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AP Tignor 1 > Axial Skeletal System > Flashcards

Axial Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton parts

A

Skull,vertebra, thoracic cage, auditory ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes, hyoid bone

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2
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone.

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3
Q

Hyoid bone importance

A

Connects with muscles,tendons, ligaments of tongue, larynx and pharynx

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4
Q

Need to know bones and bone markings

A
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5
Q

Bone markings functions

A

Entry and exit points for nerves and blood vessels.
Attachment points

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6
Q

Opening/foramen functions

A

Attach to ligaments and muscles

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7
Q

Tuberosities function

A

Attachment points for muscles

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8
Q

Amount of bones in adult skeleton

A

206 bones avg

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9
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Found in tendons of hands, feet and other spots.
Don’t usually get counted.

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10
Q

T/f young people have more than 206 bones

A

True

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11
Q

of Bones in skull

A

22

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12
Q

2 basic regions of skull

A

Neurocranium -8 bones that make up case for brain. Mostly flat

Viscerocranium-14 facial bones. Very irregular

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13
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Girdles and bones of appendages

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14
Q

Parts of pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, carpals, phalanges

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15
Q

Pelvic girdle parts

A

Coxa(hip bones), femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, phalanges

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16
Q

Temporal meaning

A

Time, first part a lot of people go grey

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17
Q

Examples of paired bones

A

Parietal bones,
Temporal bones

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18
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

Yoke, cheek bone

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19
Q

Nasal bones location

A

Between two maxilla

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20
Q

Keystone bone

A

Sphenoid
Touches every other bone in the skull other than the mandible. Connected to mandible through muscles.
Interlocking master bone

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21
Q

Inferior nasal cochae function

A

Covered with mucous membranes. Creating or moisturizing and warming the air.

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22
Q

Middle nasal conchae

A

Part of ethmoid bone

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23
Q

Superior nasal conchae

A

Holds olfactory epithelium and olfactory sensory neurons going through cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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24
Q

Parts of nasal septum

A

Top 2/3 is perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.

Bottom 1/3 is the vomer

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25
Q

Vomer etymology

A

Plow

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26
Q

Lacrimal bone

A

Creates a little groove.
Has duct or opening to collect tears into nasal cavity. Drain medially into nasal cavity.

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27
Q

Ethmoid bone etymology

A

Sieve.
Think about panning for gold

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28
Q

Bone markings in ethmoid bone

A

Crista galli, cribiform plate, olfactory foramina

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29
Q

Supraorbital foramen

A

Blood vessels, nerves, can look like notch

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30
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

Carries cranial nerves
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve

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31
Q

Optic canal

A

Part of sphenoid bone
Completely sensory cranial nerve that carries information back from the retina to the visual cortex in the cerebrum..carries optic nerve

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32
Q

Tears function

A

Keep surface of cornea moist. Have lysozyme that can destroy bacteria that gets in your eyesl

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33
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

Tunnel, has ear wax

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34
Q

Styloid process

A

Important attachment point for tendons of muscles that connect to the tongue in other places.

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35
Q

Mastoid etymology

A

Breast

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36
Q

Mastoid process

A

Connects to SCM neck movements

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37
Q

Parts of zygomatic arch

A

Zygomatic process
Temporal process

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38
Q

Temporalis connects to

A

Coronoid process on mandible.
One of four important muscles for mastication

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39
Q

Need to know processes

A
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40
Q

Sutures

A

Fibrous joints that connect bones of skull. Connects frontal bone to parietal bone

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41
Q

Squamous suture

A

Connects temporal bone to parietal bone

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42
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Connects parietal bone to occipital bones

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43
Q

Saggital suture

A

Runs along saggital plane

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44
Q

Sutures you need to know

A

Saggital
Coronal
Squamous
Lambdoid

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45
Q

Coronal suture

A

Connects frontal bone to two parietal bones

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46
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

Holds frontal lobe of brain

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47
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A

Temporal lobe sits here

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48
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

Holds cerebellum

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49
Q

Function of foramen in middle cranial fossa

A

Openings for cranial nerves to go through

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50
Q

Learn where cranial nerves exit skull

A
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51
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Where medulla oblongata leaves and turns into spinal cord

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52
Q

Sella turcica

A

In sphenoid, holds pituitary gland
Central to brain, deep in neurocranium

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53
Q

Sella turcica etymology

A

Turkish saddle

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54
Q

Temporal bone location

A

On lateral sides of skull.
Connects to zygomatic bone by zygomatic process

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55
Q

Styloid process

A

Connection points for ligaments and tendons

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56
Q

Sinus

A

Space lined with mucous membranes

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57
Q

Air cells

A

Tiny sinuses covered in mucous membranes. Near middle ear. In mastoid process. Can be infected during ear infection and cause pain

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58
Q

Internal acoustic meatus

A

Deep to external acoustic meatus.
Place where CN (facial)7& CN 8 (vestibulocochlear) enter petrus ridge (mountain range inside of temporal bone) of temporal bone.

