Axial Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Axial skeleton parts
A
Skull,vertebra, thoracic cage, auditory ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes, hyoid bone
2
Q
Hyoid bone
A
Only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone.
3
Q
Hyoid bone importance
A
Connects with muscles,tendons, ligaments of tongue, larynx and pharynx
4
Q
Need to know bones and bone markings
A
5
Q
Bone markings functions
A
Entry and exit points for nerves and blood vessels.
Attachment points
6
Q
Opening/foramen functions
A
Attach to ligaments and muscles
7
Q
Tuberosities function
A
Attachment points for muscles
8
Q
Amount of bones in adult skeleton
A
206 bones avg
9
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
Found in tendons of hands, feet and other spots.
Don’t usually get counted.
10
Q
T/f young people have more than 206 bones
A
True
11
Q
of Bones in skull
A
22
12
Q
2 basic regions of skull
A
Neurocranium -8 bones that make up case for brain. Mostly flat
Viscerocranium-14 facial bones. Very irregular
13
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Girdles and bones of appendages
14
Q
Parts of pectoral girdle
A
Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, carpals, phalanges
15
Q
Pelvic girdle parts
A
Coxa(hip bones), femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, phalanges
16
Q
Temporal meaning
A
Time, first part a lot of people go grey
17
Q
Examples of paired bones
A
Parietal bones,
Temporal bones
18
Q
Zygomatic bone
A
Yoke, cheek bone
19
Q
Nasal bones location
A
Between two maxilla
20
Q
Keystone bone
A
Sphenoid
Touches every other bone in the skull other than the mandible. Connected to mandible through muscles.
Interlocking master bone
21
Q
Inferior nasal cochae function
A
Covered with mucous membranes. Creating or moisturizing and warming the air.
22
Q
Middle nasal conchae
A
Part of ethmoid bone
23
Q
Superior nasal conchae
A
Holds olfactory epithelium and olfactory sensory neurons going through cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
24
Q
Parts of nasal septum
A
Top 2/3 is perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.
Bottom 1/3 is the vomer
25
Vomer etymology
Plow
26
Lacrimal bone
Creates a little groove.
Has duct or opening to collect tears into nasal cavity. Drain medially into nasal cavity.
27
Ethmoid bone etymology
Sieve.
Think about panning for gold
28
Bone markings in ethmoid bone
Crista galli, cribiform plate, olfactory foramina
29
Supraorbital foramen
Blood vessels, nerves, can look like notch
30
Superior orbital fissure
Carries cranial nerves
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
31
Optic canal
Part of sphenoid bone
Completely sensory cranial nerve that carries information back from the retina to the visual cortex in the cerebrum..carries optic nerve
32
Tears function
Keep surface of cornea moist. Have lysozyme that can destroy bacteria that gets in your eyesl
33
External acoustic meatus
Tunnel, has ear wax
34
Styloid process
Important attachment point for tendons of muscles that connect to the tongue in other places.
35
Mastoid etymology
Breast
36
Mastoid process
Connects to SCM neck movements
37
Parts of zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process
Temporal process
38
Temporalis connects to
Coronoid process on mandible.
One of four important muscles for mastication
39
Need to know processes
40
Sutures
Fibrous joints that connect bones of skull. Connects frontal bone to parietal bone
41
Squamous suture
Connects temporal bone to parietal bone
42
Lambdoid suture
Connects parietal bone to occipital bones
43
Saggital suture
Runs along saggital plane
44
Sutures you need to know
Saggital
Coronal
Squamous
Lambdoid
45
Coronal suture
Connects frontal bone to two parietal bones
46
Anterior cranial fossa
Holds frontal lobe of brain
47
Middle cranial fossa
Temporal lobe sits here
48
Posterior cranial fossa
Holds cerebellum
49
Function of foramen in middle cranial fossa
Openings for cranial nerves to go through
50
Learn where cranial nerves exit skull
51
Foramen magnum
Where medulla oblongata leaves and turns into spinal cord
52
Sella turcica
In sphenoid, holds pituitary gland
Central to brain, deep in neurocranium
53
Sella turcica etymology
Turkish saddle
54
Temporal bone location
On lateral sides of skull.
