acetic acid test for albumin
if turbidity appears after heating but disappears with the addition of acetic acid, albumin is absent. if turbidity persist even after addition of acetic acid and reheating, albumin is present.
principle of benedict’s test
cupric ion is reduced to cuprous oxide in alkaline solution by glucose and other reducing substances. the color of the final solution is roughly proportional to the amount of reducing agents present.
remaining blue in b.t means?
negative
blue green in b.t means?
traced
yellow in b.t means?
positive 1
yellow green in b.t means?
positive 2
yellow orange in b.t means?
positive 3
brick red in b.t means?
positive 4
very sensitive that upon exposure to light premature reduction may recall?
fehling’s test
the positive result of nylander
black precipitate
positive result of moores
dark brown, caramel odor
positive result of picric acid
mahogany red
what are the organized elements?
rbc, leukocytes, pus cells, bacteria, parasite, cast, contaminants
what are the unorganized elements?
crystals like calcium oxalate, triple phosphate, amorphous urates, amorphous phosphate, leucine, tyrosine.
urine is poured to the ground ; if approached then sweet = diabetic.
ant testing
urine is said to be tastes like honey
taste testing
quack doctors
charlatans
chief inorganic constituent of urine
sodium chloride
