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AP Tignor 1 > The Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle and associated bones

Pelvic girdle and associated bones

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2
Q

Pattern of bones

A

1 bone,
2 bones,
Many bones

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3
Q

How does shoulder attach to axial skeleton?

A

Most mobile joint in human body

Clavicle has sternal end and acromial end

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4
Q

Acromial process

A

Little piece of bone that sticks out, comes off scapular spine. Where clavicle articulates with scapula.

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5
Q

Why is shoulder so mobile?

A

Only place where pectoral girdle attaches to axial skeleton is where sternum and clavicle meet . Sternoclavicular joint. Susceptible to different types of injury.

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6
Q

Only s shaped, sigmoid shaped bone

A

Clavicle.

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7
Q

Why are sigmoid shaped bones weaker than long straight bones? Why do we have a weak clavicle

A

We have very flexible cervical vertebra in the neck

When you take a hard lateral blow your head leans in(cervical vertebra shift to one side) . Clavicle acts as shock absorber for neck. Breaks when you take a hard blow to the shoulder instead of your neck breaking. Prevents you from doing damage to your neck. Common breaks in athletes

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8
Q

Subclavius

A

Muscle under clavicle.
Helps keep clavicle in position after it’s broken

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9
Q

Scapula connected to

A

Clavicle and (humerus inserts into glenoid cavity of scapula. Fibrocartilage around Glenoid cavity helps ball and socket joint fit a little bit tighter)

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10
Q

Coracoid process

A

In scapula, hangs out over in front of you. Connection point for the head of biceps, pectoralis minor, corticobrachialis. Anchor point for muscles.

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11
Q

Acromion

A

Highest point
Slightly higher than corocoid process,
Articulates with clavicle

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12
Q

Anterior view of scapula

A

Flatter,
Slides across back of thoracic cage

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13
Q

Parts of scapula

A

Lateral border
Medial border
Superior border

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14
Q

Medial border AKA

A

Vertebral border because it points towards vertebra on back of anterior view

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15
Q

Posterior view of scapula parts

A

1.Scapular spine
2.Coracoid process wrapping over to the front of the skeleton
3.Acromion process
(Clavicle articulates here)
4.supraspinous fossa
5. Infraspinous fossa
6.

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16
Q

Subscapular fossa

A

On anterior aspect of scapula

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17
Q

Four muscles that help hold head of humerus to scapula

A

Supraspinous fossa-connects to supraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa -connects to infraspinatus muscle

T- teres minor

S-subscapular fossa- subscapularis

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18
Q

What connects to greater tubercle of humerus?

A
  1. Teres minor
  2. Supraspinatus
  3. Infraspinatus
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19
Q

Connects to lesser tubercle of humerus

A

Subscapularis

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20
Q

Head of humerus sits in which cavity?

A

Glenoid cavity of scapula

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21
Q

Parts of humerus

A

1.Head

  1. Greater tubercle(always on same side as capitulum)
  2. Lesser tubercle( on same side as trochlea)
    4.anatomical neck -Just away from the head of the humerus
  3. Surgical neck-common place to break humerus
  4. Deltoid tuberosity- little knobby region of bone that muscles may attach to. Deltoid attached to it.gets thicker in power lifters..bone markings size can change based on activity

4.coronoid fossa- holds coronoid process of ulna
5. Olecranon fossa- on posterior view. Holds olecranon process

  1. Capitulum:half sphere. Head of radius rotates on this
  2. Trochlea- pulley, hourglass shape. Ulna sits here
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22
Q

What is in between of sulcus between greater and lesser tubercles

A

One of the heads of the biceps

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23
Q

Type of joint in elbow

A

Hinge joint and pivot joint.

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24
Q

Rotational aspect of elbow comes from

A

Radius

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25
Q

Hinge portion of elbow joint comes from

A

Humeroulnar connection.

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26
Q

Coronoid fossa of humerus

A

Stop point of coronoid process on ulna

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27
Q

Coronoid fossa

A

Stop point of coronoid process on the ulna

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28
Q

Inner osseous membrane.

A

Fibrous joint between radius and ulna.
Made of dense connective tissue.
Rotation in forearm occurs by the head of the radius rotating against the capitulum.
Lets radius cross over ulna by maintaining functional strength

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29
Q

Parts of radius

A
  1. Head of radius, rotates against capitulum
  2. Radial tuberosity- connection point for biceps
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30
Q

Biceps connects to

A

Corocoid process and supraglenoid tubercle on scapula.

And connects down to radius. Skips the whole humerus

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31
Q

Distal radio ulnar joint

A

Radius and ulna rotate past each other, so we have an ulnar notch on the radius, which the ulna moves against

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32
Q

Radial notch

A

On ulna, where head of radius rotates against the ulna through.

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33
Q

Trochlear notch

A

Fits on trochlea of humerus. Looks like crescent wrench

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34
Q

Olecranon process stops on

A

Posterior of elbow

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35
Q

Coronoid process

A

Stop point on the anterior of the elbow joint. Prevents elbow from bending backwards

36
Q

Radius is always on which side, ulna

A

Radius=Thumb side
Ulna= pinky side

37
Q

Wrist bones

A

Carpals

38
Q

What frames the wrist

A

Styloid process on radius, styloid process on ulna.

