The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle and associated bones
Pelvic girdle and associated bones
Pattern of bones
1 bone,
2 bones,
Many bones
How does shoulder attach to axial skeleton?
Most mobile joint in human body
Clavicle has sternal end and acromial end
Acromial process
Little piece of bone that sticks out, comes off scapular spine. Where clavicle articulates with scapula.
Why is shoulder so mobile?
Only place where pectoral girdle attaches to axial skeleton is where sternum and clavicle meet . Sternoclavicular joint. Susceptible to different types of injury.
Only s shaped, sigmoid shaped bone
Clavicle.
Why are sigmoid shaped bones weaker than long straight bones? Why do we have a weak clavicle
We have very flexible cervical vertebra in the neck
When you take a hard lateral blow your head leans in(cervical vertebra shift to one side) . Clavicle acts as shock absorber for neck. Breaks when you take a hard blow to the shoulder instead of your neck breaking. Prevents you from doing damage to your neck. Common breaks in athletes
Subclavius
Muscle under clavicle.
Helps keep clavicle in position after it’s broken
Scapula connected to
Clavicle and (humerus inserts into glenoid cavity of scapula. Fibrocartilage around Glenoid cavity helps ball and socket joint fit a little bit tighter)
Coracoid process
In scapula, hangs out over in front of you. Connection point for the head of biceps, pectoralis minor, corticobrachialis. Anchor point for muscles.
Acromion
Highest point
Slightly higher than corocoid process,
Articulates with clavicle
Anterior view of scapula
Flatter,
Slides across back of thoracic cage
Parts of scapula
Lateral border
Medial border
Superior border
Medial border AKA
Vertebral border because it points towards vertebra on back of anterior view
Posterior view of scapula parts
1.Scapular spine
2.Coracoid process wrapping over to the front of the skeleton
3.Acromion process
(Clavicle articulates here)
4.supraspinous fossa
5. Infraspinous fossa
6.
Subscapular fossa
On anterior aspect of scapula
Four muscles that help hold head of humerus to scapula
Supraspinous fossa-connects to supraspinatus
Infraspinous fossa -connects to infraspinatus muscle
T- teres minor
S-subscapular fossa- subscapularis
What connects to greater tubercle of humerus?
- Teres minor
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
Connects to lesser tubercle of humerus
Subscapularis
Head of humerus sits in which cavity?
Glenoid cavity of scapula
Parts of humerus
1.Head
- Greater tubercle(always on same side as capitulum)
- Lesser tubercle( on same side as trochlea)
4.anatomical neck -Just away from the head of the humerus - Surgical neck-common place to break humerus
- Deltoid tuberosity- little knobby region of bone that muscles may attach to. Deltoid attached to it.gets thicker in power lifters..bone markings size can change based on activity
4.coronoid fossa- holds coronoid process of ulna
5. Olecranon fossa- on posterior view. Holds olecranon process
- Capitulum:half sphere. Head of radius rotates on this
- Trochlea- pulley, hourglass shape. Ulna sits here
What is in between of sulcus between greater and lesser tubercles
One of the heads of the biceps
Type of joint in elbow
Hinge joint and pivot joint.
Rotational aspect of elbow comes from
Radius
Hinge portion of elbow joint comes from
Humeroulnar connection.
Coronoid fossa of humerus
Stop point of coronoid process on ulna
Coronoid fossa
Stop point of coronoid process on the ulna
Inner osseous membrane.
Fibrous joint between radius and ulna.
Made of dense connective tissue.
Rotation in forearm occurs by the head of the radius rotating against the capitulum.
Lets radius cross over ulna by maintaining functional strength
Parts of radius
- Head of radius, rotates against capitulum
- Radial tuberosity- connection point for biceps
Biceps connects to
Corocoid process and supraglenoid tubercle on scapula.
And connects down to radius. Skips the whole humerus
Distal radio ulnar joint
Radius and ulna rotate past each other, so we have an ulnar notch on the radius, which the ulna moves against
Radial notch
On ulna, where head of radius rotates against the ulna through.
Trochlear notch
Fits on trochlea of humerus. Looks like crescent wrench
Olecranon process stops on
Posterior of elbow
Coronoid process
Stop point on the anterior of the elbow joint. Prevents elbow from bending backwards
Radius is always on which side, ulna
Radius=Thumb side
Ulna= pinky side
Wrist bones
Carpals
What frames the wrist
Styloid process on radius, styloid process on ulna.
Metacarpals
Bones in palm, can see on back of hand. Associated with knuckles
Phalanges
Fingers, proximal, middle, distal, on everything but thumb,
Thumb: proximal and distal only
Singular of phalanges is
Phalyx
What can happen when you break a carpal?