Connects to zygomatic bone by zygomatic process
55
Styloid process
Connection points for ligaments and tendons
56
Sinus
Space lined with mucous membranes
57
Air cells
Tiny sinuses covered in mucous membranes. Near middle ear. In mastoid process. Can be infected during ear infection and cause pain
58
Internal acoustic meatus
Deep to external acoustic meatus.
Place where CN (facial)7& CN 8 (vestibulocochlear) enter petrus ridge (mountain range inside of temporal bone) of temporal bone.
59
Ethmoid bone location
Plugs into frontal bone
Connects into anterior edge of sphenoid bone
60
Cribiform plate
In ethmoid bone
Houses olfactory foramina where olfactory sensors go through
61
Crista galli
Cock's comb
Looks like shark's tooth
Connects to falx cerebri (Dura mater that goes between cerebrum). Helps keep brain in place. Tether
62
Foramen rotundum, foramen ovale
Other parts where trigeminal nerve exits skull
63
What happens if you cut petrus ridge
Find cochlea and Semicircular canals
64
Jugular foramen
Cranial nerves 9, 10, 11
65
Hypoglossal canal
Edge of foramen magnum.
Hypoglossal cranial nerve exits
66
Palatine process of maxilla
Hard palate. Long anterior in maxilla.. anterior to Palatine bone and soft palate
67
Carotid canal
Where internal carotid goes up into the brain to bring fresh oxygenated blood up there
68
Jugular foramen
Where internal jugular drains deoxygenated blood from the brain and it's associated tissues
69
Does zygomatic bone have sinuses?
No
70
Does maxilla have sinuses?
Yes
71
Role of zygomatic arch
Big muscle goes through called temporalis and connects to mandible on the inside
72
Learn name, where it's at and what it does
73
Condyle
Rounded bone surface
Sites of articulations between bones.
74
Occipital condyle articulates with
C1 vertebra
75
Atlas aka
C1 vertebra holds skull on neck.
76
What lets you nod head yes
Connection between occipital condyles and Atlas
77
What allows for "no" movement. Shaking head no
C1 and c2
78
Superior nuchal line
Large ligament going from back of skull connecting to your spine. Called nuchal ligaments. Keeps head from flopping around everywhere when running.
79
Greater wing of sphenoid
Large, lower
80
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Higher, short
81
Foramen in sphenoid
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
82
Pterygoid plates
Just means wing
Think pterodactyl
83
Muscles of mastication
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter (strongest muscle in human body. 105-110 pounds per square inch. Can bite finger off)
2&4.
Pteragoid muscles. Lateral and medial
-Temporalis
-Masseter
-Lateral and medial pteragoid.
84
Frontal sinus
Lined with mucous membranes, drains into nasal cavity.
85
What occurs in maxillary sinuses
Cilia push mucous up to the point where it drains into the nasal cavity
86
Why are sinus infections dangerous?
Can spread to brain because of their close proximity to brain. Very near CNS.
87
Olfactory bulbs location
In olfactory foramina that are on either side of the cribiform plate.
88
Sphenoid sinus
Large sinus in middle of sphenoid bone
89
Functions of sinuses
1. Increase surface area of mucous membranes
2. Make skull lighter. (More efficient use of energy)
3. Act as resonance chambers
90
Connection points of medial and lateral pteragoid muscles
Pteragoid plates
91
Mandibular foramen
Get nerves and blood vessels to go in and out of the bone
92
Larynx
Everything from hyoid bone to beginning of trachea
93
Parts of larynx
Thyroid cartilage, glottis, epiglottis, cuneiform cartilage, cricoid cartilage,
Think about voice box and entrance to respiratory system
94
Pharynx
Throat
95
Parts of pharynx
Nasopharynx towards posterior nasal cavity that connects to the oropharynx behind the oral cavity.
Laryngopharynx by the larynx
96
Why is the ethmoid bone also known as a sieve?
