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AP Tignor 1 > The Muscular System > Flashcards

The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

How many skeletal muscles in human body

A

Over 640

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2
Q

Prime movers (agonists)

A

For a specific movement, this muscle provides most of the force

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3
Q

Joints can go in

A

Two directions

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4
Q

Prime mover in extension of elbow

A

Triceps brachii

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5
Q

Prime mover in flexion of elbow

A

Biceps brachii

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6
Q

Biceps brachii is unusual because

A

It bypasses the humerus
One head goes to the coracoid process of the scapula, other head goes to supra glenoid tubercle

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7
Q

Insertion point of biceps brachii

A

Radius of arm

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8
Q

Synergists of elbow

A

Brachioradialis(starts in upper arm and moves down to the radius)

Brachialis origin is on humerus and follows the the location of the biceps brachii

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9
Q

Synergists

A

Assists the agonist or muscle

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10
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposes the prime mover. In flexion of elbow, it is triceps brachii

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11
Q

When a muscle is named after origin points

A

The origin’s name comes first

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12
Q

Biceps brachii connects to

A

Coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle

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13
Q

Sternocleidomastoid origin and insertion

A

Originates from sternum and clavicle, inserts into mastoid process

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14
Q

Typically, the origin of the muscle is the

A

Least moveable bone

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15
Q

Insertion point of a muscle is typically

A

The more moveable bone

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16
Q

Orbicularis means

A

Round

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17
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Insertion and origin connect. Allows us to pucker lips

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18
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Around eyes.

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19
Q

Deltoid means

A

Triangular

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20
Q

Biceps brachii named after

A

Having two heads or origin

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21
Q

Example of larger and smaller muscles

A

Pectoralis major and minor

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22
Q

Deltoid has what kind of fibers?

A

Multipennate.
Multiple rows of muscle fibers whose central tendon branches into two or more tendons

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23
Q

Bipennate muscle

A

Looks like feather,
Two muscle fibers insert into central tendon

Rectus femoris

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24
Q

Parallel (non-fusiform )

A

Parallel arranged muscle fibers like in sartorius

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25
Q

Sartorius

A

Tailor’s muscle
Lets you cross legs
Longest skeletal muscle in human body

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26
Q

Need to know

A

General location of muscles
Are they in pectoral girdle or pelvic girdle

Are they in lower leg or torso

Can group them

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27
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Sits in supra scapular fossa on posterior view.
One of 4 muscles associated with rotator cuff

28
Q

4 muscles associated with rotator cuff

A

Teres minor, subscapularis, supraspinatus,
Infraspinatus

29
Q

Know which are posterior and anterior on scapula

A

Helps you determine whether they connect to greater or lesser tubercle on humerus

30
Q

Six skeletal muscles of eye

A

Medial rectus(oculomotor)
Lateral rectus(abducens)
Superior rectus(oculomotor)
Inferior rectus(oculomotor)
Superior oblique (IV trochlear, pulley)
Inferior oblique (oculomotor)

All pass through superior orbital fissure

31
Q

Called rectus because

A

These muscles go straight back.

32
Q

Oblique means

A

Coming off at angle

33
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A

1.occipitofrontalis (above eyes): (common names: frontal belly, epicranial muscles, frontalis muscle in front and occipitalis in back connected via aponeuroses)

2.orbicularis oculi:let us squint and open eyes wider. Adds to facial expression

3.corrugator supercilia: under orbicularis oculi. Lets you raise eyebrows up. Look of surprise.

4.zygomaticus major (go up to zygomatic bone)
Pull mouth up. Let you smile

  1. Zygomaticus minor(go up to zygomatic bone) pull mouth up, let you smile.

6.Risorius: allows for insincere smile. Just barely draws up corners on back of mouth.

  1. Nasalis: lets you wrinkle your nose
    8.proceres: under frontalis, lets you move space between eyebrows.
  2. Orbicularis oris: around mouth. Lets you pucker lips, adds a lot to facial expression.
  3. Buccinator: etymology means to blow a bugle. Creates pressure when sucking on a straw. Provides suction. Important for babies. Lets you push food over teeth
34
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Muscles terminate in tendon. Broad sheet of dense irregular connective tissue connecting muscles together

35
Q

Muscles of chewing (mastication)

A

1.temporalis:
Inserts on parietal bone, frontal bone, temporal bone. It is a big, fan-shaped muscle. Comes down to a tendon that connects to coronoid process of mandible. Runs through zygomatic arch made of zygomatic and temporal bone
2.masseter: inserts on ramus of mandible. Gram for gram, it is the most powerful muscle in the human body.can do 100-110 pounds per square inch of pressure, enough to bite finger off.