39
Q

Metacarpals

A

Bones in palm, can see on back of hand. Associated with knuckles

40
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers, proximal, middle, distal, on everything but thumb,

Thumb: proximal and distal only

41
Q

Singular of phalanges is

A

Phalyx

42
Q

What can happen when you break a carpal?

A

Limited blood supply, don’t always heal correctly. Improper healing can impair wrist movement.

43
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A

Connects some of the muscles at the base or proximal end of the hand

44
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Muscle tendons press against the nerve, causing numbness.

Can be corrected by cutting few structures in carpal tunnel to create room

45
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

Hold muscle tendons

46
Q

true or false hand shape changes during strong gripping

A

True
Muscles and ligaments are going to change shapes to increase strength of connection.

47
Q

Fractures of the humerus

A
  1. Surgical neck-common place for humerus to break
  2. Transverse humeral fracture: break in middle of humerus. Straight line across width
  3. Supracondylar fracture: breaking of humerus on distal end, just above elbow where humerus begins to widen. Happens just above condyles..

4.Intercondylar fracture:break in area between two bony protrusions. break happens between condyles

48
Q

Colles fracture

A

Most common type of fracture in radius.
Break of distal end of radius

49
Q

Parts of pelvic girdle

A
  1. 2 hip bones:2 Coxa
    Meet at pubic symphysis.
    Important for shock absorption on hips. Important during childbirth. Allows for a bit of stretching and movement. Pubic symphysis caused to soften by hormones. Maximize width of birth canal.
50
Q

Which bones fuse to form the coxa?

A
  1. Ilium(wings), 2.ischium(ischial tuberosities, butt bones), 3. pubis (anterior portion of hip bones)
51
Q

Parts of Acetabulum

A

Socket for head of femur,
Ilium, ischium, pubis

52
Q

Acetabulum etymology

A

Vinegar cup

53
Q

Acetabular femoral joint type

A

Ball and socket joint. Tight fit. Has ligament connection called phobia capitis located on head of femur and ligamentum teres connects to Acetabulum to make it a stronger joint.

54
Q

Obturator foramen

A

Has connective tissue membrane over it and muscles attached to it, with small opening with obturator vein artery and nerve that passes through

55
Q

Symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint. Pad of fibrocartilage between the pubis

56
Q

Iliac crest

A

On wing of hip bones

57
Q

Anterior superior iliac spine

A

Just above belt line, laterally.
Attachment point for example rectus femoris. Sartorius attaches here too

58
Q

Posterior inferior iliac spine

A

Below posterior superior iliac spine

59
Q

Ischial spine

A

Below ischial body

60
Q

Other structures

A

Greater sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosities: sitting bones

61
Q

Differences between male and female pelvis

A

Female:
-wide pelvic basin, less instructed
- pubic arch is u shaped

Male:
-narrow pelvic outlet
-pubic arch is v shaped

62
Q

Q angle

A

Angle between Acetabulum and femur,
Greater in females than males

63
Q

Parts of femur

A
  1. Head of femur:
64
Q

Fovea capitis

A

On head of femur, little pit, connection point to the Acetabulum and the femur. Ligamentum teres connects both structures together

65
Q

Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter

A

Important connection points for muscles (examples: iliosoas, soas major connect to lesser trochanter and insert on ilium in case of iliacus or connect to transverse processes of lumbar vertebra in the case of soas major.

Allow for hip flexion

Greater trochanter is connection for posterior muscles.

66
Q

Trochanter meaning

A

To run.. important connection points for muscles that allow for hip joint movements

Greater trochanter is lateral
Lesser trochanter is medial

67
Q

Linea aspera

A

Visible on posterior view. Important connection point for lots of different muscles. That is why we have this raised area on bone.

68
Q

Lateral and medial epicondyles

A

Anterior view

69
Q

Lateral and medial condyles

A

Posterior view

70
Q

Condyle is

A

Rounded surface important for femur to move against the tibia on

71
Q

Epicondyle

A

Slightly more proximal than condyles, a bit superior. Epi, on top of. Anterior. On surface of

72
Q

Patella

A

Quadriceps move down and connect to patellar tendons , below patella is patellar ligament

73
Q

Strongest group of muscles in the body

A

Quadriceps
Strongest because the all funnel down through patellar ligament and connect to the tibia

74
Q

Names of quadriceps

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

75
Q

Interosseous membrane location in lower limb

A

Between tibia and fibula.

76
Q

Which lower leg bone does not bear any weight?

A

Fibula. Can be used as source for bone graphs where someone has damaged another bone. Can survive without it. Assists with leg movements

77
Q

Proximal end of the tibia

A

Has lateral and medial condyle.
Articulating surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage

78
Q

Largest and most complex synovial joint

A

Knee joint

79
Q

Tibial tuberosity

A

Connection point for patellar ligament that connects the quadriceps

80
Q

Medial malleolus

A

On tibia
Ankle on medial side of leg

Frames tarsals of foot. Equivalent to carpals in wrist

81
Q

Leg

A

Below knee

82
Q

Thigh

A

Above knee

83
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

Lateral part of ankle, on fibula.

84
Q

Tallus

A

Tarsal. Large bone in ankle that articulates with the tibia of the leg and fits between medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula.

85
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel bone
Gastrocnemius or calf muscles funnel down and form the calcaneus tendon that wraps around and inserts on the calcaneus

86
Q

Achilles tendon

A

Wraps around calcaneus

87
Q

Bones in big toe

A

Proximal bone and distal bone.

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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