Because it has many olfactory foramina in the cribiform plate
97
Nares
Nostrils
98
Nasal cavity details
Superior nasal cochae
Middle nasal conchae
Inferior nasal conchae.
On either sides
Superior and Middle part of ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal conchae: their own named bones
99
Maxilla parts
1.Infraorbital foramen: beneath eye portion of orbit that maxilla helps construct.
2. Has large sinus. Gets bigger with age. Can cause problems with roots of teeth.
100
Which facial bones have no sinuses?
Zygomatic
Mandible
101
Function of condylar process of mandible
Lets condyles fit in and allow jaw to move up and down in mandibular fossa. Move jaw side to side. Push jaw forward or protract it
102
Coronoid process
Important connection point for temporalis and other muscles of mastication.
103
List 8 bones of neurocranium
Frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 temporal
104
Bones that make up eye orbit
Frontal bone,
zygomatic bone, sphenoid bone,
Ethmoid bone,
Lacrimal bone,
Maxilla,
Tiny bit of Palatine bone
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
105
Superior orbital fissure
Important for cranial nerves 3,4,6 and opthalmic division of 5
106
Inferior orbital fissure
Down to edge
107
Which bones make up nasal septum
1. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior)
2. Vomer (inferior 1/3)
3. Palatine process of the maxilla & Palatine bone
4.Sphenoid bone inferior and posterior
5. Frontal bone
6. Nasal bone
7. Septal cartilage
108
Paranasal sinuses
Beside nasal cavity
1. Frontal sinuses
2. Sphenoid sinus
3. Ethmoid air cells
4. Maxillary sinus
(Remember there are mastoid air cells in temporal bone)
109
Connection points on hyoid bone
Greater horn
Lesser horn
110
Crushed hyoid bone means
Strangulation
111
Vertebral column need to know
Basic names and basic bone markings
Differentiate between cervical and thoracic, lumbar vertebra, sacrum, coccyx, tail bone, cervical vertebra
-know that vertebra 1&2 have their own names
112
C1
Atlas
113
C2
Axis
114
How many cervical vertebra
7
115
How many thoracic vertebra
12
116
How many pairs of ribs
12
117
C1
Atlas
118
C2
Axis
119
How many lumbar vertebra
5
120
Why are lumbar vertebra the bulkiest?
They support the most weight
121
Made of 5 fused vertebra
Sacrum
122
Number pattern for vertebra
7-12-5-5-4
123
Made of 4 fused vertebra
Tailbone
124
Symphysis
Joint between each vertebral body.
Intervertebral disc made of fibrous tissue. When young it's filled with liquid
125
Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint that doesn't move a lot on its own. Provides cushioning. When stacked, give spine a lot of movement
126
Why is dura mater not attached to bone in vertebra
Allow for flexibility
127
Scoliosis
Lateral curving of vertebral column
Can sometimes be fixed easily or require surgery
128
Kyphosis
Too much of a bend in thoracic region
129
Lordosis
Too much of bend in lumbar region.
Common in pregnant women
130
Osteopenia
Reduced bone density
131
Osteoporosis
Loss of bone density becomes more severe
132
What can cause collapsed feature on vertebrae. Amplifies curvature
Loss of bone density. Can also reduce breathing ability
133
Parts of a typical vertebra
1.Vertebral body,
On either side has symphisis or discs made of fibrocartilage
2. Facet of superior articular process. Helps vertebra slide past eachother
3. Vertebral foramen: holds spinal cord
4. Transverse processes on either side.
5. Spinous process
134
Which vertebra has no vertebral body?
C1
135
Special feature of cervical vertebra
Foramen or openings in transverse processes
136
Vertebral body position
Anterior to the inside, deep. Posterior spinous processes and posterior transverse processes .
137
Function of transverse processes and spinous processes
Connection points for tendons and ligaments, towards posterior
138
Location of spinal nerve
Comes out posterior and medial
139
Lamina
Connects spinous process and transverse process
140
Laminectomy
Helps reduce irritation caused by slipped disc
141
Thickest vertebra
Lumbar
142
Components of intervertebral discs
Anulus fibrosus: Outer fibrous layer
Nucleus pulposus: liquid center. Dries out as you age
143
What kind of tissue makes anulus fibrosus?