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59
Q

Ethmoid bone location

A

Plugs into frontal bone
Connects into anterior edge of sphenoid bone

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60
Q

Cribiform plate

A

In ethmoid bone
Houses olfactory foramina where olfactory sensors go through

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61
Q

Crista galli

A

Cock’s comb
Looks like shark’s tooth
Connects to falx cerebri (Dura mater that goes between cerebrum). Helps keep brain in place. Tether

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62
Q

Foramen rotundum, foramen ovale

A

Other parts where trigeminal nerve exits skull

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63
Q

What happens if you cut petrus ridge

A

Find cochlea and Semicircular canals

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64
Q

Jugular foramen

A

Cranial nerves 9, 10, 11

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65
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

Edge of foramen magnum.
Hypoglossal cranial nerve exits

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66
Q

Palatine process of maxilla

A

Hard palate. Long anterior in maxilla.. anterior to Palatine bone and soft palate

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67
Q

Carotid canal

A

Where internal carotid goes up into the brain to bring fresh oxygenated blood up there

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68
Q

Jugular foramen

A

Where internal jugular drains deoxygenated blood from the brain and it’s associated tissues

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69
Q

Does zygomatic bone have sinuses?

A

No

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70
Q

Does maxilla have sinuses?

A

Yes

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71
Q

Role of zygomatic arch

A

Big muscle goes through called temporalis and connects to mandible on the inside

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72
Q

Learn name, where it’s at and what it does

A
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73
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded bone surface
Sites of articulations between bones.

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74
Q

Occipital condyle articulates with

A

C1 vertebra

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75
Q

Atlas aka

A

C1 vertebra holds skull on neck.

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76
Q

What lets you nod head yes

A

Connection between occipital condyles and Atlas

77
Q

What allows for “no” movement. Shaking head no

A

C1 and c2

78
Q

Superior nuchal line

A

Large ligament going from back of skull connecting to your spine. Called nuchal ligaments. Keeps head from flopping around everywhere when running.

79
Q

Greater wing of sphenoid

A

Large, lower

80
Q

Lesser wing of sphenoid

A

Higher, short

81
Q

Foramen in sphenoid

A

Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum

82
Q

Pterygoid plates

A

Just means wing
Think pterodactyl

83
Q

Muscles of mastication

A
  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter (strongest muscle in human body. 105-110 pounds per square inch. Can bite finger off)
    2&4.
    Pteragoid muscles. Lateral and medial

-Temporalis
-Masseter
-Lateral and medial pteragoid.

84
Q

Frontal sinus

A

Lined with mucous membranes, drains into nasal cavity.

85
Q

What occurs in maxillary sinuses

A

Cilia push mucous up to the point where it drains into the nasal cavity

86
Q

Why are sinus infections dangerous?

A

Can spread to brain because of their close proximity to brain. Very near CNS.

87
Q

Olfactory bulbs location

A

In olfactory foramina that are on either side of the cribiform plate.

88
Q

Sphenoid sinus

A

Large sinus in middle of sphenoid bone

89
Q

Functions of sinuses

A
  1. Increase surface area of mucous membranes
  2. Make skull lighter. (More efficient use of energy)
  3. Act as resonance chambers
90
Q

Connection points of medial and lateral pteragoid muscles

A

Pteragoid plates

91
Q

Mandibular foramen

A

Get nerves and blood vessels to go in and out of the bone

92
Q

Larynx

A

Everything from hyoid bone to beginning of trachea

93
Q

Parts of larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage, glottis, epiglottis, cuneiform cartilage, cricoid cartilage,

Think about voice box and entrance to respiratory system

94
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

95
Q

Parts of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx towards posterior nasal cavity that connects to the oropharynx behind the oral cavity.

Laryngopharynx by the larynx

96
Q

Why is the ethmoid bone also known as a sieve?

A

Because it has many olfactory foramina in the cribiform plate

97
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils

98
Q

Nasal cavity details

A

Superior nasal cochae
Middle nasal conchae
Inferior nasal conchae.
On either sides

Superior and Middle part of ethmoid bone

Inferior nasal conchae: their own named bones

99
Q

Maxilla parts

A

1.Infraorbital foramen: beneath eye portion of orbit that maxilla helps construct.