3.Lateral pteragoid:(connects to mandible) origin is on sphenoid bone

4.medial pteragoid:(connects to mandible) origin is on sphenoid bone

36
Q

Zygomatic arch made of

A

Temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

Space created allows muscle on side of head to make a chewing motion. If you put your fingers on there, you can feel muscles moving.
Lets temporalis move through and connect to the coronoid process of the mandible and help pull jaw closed.

37
Q

Muscles that move the tongue

A
  1. Styloglossus: connects to styloid process of temporal bone
  2. Hyoglossus: muscle below tongue.inserts into hyoid bone
  3. Genioglossus:connects to mandible in anterior region. Inserts into hyoid bone.

-glossus: tongue

38
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone. Important for connections to the tongue, larynx and pharynx

39
Q

Neck muscles

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid: origin is sternum and clavicle. Insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone. Important. Allows you to bend neck and tilt your head. Flexes and laterally rotates the head. Really deep breaths engage sternocleidomastoid.

2.platysma: big flat muscle that covers the front of your neck. Creature from black lagoon muscle

3.levator scapulae: lift or elevate scapula or assist in elevating scapula
4. Trapezius: connects to clavicle and wraps around front. Has a lot of places that it connects to. Connects to processes on vertebrae. Important upper posterior wrapping to the anterior neck muscle.
5. Splenius capitis: Splenius means bandage, muscle that goes up to the base of your skull. When it contracts it’s going to allow your head to have extension motion in cervical area

  1. Rhomboid major: allows you to move scapula to center of back
    Sits below rhomboid minor which collectively Make parallelogram shape.
  2. Supra spinatus and infraspinatus that are on scapula.
  3. Scalenes: anterior, middle and posterior connect cervical vertebra with the first couple pair of ribs. Can also assist with breathing. Can help pull ribs up and out during deep breaths.
  4. Longissimus:run across spine. Deep
  5. Semispinalis: run across spine. Right spinalis is going to be relatively central.Moves towards lateral edge of the body. Deep
  6. Illiocostalis: made of cervical iliocostalis, thoracic iliocostalis. Break down muscles into smaller groups based on a region.
40
Q

Acromion process

A

On anterior process is going to articulate with the clavicle bone

41
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Under pectoralis major. Can be engaged in deep breathing. Connects to coracoid process(origin) and inserts on ribs. Can pull rib cage open and more wide to take a deep breath so muscles do come back again

42
Q

Three general classes of back muscles

A

1.spinalis: runs more or less along the spine.
2.longisismuss: next band laterally to spinalis
3.iliocostalis: over the ribs. Lateral to longissimus.

43
Q

Interspinales

A

In between two spinous processes

44
Q

Rotaries muscles

A

In between transverse processes

45
Q

Longer rotator muscles

A

Connect between spinous process and transverse process

46
Q

Muscles of spine are almost

A

Mesh like

47
Q

Muscles of the abdomen

A
  1. Pectoralis major: powerful chest muscle that causes the arm to move forward, rotate inward and move closer to the body.
  2. Latissimus dorsi: pull up muscle, wraps around from back. Inserts into humerus. Allows you to pull humerus down towards back. Lets you do pull ups
  3. Serratus muscles: wrap around anterior of the body onto the ribs. Named after their serrated edge. Also known as.
    Boxers muscle. Helps extend to punch.
    Become activated when: you extend reach
  4. External obliques: on top of 5. internal obliques
  5. Abdominis muscles: six pack muscles. Aka rectus abdominis. Aponeurosis of external obliques goes on top of abdominis muscles. Corset muscles. Important for core strengthm

*Linea alba: central line of connective tissue that runs down the middle of the aponeurosis of the external obliques

  1. Iliacus: both insert on lesser trochanter of femur. Important in hip flexion. Inserts into ilium of hip.
  2. Soas major: both insert on lesser trochanter of femur. Important in hip flexion. Inserts on transverse processes of lumbar vertebra

Iliosoas: iliacus+ soas major combined. They can be combined in nomenclature because it can be difficult to tell them apart during dissections.

What do iliosoas do when they contract?
They insert on lesser trochanter of the femur. Pulls leg forward and up.
Can cause problems with lower back if too tight. Can pull lower back out of alignment

  1. Soas minor: only exists in 40 % of the population. Origin: on transverse process of lumbar vertebra. Insertion is down on pubis.
48
Q

Layers of the abdomen

A
  1. Linea alba and aponeurosis of external obliques
    2.External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transverse abdominis
49
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large, plate-like skeletal muscle.Divides thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

50
Q

Three major openings of diaphragm

A
  1. Caval opening: where inferior vena cava goes through
  2. Esophageal hiatus: esophagus passes through
  3. Aortic hiatus: aorta passes through
51
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Causes problems with severe acid reflux in the esophagus.