Fibrocartilage. Also in meniscus of knee. Shock absorber. Cartilage is avascular so very slow to repair.
144
Herniated disc
Outer ring of fibrocartilage tissue has ruptured against the pressure of nucleus pulposus. Presses against nerve in intervertebral foramen
145
Function of foramen in transverse processes of cervical vertebra
Location of arteries that carry blood up towards the brain
146
Most flexible vertebra
Cervical
147
Function of atlas
Has special facets where occipital condyles on occipital bone of skull sit. C1 has no vertebral body to it.
148
C1+ occipital condyle is
Atlanto-occipital joint. Lets you nod yes
149
Dens
Protected by ligament,
Part of axis C2
150
Atlanto Axial joint
Joint between C1-C2
Lets you turn head no
151
Why is atlantoaxial joint dangerous?
Lets us turn head laterally. If rotation goes too far, it can cause death. Internal decapitation.
152
Thoracic vertebra
Look like giraffe from posterior
Has articular facets for ribs
1. Articular facet for tubercle
2. Superior costal facets
3. Inferior costal facets
Has extra bone markings to accommodate 12 pairs of ribs
153
Lumbar vertebra
Bigger, beefier, bear most weight of all.
Look like moose
154
Lumbarization of sacrum
L5 fuses with sacrums. Looks like it has an extra lumbar vertebra
155
Sacralization of lumbar vertebra
Looks like you're missing a lumbar vertebra
156
How many sacral vertebra are fused?
5 fused sacral vertebra
157
Sacrum etymology
Seat of the soul
158
Sacral promotory
Part of sacrum that connects to lumbar vertebra
159
Anterior sacral foramen
See nerve going through foramina
160
Medial sacral crest
Crest on sacrum
161
Coccyx
Tail
162
Sacrum articulates with
Coxa or hip bones
163
One of the bones that fused to form hip is
Ilium
164
Iliosacral joint
Does not move. Can cause a lot of problems when people develop osteoarthritis as they age
165
In which decade of life does the sacrum significantly fuse together?
Third decade
5 vertebra fuse
166
Tail bone made of 4 fused bones
Coccyx
167
Coccyx etymology
Remind of cuckoo's beak
168
Nuchal ligament inserts on
Periosteum of outer bones of skull.
Helps keep head from flopping when running
169
Sternum made of
3 separate pieces that fuse together
1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process
Looks like sword
170
Xiphoid etymology
Sword
171
Manubrium etymology
Heft (lift or carry something heavy)
172
Xiphoid process CPR
Have to be aware of during CPR. Two fingers distance end from xyphoid process. Can break off and damage liver.
Can sometimes have foramen or biforcated xyphoid process
173
Clavicular notch
Where clavicle articulates with sternum.
174
Only connection point for shoulder joint to axial skeleton
Clavicular notch on sternum.
175
Jugular notch function
provides stability and support for shoulder girdle. Enables various movements of upper limb
176
Which are true ribs
1st 7 pairs of ribs
177
Which are false ribs
Last 5
178
Why are false ribs false?
179
Why do we have costal cartilage?
Allow flexibility of ribcage
180
Muscles involved in breathing
Diaphragm, external intercoastal muscles,SCM, pectoralis minor, scalenes.
181
Floating ribs
Last 2, don't connect to sternums 11-12
182
Ribs 8-12 are
False ribs
183
Which are floating ribs
11-12
184
What can happen if 11-12 break off?
Can push kidney out of place, lacerate kidneys
185
Newborn skull anatomy
1.Sutures are less tight than in adults.
2 Has large fibrous covered opening (soft spot) between frontal suture and saggital suture. Anterior fontanel.
186
Fontanelle
Soft region where there's not bone but there is dense irregular fibrous connective tissue between the bones. Can sometimes move
187
Suture
Slightly moveable joints between flat bones in skull
188
What age are fontanelles found?
Anterior fontanelle is palpable for 1 1/2 to 2 years after birth.
Others disappear after end of first year.
