Chap 1 Week 1 Flashcards
Ana-tomy
To cut apart
Physiology
Nature of things
Gross anatomy
Structure you can see with naked eye
Sulci
Folds in grey matter
Gyri
Raised areas of brain
Longitudinal fissure
Split that goes down middle
Cerebellum important for
Proprioception/movement
Microanatomy
Types of cells
Levels of org chemical
Atoms>elements>molecules>bio macromolecules>cells>
Polymers
Various monomers
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
Polysaccharides>glycogen
Starch
Glycogen stored in
Liver
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides
Protein unit is
Aminoacid
Types of proteins
Functional or structural
Most common protein in body is
Collagen
Tissues
Groups of macromolecules
Layers of smooth muscle
Circular and longitudinal layer
Liquid connective tissues
Blood and lymph
Regional anatomy
All structures are in one region are examined at the same time
Systemic anatomy
Body structures are studied system by system
Surface anatomy
Internal structures as they relate to overlying skin surface
Feel muscles, locate blood vessels, feel pulses and draw blood
Microscopic anatomy
Structures can’t be seen with naked eye
Subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
Cytology and histology
Developmental anatomy
Traces structural changes that occur throughout lifespan
Embryology
Developmental changes that occur before birth
Pathological anatomy
Structural changes caused by disease
Radiographic anatomy
Internal structures visualized by X ray images or special scanning procedures
Tools for studying anatomy
Observation, manipulation,
palpation (in living),
Auscultation (listening with stethoscope)
Palpation
Feeling organs with hands
Auscultation
Listening to organ sounds with stethoscope
Give example of how you can use tools of observation to study anatomy
You can look at the joint, seeing how parts work together,
Manipulate joint to determine range of motion,
Name parts and describe how they are related,
Neurophysiology
Workings of the nervous system
Why does physiology focus on molecular level?
Because body’s abilities depend on those of individual cells. Cells abilities depend on chemical reactions
What a structure can do depends on (complementarity of structure and function)
It’s specific form
Give examples of complementarity of structure and function
Bones support and protect organs because the have hard mineral deposits. Blood flows in one direction in the heart because of valves
Which subdivision of anatomy studies tissues of the heart?
Histology
Simplest living creatures are
Single cells
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that have a common function
Four basic tissue types in the body
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
Epithelial tissue role
Covers surface,
Lines cavities,
Connective tissue role
Supports and protects organs
Nervous tissue
Rapid internal communication
Organ
Discrete structure made of at least two tissue types
Has specific function
Organ system example
Heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system work together to carry oxygen and nutrients
All organ systems of the body
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Highest level of organization
Organism
Sum of all levels working together to keep us alive
Necessary life functions
Boundaries
Move
Respond to change
Take in and digest nutrients,
Carry out metabolism,
Dispose waste,
Reproduce,
Grow
Catabolism
Break apart releases energy
Anabolism
Put together, need energy
Survival needs
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Plant based foods are richer in, animal foods are richer in
Carbs
Vitamins
Minerals
Proteins and fats
Why do we need oxygen?
Because most reactions that break down food require oxygen
Most abundant chemical in the body
Water 50-60%
Normal body temp
37 C or 98.6 F
What happens in body temperature is too low? What if too high?
Metabolic reactions become slower.
Go at frantic pace
What generates most body heat
Activity of muscular system
Why do we need appropriate atmospheric pressure?
Gas exchange between air and lungs depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure
Minerals & vitamins are required for
Chemical reactions that go on in cells
Also for oxygen transport.
Calcium makes bones hard and helps clotting
Why do we need water?
Environment for chemical reactions
Base for body secretions and excretions
Homeostasis
Maintain relatively stable internal body conditions
Dynamic equilibrium. Nervous and endocrine most important. Needed for health
Communication systems
Nervous and endocrine systems
Variable
Factor or event being regulated.
Components that regulate feedback mechanisms are
Receptors
Control center
Effector
Receptors send info along which pathway
Afferent
Control center
Set point
Determines appropriate response
Withdrawal reflex
Hand moves away from
Painful stimulus like broken glass
Positive feedback mechanisms are often called
Cascades
Enhancement of labor contractions during birth and blood clotting
Homeostatic imbalance
Disturbance of the body’s homeostasis
More likely with age
Parasaggital planes
Offset from mid line, vertical
Coronal plane
Frontal plane
Cross section
transverse section
Oblique sections are between
Horizontal and vertical
Parts of the dorsal body cavity
Cranial and vertebral
Cranial cavity
Encases brain
Meninges
Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
Parts of ventral body cavity
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Viscera
Internal organs
Mediastinum
Medial cavity of thorax
Hiatal hernia
Part of stomach goes through diaphragm into thoracic cavity. Stomach acid irritates the esophagus
Membranes in the ventral body cavity
Visceral and parietal serosa
Pleurisy, peritonitis
Inflammation of pleura,
Inflammation of peritoneum.
Serous membranes inflamed, stick together and drag across each other. Excruciating pain
Regions of abdomen
The immune system is closely associated with which system?
Lymphatic system
Survival requirements include
Nutrients
Water
Oxygen
Appropriate temp
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Positive feedback mechanism
Effector enhances initial stimulus
Crural
Relating to leg or thigh
Olecranal
Behind the elbow joint
Hallux
Big toe
Sural
Calf
Antecubital
Front surface of forearm
Pollex
Thumb
Peroneal
Outer side of calf
Caudal
Inferior
How are anatomy and physiology connected?
Anatomy is created for certain functions or physiology and physiology depends on anatomy