Limited blood supply, don’t always heal correctly. Improper healing can impair wrist movement.
Flexor retinaculum
Connects some of the muscles at the base or proximal end of the hand
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Muscle tendons press against the nerve, causing numbness.
Can be corrected by cutting few structures in carpal tunnel to create room
Carpal tunnel
Hold muscle tendons
true or false hand shape changes during strong gripping
True
Muscles and ligaments are going to change shapes to increase strength of connection.
Fractures of the humerus
- Surgical neck-common place for humerus to break
- Transverse humeral fracture: break in middle of humerus. Straight line across width
- Supracondylar fracture: breaking of humerus on distal end, just above elbow where humerus begins to widen. Happens just above condyles..
4.Intercondylar fracture:break in area between two bony protrusions. break happens between condyles
Colles fracture
Most common type of fracture in radius.
Break of distal end of radius
Parts of pelvic girdle
- 2 hip bones:2 Coxa
Meet at pubic symphysis.
Important for shock absorption on hips. Important during childbirth. Allows for a bit of stretching and movement. Pubic symphysis caused to soften by hormones. Maximize width of birth canal.
Which bones fuse to form the coxa?
- Ilium(wings), 2.ischium(ischial tuberosities, butt bones), 3. pubis (anterior portion of hip bones)
Parts of Acetabulum
Socket for head of femur,
Ilium, ischium, pubis
Acetabulum etymology
Vinegar cup
Acetabular femoral joint type
Ball and socket joint. Tight fit. Has ligament connection called phobia capitis located on head of femur and ligamentum teres connects to Acetabulum to make it a stronger joint.
Obturator foramen
Has connective tissue membrane over it and muscles attached to it, with small opening with obturator vein artery and nerve that passes through
Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint. Pad of fibrocartilage between the pubis
Iliac crest
On wing of hip bones
Anterior superior iliac spine
Just above belt line, laterally.
Attachment point for example rectus femoris. Sartorius attaches here too
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Below posterior superior iliac spine
Ischial spine
Below ischial body
Other structures
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosities: sitting bones
Differences between male and female pelvis
Female:
-wide pelvic basin, less instructed
- pubic arch is u shaped
Male:
-narrow pelvic outlet
-pubic arch is v shaped
Q angle
Angle between Acetabulum and femur,
Greater in females than males
Parts of femur
- Head of femur:
Fovea capitis
On head of femur, little pit, connection point to the Acetabulum and the femur. Ligamentum teres connects both structures together
Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
Important connection points for muscles (examples: iliosoas, soas major connect to lesser trochanter and insert on ilium in case of iliacus or connect to transverse processes of lumbar vertebra in the case of soas major.
Allow for hip flexion
Greater trochanter is connection for posterior muscles.
Trochanter meaning
To run.. important connection points for muscles that allow for hip joint movements
Greater trochanter is lateral
Lesser trochanter is medial
Linea aspera
Visible on posterior view. Important connection point for lots of different muscles. That is why we have this raised area on bone.
Lateral and medial epicondyles
Anterior view
Lateral and medial condyles
Posterior view
Condyle is
Rounded surface important for femur to move against the tibia on
Epicondyle
Slightly more proximal than condyles, a bit superior. Epi, on top of. Anterior. On surface of
Patella
Quadriceps move down and connect to patellar tendons , below patella is patellar ligament
Strongest group of muscles in the body
Quadriceps
Strongest because the all funnel down through patellar ligament and connect to the tibia
Names of quadriceps
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Interosseous membrane location in lower limb
Between tibia and fibula.
Which lower leg bone does not bear any weight?
Fibula. Can be used as source for bone graphs where someone has damaged another bone. Can survive without it. Assists with leg movements
Proximal end of the tibia
Has lateral and medial condyle.
Articulating surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage
Largest and most complex synovial joint
Knee joint
Tibial tuberosity
Connection point for patellar ligament that connects the quadriceps
Medial malleolus
On tibia
Ankle on medial side of leg
Frames tarsals of foot. Equivalent to carpals in wrist
Leg
Below knee
Thigh
Above knee
Lateral malleolus
Lateral part of ankle, on fibula.
Tallus
Tarsal. Large bone in ankle that articulates with the tibia of the leg and fits between medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula.
Calcaneus
Heel bone
Gastrocnemius or calf muscles funnel down and form the calcaneus tendon that wraps around and inserts on the calcaneus
Achilles tendon
Wraps around calcaneus
Bones in big toe
Proximal bone and distal bone.