Caused by tear or weakness in esophageal hiatus. Part of stomach pushes up and through into thoracic cavity out of the abdominal cavity.

Increased pressure causes acid to be pushed back into the lower esophageal sphincter into the esophagus.
Can be easily repaired with minor surgical procedure.

52
Q

Types of intercostal muscles

A

External and internal

53
Q

When are external intercoastals activated?

A

When you breathe in

54
Q

When you exhale, your diaphragm is going to activate which muscles?

A

Relax and recoil.
Internal intercostals

55
Q

Activation of intercostals during breathing

A

Inhale: external intercostals
Exhale: internal intercostals.

56
Q

Pectoralis minor muscles

A

Origin: coracoid process of scapula. Hangs in over front. Called crow’s beak.
Insert into ribs. Contract to widen thoracic cavity.and allow you to take deep breath.

57
Q

Important muscles of pelvic floor

A

Can cause problems for people when they get weak.

Can be weakened or damaged during pregnancy.

58
Q

Muscles that position pectoral girdle

A
  1. Deltoid: origins are in: upper, supportive region (spine of scapula, acromion process, clavicle). Insertion for deltoid: deltoid tuberosity on humerus.
  2. Subclavius: runs underneath the clavicle. Will help hold clavicle in place if it breaks.
  3. Serratus anterior muscles
  4. Pectoralis minor
  5. Rhomboid minor and rhomboid major. Pull scapula together in the center of your back.
  6. Trapezius: stabilize scapula and clavicle
59
Q

Pectoral girdle made of

A

Clavicle and scapula
Flexible because the only articulation is where clavicle meets scapula. Very flexible, but fragile, easily injured.

60
Q

Muscles that move the humerus

A
  1. Deltoid, attaches to deltoid tuberosity on humerus.
  2. Latissimus dorsi: origin inferior 6 thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra and ililac crest.
    Inserts on humerus

Supraspinatus:
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
(There 3 start on scapula but insert on greater tubercle of humerus)

Subscapularis: visible anteriorly. Origin is scapula.instertion is lesser tubercle of humerus

Rotator cuff:SITS

61
Q

Muscles that move forearm

A

Flexes forearm: -brachioradialis, origin: brachium
Insertion: radius

2.pronator teres: thumbs up, thumbs down. Allows for rotation of the antebrachium, forearm

Flexor Muscles:
1.Flexorcarpiradialis flexor muscle that goes down and inserts on the thumb side down

  1. Flexorcarpiulnaris: follows bone down to pinky
  2. Palmaris longus:inserts on fascia of palm instead of bone. Points basically to your palm when extending arm.in middle point. Runs right down towards the center. 15-20% of American population are missing this muscle. Tendon Can be harvested to use elsewhere
62
Q

Supination pneumonic

A

Super=up=supination (palms up)

63
Q

Hip and thigh muscles (pelvic girdle)

A

1.quadriceps femoris:
-rectus femoris:runs to anterior, superior iliac spine, comes down to quadriceps tendon
-vastus lateralis:vastus means large, large muscle lateral to rectus femoris
-vastus medialis: large muscle to medial side of rectus femoris
-vastus intermedius: underneath rectus femoris.

Quadriceps important for knee extension

2.sartorious:
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine. Longest skeletal muscle in human body. Tailor’s muscle. Lets you cross your legs.

3.tensor fascia latae: inserts into fascia, not bone. Inserts into broad band of fascia known as iliotibial band (IT band). abducts leg out to side.

  1. Adductor group:
    Pull leg towards midline
    -adductor Magnus
    -adductor longus
    -adductor brevis
    -pectineus
    -gracillis
  2. Hamstrings:
    - semimembranosus: sits under semitendinosus. As you move all the way in the lateral direction you get the biceps femoris.
    -semitendinosus
    -biceps femoris

6.Largest skeletal muscle in human body: gluteus maximus, underneath are gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

7-Piriformis: near sciatic nerve, pyriform syndrome, can aggravate sciatic nerve.

64
Q

Muscles of lower leg anterior view

A

1.Tibialis anterior: muscle next to tibia
2. Extensor digitorum longus, laterally next to tibialis anterior. Goes down to lateral malleolus

  1. Fibularis longus: outside to extensor digitorum longus. Most lateral.
65
Q

Muscles of lower leg Posterior view

A

-gastroscenimus: big calf muscles. Has lateral and medial head. Connects to calcaneal tendon or Achilles tendon. That tendon wraps around and connects to calcaneus bone of foot

-soleus: underneath gastrocnemius. Always partially contracted. Helps you stand without having to rebalance

66
Q

Which bone connects medial malleolus and lateral malleolus?

A

Talus

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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