  1. Has large sinus. Gets bigger with age. Can cause problems with roots of teeth.
100
Q

Which facial bones have no sinuses?

A

Zygomatic
Mandible

101
Q

Function of condylar process of mandible

A

Lets condyles fit in and allow jaw to move up and down in mandibular fossa. Move jaw side to side. Push jaw forward or protract it

102
Q

Coronoid process

A

Important connection point for temporalis and other muscles of mastication.

103
Q

List 8 bones of neurocranium

A

Frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 temporal

104
Q

Bones that make up eye orbit

A

Frontal bone,
zygomatic bone, sphenoid bone,
Ethmoid bone,
Lacrimal bone,
Maxilla,
Tiny bit of Palatine bone
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure

105
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

Important for cranial nerves 3,4,6 and opthalmic division of 5

106
Q

Inferior orbital fissure

A

Down to edge

107
Q

Which bones make up nasal septum

A
  1. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior)
  2. Vomer (inferior 1/3)
  3. Palatine process of the maxilla & Palatine bone
    4.Sphenoid bone inferior and posterior
  4. Frontal bone
  5. Nasal bone
  6. Septal cartilage
108
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Beside nasal cavity
1. Frontal sinuses
2. Sphenoid sinus
3. Ethmoid air cells
4. Maxillary sinus

(Remember there are mastoid air cells in temporal bone)

109
Q

Connection points on hyoid bone

A

Greater horn
Lesser horn

110
Q

Crushed hyoid bone means

A

Strangulation

111
Q

Vertebral column need to know

A

Basic names and basic bone markings

Differentiate between cervical and thoracic, lumbar vertebra, sacrum, coccyx, tail bone, cervical vertebra

-know that vertebra 1&2 have their own names

112
Q

C1

A

Atlas

113
Q

C2

A

Axis

114
Q

How many cervical vertebra

A

7

115
Q

How many thoracic vertebra

A

12

116
Q

How many pairs of ribs

A

12

117
Q

C1

A

Atlas

118
Q

C2

A

Axis

119
Q

How many lumbar vertebra

A

5

120
Q

Why are lumbar vertebra the bulkiest?

A

They support the most weight

121
Q

Made of 5 fused vertebra

A

Sacrum

122
Q

Number pattern for vertebra

A

7-12-5-5-4

123
Q

Made of 4 fused vertebra

A

Tailbone

124
Q

Symphysis

A

Joint between each vertebral body.
Intervertebral disc made of fibrous tissue. When young it’s filled with liquid

125
Q

Symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint that doesn’t move a lot on its own. Provides cushioning. When stacked, give spine a lot of movement

126
Q

Why is dura mater not attached to bone in vertebra

A

Allow for flexibility

127
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curving of vertebral column
Can sometimes be fixed easily or require surgery

128
Q

Kyphosis

A

Too much of a bend in thoracic region

129
Q

Lordosis

A

Too much of bend in lumbar region.
Common in pregnant women

130
Q

Osteopenia

A

Reduced bone density

131
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone density becomes more severe

132
Q

What can cause collapsed feature on vertebrae. Amplifies curvature

A

Loss of bone density. Can also reduce breathing ability

133
Q

Parts of a typical vertebra

A

1.Vertebral body,
On either side has symphisis or discs made of fibrocartilage
2. Facet of superior articular process. Helps vertebra slide past eachother
3. Vertebral foramen: holds spinal cord
4. Transverse processes on either side.
5. Spinous process

134
Q

Which vertebra has no vertebral body?

A

C1

135
Q

Special feature of cervical vertebra

A

Foramen or openings in transverse processes

136
Q

Vertebral body position

A

Anterior to the inside, deep. Posterior spinous processes and posterior transverse processes .

137
Q

Function of transverse processes and spinous processes

A

Connection points for tendons and ligaments, towards posterior

138
Q

Location of spinal nerve

A

Comes out posterior and medial

139
Q

Lamina

A

Connects spinous process and transverse process

140
Q

Laminectomy

A

Helps reduce irritation caused by slipped disc

141
Q

Thickest vertebra

A

Lumbar

142
Q

Components of intervertebral discs

A

Anulus fibrosus: Outer fibrous layer
Nucleus pulposus: liquid center. Dries out as you age

143
Q

What kind of tissue makes anulus fibrosus?

