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AP Tignor 1 > Vocabulary Midterm > Flashcards

Vocabulary Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities that hold osteocytes

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2
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain matrix

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3
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature cells that make bone

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4
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone when calcium levels in blood are too low

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5
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells

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6
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Immature cells that make hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

Fibrocblasts

A

Make collagen

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8
Q

Mast cells

A

Have chemicals needed to start the inflammatory response, help fight pathogens

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9
Q

Fixed cells vs wandering cells

A

fixed cells: immune cells permanently stationed in specific tissues or organs
macrophages, mast cells,

wandering cells: immune cells that move freely throughout body. lymphocytes, neutrophils

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10
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Non living material that surrounds the living cells. Helps bear weight and withstand tension

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11
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Don’t accumulate product, merely secrete

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12
Q

Example of merocrine glands

A

Pancreas, sweat, salivary

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13
Q

Holocrine glands example

A

Burst, sebaceous

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14
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Apex pinches off, mammary

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15
Q

Adenoma

A

Neoplasm in glandular epithelium

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16
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer in epithelium

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17
Q

Basement membrane

A

Separates epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue. Helps resist tearing

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18
Q

Tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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19
Q

Types of fibers

A

Collagen fibers (stronger than steel )
Elastic fibers(provide elasticity)
Reticular fibers (thin collagen fibers that make soft skeleton)

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20
Q

Neuronal pools

A

groups of interconnected neurons within the CNS that work together to carry out specific functions

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21
Q

Types of neuronal pools

A

Diverging and converging

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22
Q

Diverging neuronal pools

A

single presynaptic neuron communicates with multiple post-synaptic neurons

Help transport information to various parts of the nervous system simultaneously

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23
Q

Converging neuronal pools

A

Several presynaptic neurons communicate with one post-synaptic neuron.
Help integrate information from multiple sources

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24
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Helps stop communication of neurons by breaking down acetylcholine into
Acetate and choline