A

Fibrocartilage. Also in meniscus of knee. Shock absorber. Cartilage is avascular so very slow to repair.

144
Q

Herniated disc

A

Outer ring of fibrocartilage tissue has ruptured against the pressure of nucleus pulposus. Presses against nerve in intervertebral foramen

145
Q

Function of foramen in transverse processes of cervical vertebra

A

Location of arteries that carry blood up towards the brain

146
Q

Most flexible vertebra

A

Cervical

147
Q

Function of atlas

A

Has special facets where occipital condyles on occipital bone of skull sit. C1 has no vertebral body to it.

148
Q

C1+ occipital condyle is

A

Atlanto-occipital joint. Lets you nod yes

149
Q

Dens

A

Protected by ligament,
Part of axis C2

150
Q

Atlanto Axial joint

A

Joint between C1-C2
Lets you turn head no

151
Q

Why is atlantoaxial joint dangerous?

A

Lets us turn head laterally. If rotation goes too far, it can cause death. Internal decapitation.

152
Q

Thoracic vertebra

A

Look like giraffe from posterior
Has articular facets for ribs
1. Articular facet for tubercle
2. Superior costal facets
3. Inferior costal facets

Has extra bone markings to accommodate 12 pairs of ribs

153
Q

Lumbar vertebra

A

Bigger, beefier, bear most weight of all.
Look like moose

154
Q

Lumbarization of sacrum

A

L5 fuses with sacrums. Looks like it has an extra lumbar vertebra

155
Q

Sacralization of lumbar vertebra

A

Looks like you’re missing a lumbar vertebra

156
Q

How many sacral vertebra are fused?

A

5 fused sacral vertebra

157
Q

Sacrum etymology

A

Seat of the soul

158
Q

Sacral promotory

A

Part of sacrum that connects to lumbar vertebra

159
Q

Anterior sacral foramen

A

See nerve going through foramina

160
Q

Medial sacral crest

A

Crest on sacrum

161
Q

Coccyx

A

Tail

162
Q

Sacrum articulates with

A

Coxa or hip bones

163
Q

One of the bones that fused to form hip is

A

Ilium

164
Q

Iliosacral joint

A

Does not move. Can cause a lot of problems when people develop osteoarthritis as they age

165
Q

In which decade of life does the sacrum significantly fuse together?

A

Third decade
5 vertebra fuse

166
Q

Tail bone made of 4 fused bones

A

Coccyx

167
Q

Coccyx etymology

A

Remind of cuckoo’s beak

168
Q

Nuchal ligament inserts on

A

Periosteum of outer bones of skull.
Helps keep head from flopping when running

169
Q

Sternum made of

A

3 separate pieces that fuse together
1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process

Looks like sword

170
Q

Xiphoid etymology

A

Sword

171
Q

Manubrium etymology

A

Heft (lift or carry something heavy)

172
Q

Xiphoid process CPR

A

Have to be aware of during CPR. Two fingers distance end from xyphoid process. Can break off and damage liver.
Can sometimes have foramen or biforcated xyphoid process

173
Q

Clavicular notch

A

Where clavicle articulates with sternum.

174
Q

Only connection point for shoulder joint to axial skeleton

A

Clavicular notch on sternum.

175
Q

Jugular notch function

A

provides stability and support for shoulder girdle. Enables various movements of upper limb

176
Q

Which are true ribs

A

1st 7 pairs of ribs

177
Q

Which are false ribs

A

Last 5

178
Q

Why are false ribs false?

A
179
Q

Why do we have costal cartilage?

A

Allow flexibility of ribcage

180
Q

Muscles involved in breathing

A

Diaphragm, external intercoastal muscles,SCM, pectoralis minor, scalenes.

181
Q

Floating ribs

A

Last 2, don’t connect to sternums 11-12

182
Q

Ribs 8-12 are

A

False ribs

183
Q

Which are floating ribs

A

11-12

184
Q

What can happen if 11-12 break off?

A

Can push kidney out of place, lacerate kidneys

185
Q

Newborn skull anatomy

A

1.Sutures are less tight than in adults.
2 Has large fibrous covered opening (soft spot) between frontal suture and saggital suture. Anterior fontanel.

186
Q

Fontanelle

A

Soft region where there’s not bone but there is dense irregular fibrous connective tissue between the bones. Can sometimes move

187
Q

Suture

A

Slightly moveable joints between flat bones in skull

188
Q

What age are fontanelles found?

A

Anterior fontanelle is palpable for 1 1/2 to 2 years after birth.
Others disappear after end of first year.

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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