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25
Satellite cells
Give structural support to ganglia in PNS
26
Astrocytes
Collect leaked potassium ions Recapture and recycle neurotransmitters
27
Reticular formation
Keeps cerebral cortex alert and conscious Filters out repetitive stimuli Enhances excitability of cerebral cortex
28
Reticular formation extends through
Central core of medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
29
Epidural space
contains fat, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
30
Epidural space location
In between vertebrae and dura mater
31
CN1
Olfactory Sensory
32
CN2
Optic sensory
33
CN 3
Oculomotor Superior, inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique
34
CN4
Trochlear Superior oblique , depresses eye and turns them laterally
35
Trigeminal V
Innervates large areas of face opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
36
Abducens VI
Abducts the eyeball Controls lateral rectus
37
VII facial
Facial expressions Sensory info from anterior 2/3 of tongue
38
VIII vestibulocochlear
Hearing and balance
39
IX glossopharyngeal
Tongue and pharynx, swallowing Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
40
X vagus
Innervates visceral organs Control heart rate Some taste around epiglottis
41
Spinal nerve parts
Ventral root + dorsal root
42
Cholinergic receptors
Receive ACh
43
Adrenergic receptors
Bind epinephrine and norepinephrine
44
Referred pain
Pain in region other than affected region. Caused by close proximity of sensory neurons
45
Varicosities
Knob swellings of autonomic axons, Have mitochondria and synaptic vessels. Exist in series
46
Lateral sulcus
Separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
47
Nuclei as related to interneurons
48
Differentiated cells
Cell becomes specialized
49
Cytoplasm
Intracellular fluid packed with organelles,
50
CAMs
1.Cell adhesion molecules 2. Almost on every cell in body
51
Function of CAMS
1.Molecular Velcro that cells use to anchor themselves to other molecules in extra cellular space 2. Act as arms that help cells move against one another 3. Rally wbcs to infected or injured area 4. Transmit info about changes in extracellular matrix to cell. Bring a variety of responses like cell migration, proliferation, specialization
52
Function of Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis. Has two subunits. Made of proteins and RNAs
53
Smooth ER
No ribosomes on surface. Makes lipids and complex carbohydrates. Detoxification reactions in cells. Especially important in hepatocytes of liver
54
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes Makes proteins that go to golgi apparatus
55
Vesicles
Bud off cell membrane to transport substances. Uses active transport
56
Golgi apparatus
Packages and modifies proteins for use
57
Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration occurs. Make the majority of ATP Have it’s own DNA. Encodes for 35+ genes
58
Lysosomes
High amount in liver Recycling unit of cell Cocktail of digestive enzymes Proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylases, very low acidic pH.
59
Peroxisomes
Similar to lysosome But specialize in digesting long chain fatty acids. Have lots of catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide (made by many reactions)
60
Centrososmes
A region near the nucleus that contains paired organelles called centrioles Important for mitosis
61
Centrioles
Minute pair of bodies near nucleus, help divide the cell
62
Microfilaments
Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton . Cell motility and changes in cell shape. Biconcave shape of rbcs
63
Intermediate filaments
thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules. Protein filaments. Resist mechanical stress and connect other elements. Overall structure and function
64
Intermediate filaments
thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules. Protein filaments. Resist mechanical stress and connect other elements. Overall structure and function
65
Microtubules
Acts as highway for proteins to transport vesicles. Organize cytoskeleton. Made of tubulin
66
Nuclear envelope
Double phospholipid bilayer that surrounds nucleus?
67
Nucleolus
Helps make ribosomes
68
Free radicals
Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
69
Chromosomes
Tightly coiled structures of DNA. Visible during cell division
70
Chromatin
Strands of DNA and associated proteins. Form chromosomes when tightly coiled
71
Nucleosomes
Fundamental unit of chromatin. Strand of DNA wound around cluster of eight.
72
Nuclear pores
Opening in nuclear membrane
73
Chromatin
Unwound genetic material
74
Active transport
Primary active transport Secondary active transport Moving substances using ATP usually against a gradient
75
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Lets specific things go in through endocytosis and transcytosis 1. Receptors bind to substances and are taken in then dealt with
76
Transcytosis
Sequence of endocytosis, vesicular transport through the cell and exocytosis on the other side
77
Cell cycle
Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it's formed, until it reproduces itself Interphase and mitosis
78
Interphase
Period from cell formation to cell division G1, S, G2
79
G1
Cell grows and the centrioles replication begins Increase amount of cytoplasm and organelles Grows
80
S
DNA replicates Doubles the amount of DNA in prep for mitosis
81
G2
Final preparations for mitosis are made Makes sure that there’s enough proteins and cytosol.. Makes sure there’s enough cellular machinery to carry out mitosis and cytokinesis
82
Parts of cell division
Mitosis and cytokinesis
83
Mitosis phases
PMAT
84
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
85
Prophase
1. Nuclear membrane dissolves,chromosomes condense. 2. Spindle fibers emerge from centrososmes 3. Nuclear envelope breaks down 4. Centrososmes move toward opposite poles
86
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles
87
Anaphase
Pulling chromosomes apart. Sister chromatids become chromosomes are pulled apart. Spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell.
88
Telophase
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and they begin to decondense The nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes The mitotic spindle breaks down Spindles continue to push poles apart
89
Stem cell
Unspecialized cells that divide to produce various kinds of more specialized cell types
90
Progenitor cell
more specialized than embryonic stem cells but less specialized than fully differentiated cells in body. Give rise to specific types of cells within a particular tissue or organ
91
Totipotent cells
Can create all types of cells required for body including embryonic tissues
92
Pluripotent cells
Can make all cells in body except embryonic tissues
93
Tumor suppressor genes
act as breaks. Products of their genes inhibit cell growth and division.
94
Proto-oncogenes
Too activated Tells cell cycle to go forward..gas pedal stuck down
95
p53
One of the most important tumor suppressor genes in body Has multiple defense mechanisms
96
RAS
Most frequently mutated genes in human cancer. family of genes that regulate cell growth and division. mutations can cause cancer
97
MYC gene
MYC Protoncogene protein is a transcription factor. regulates the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle.

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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